Bila Tserkva
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Bila Tserkva
Біла Церква | ||
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Sister cities Barysaw, Jingzhou, Kaunas, Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski, Kremenchuk | | |
Website | http://bc-rada.gov.ua/ |
Bila Tserkva (
.The oldest preserved document that mentions the city, at that time called Yuryiv, is the
In independent Ukraine, until 2020 Bila Tserkva served as a city of regional significance. In the aftermath of the administrative reform, it became the centre of one of hromadas (communities) of Kyiv Oblast.
History
Founded in 1032, the city was originally named
From its earliest incarnation, Bila Tserkva was considered to provide important defense against nomadic tribes that included both the Cumans and the Tatars. However, in the 13th century it was invaded by the Mongols, and devastated.[4]
Lithuanian and Polish rule
From 1363, Bila Tserkva belonged to the
After subduing the rebellious
The next owner was
In 1774, Bila Tserkva (Biała Cerkiew), then the seat of the sub-prefecture (Starostwo), came into the possession of Stanisław August Poniatowski who that same year granted the property to Franciszek Ksawery Branicki, Poland's Grand Hetman who then built his urban residence, the Winter Palace complex and a country residence with the "Oleksandriia" Arboretum (named after his wife Aleksandra Branicka). He founded the Catholic Church of John the Baptist, and started construction of the Orthodox church, which was completed by his successor, his son Count Władysław Grzegorz Branicki. The latter also built the gymnasium-school complex in Bila Tserkva. Aleksander Branicki, the youngest grandson of the hetman, renovated and finished Mazepa's Orthodox church. Under the rule of count Władysław Michał Branicki, Bila Tserkva developed into a regional commercial and manufacturing centre.[7][8]
Various Polish Crown Army units were stationed in the city at various times, including the 5th and 6th National Cavalry Brigades and 4th Infantry Regiment.[9]
The Russian Empire
In 1791, Russia's
Soviet rule and Nazi occupation
During the first two decades of the 20th century, the city's Jewish residents were subject to multiple pogroms. In 1919 and 1920 alone, pogroms were responsible for the deaths of 850 Jews.[15] In 1932–1933, as many as 22,000 of greater Bila Tserkva's residents died in the Holodomor.[16]
During World War II, Bila Tserkva was occupied by the German Army from 16 July 1941 to 4 January 1944.[17] In August 1941 Bila Tserkva was the site the Nazi massacre, now known as the Bila Tserkva massacre of the city's Jewish population, which required the separate executions of nearly 100 children.[18][19] A Monument to Jewish Children and the Holocaust was unveiled in Bila Tserkva in 2019.[20] During the
Independent Ukraine
Until 18 July 2020, Bila Tserkva was incorporated as a city of oblast significance and served as the administrative center of Bila Tserkva Raion even though it did not belong to the raion. In July 2020, as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Kyiv Oblast to seven, the city of Bila Tserkva was merged into Bila Tserkva Raion.[23][24]
During the
Jewish history
In Jewish folklore the city came to be referred to as the "Black Contamination" (Yid. Shvartse Tume), a play on its name in Russian ("White Church").[28] The earliest Jewish inhabitants have been traced to 1648.[29][15] The population, however, has risen and fallen due to outbreaks of violence and, later, pogroms.[28] By the end of the 19th century, Jews made up a slight majority of the population at 52.9% of the city's total population, or 18,720 total inhabitants.[13] According to the Jewish Virtual Library, in 1904, Jews owned 250 workshops and 25 factories engaged in light industry employing 300 Jewish workers."[28] Cossack-led attacks, Stalin's purges, pogroms and the Holocaust, including the horrors of the Bila Tserkva massacre, caused a major demographic shift. By 2001, it was mostly inhabited by ethnic Ukrainians, with a meager Jewish population of less than 0.1%.
1926 | 1939 | 1959 | 1989 | 2001 | |
Jews | 36.4% | 19.6% | 7.8% | 2.0% | 0.1% |
Russians | 3.4% | 7.6% | 18.6% | 17.5% | 10.3% |
Ukrainians | 57.0% | 68.9% | 71.0% | 78.6% | 87.4% |
Belarusians | 0.3% | 1.0% | 0.8% | 0.6% | |
Poles | 2.4% | 2.2% | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0.1% |
In the late 1980s, Kyiv's Judaica Institute began taking form"after the tragic decades of Bolshevik repressions, Nazi genocide of the Jewish people, and bans on Jewish studies" to research and "popularize the past and the present of the Jewish community of Ukraine."[30]
In 1991,
Geography
The city is ocated on the
Climate
Bila Tserkva is located at 49°47'58.6" North, 30°06'32.9" East and is 178 metres (584 ft) above sea level. The city has a total area of 67.8 square kilometres (26.2 sq mi).
Climate data for Bila Tserkva (1981–2010) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −1.1 (30.0) |
−0.1 (31.8) |
5.5 (41.9) |
14.1 (57.4) |
20.8 (69.4) |
23.7 (74.7) |
25.9 (78.6) |
25.4 (77.7) |
19.6 (67.3) |
12.8 (55.0) |
4.8 (40.6) |
0.1 (32.2) |
12.6 (54.7) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −3.8 (25.2) |
−3.3 (26.1) |
1.4 (34.5) |
8.8 (47.8) |
15.2 (59.4) |
18.0 (64.4) |
19.9 (67.8) |
19.1 (66.4) |
13.8 (56.8) |
8.0 (46.4) |
1.9 (35.4) |
−2.5 (27.5) |
8.0 (46.4) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −6.4 (20.5) |
−6.1 (21.0) |
−1.9 (28.6) |
4.0 (39.2) |
9.4 (48.9) |
12.7 (54.9) |
14.3 (57.7) |
13.4 (56.1) |
8.9 (48.0) |
3.9 (39.0) |
−0.7 (30.7) |
−5.0 (23.0) |
3.9 (39.0) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 30.8 (1.21) |
31.1 (1.22) |
30.6 (1.20) |
44.9 (1.77) |
47.6 (1.87) |
74.2 (2.92) |
76.6 (3.02) |
56.4 (2.22) |
52.2 (2.06) |
34.6 (1.36) |
41.3 (1.63) |
37.9 (1.49) |
558.2 (21.98) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 7.7 | 7.3 | 6.9 | 7.8 | 7.8 | 9.5 | 9.1 | 6.3 | 7.0 | 6.3 | 7.6 | 8.1 | 91.4 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
85.1 | 83.2 | 78.1 | 67.7 | 63.8 | 70.7 | 71.4 | 69.3 | 74.3 | 79.1 | 86.1 | 87.6 | 76.4 |
Source: World Meteorological Organization[35] |
Economy
An important regional center during Lithuanian and, later, Polish rule, Bila Tserkva remained prominent due to its close proximity to Kyiv, and its place at the center of Europe's "breadbasket," with some of the continent's most fertile land.
Culture
Architecturally, Bila Tserkva is known for a variety of late 18th and early 19th-century buildings, courtesy of the Branickis, who ruled there during this era. Highlights include:
The Winter Palace on the bank of the Ros River, the Summer Palace, an ensemble of postal station buildings, the Church of Saint John the Baptist (1789–1812), the Transfiguration Cathedral (1833–9), and the Church of Saint Mary Magdalene (1843). The Church of Saint Nicholas, whose construction was initiated by Hetman Ivan Mazepa and Colonel Kostiantyn Maziievsky in 1706, and was finally completed in 1852.[14]
By the late 19th century, Jews would comprise nearly half the population of the city.[13][39] An important Jewish center, it also evolved into an active center for the exchange of influential ideas about politics, religion, art, and culture, with an active Zionist movement, an active branch of the Decembrist movement and a branch of the Society of United Slavs formulating "plans to assassinate Tsar Alexander I."[14] A center of Hassidim, it also hosted vigorous factions arguing for assimilation.[citation needed] Home to many artists and writers, Sholem Aleichem and Shaye Shkarovsky spend periods writing there in Yiddish, and Ivan Nechuy-Levytsky was also writing in Ukrainian during this era.
Education
Education in Bila Tserkva is provided by many private and public institutions. Its best known is the Bila Tserkva National Agrarian University was founded in 1929 as a scientific research center publishing academic studies on modern agrobiotechnology, nature and environmental protection; the latest technologies for processing livestock products; biosafety, the veterinary welfare of livestock; regulation of bioresources and sustainable nature management; rationalization of social development of rural areas; economics of agro-industrial complex, legal sciences, linguistics and translation.[38] They partner with institutions of higher learning worldwide, and participate in programs with Erasmus+, the British Council, NATO and Fulbright, among several others.[38]
Sports
The city is home to football team
Landmarks
- A historical landscape park Arboretum Oleksandriya of 400 acres is situated in Bila Tserkva. It was founded in 1793 by the wife of Polish Hetman Franciszek Ksawery Branicki.
- Notable buildings include the Merchant Court (1809–1814) and the Post Yard (1825–31).
- There are also Palladian wooden buildings of the Branicki "Winter Palace" and, once, the District Nobility Assembly, prior to a fire.
- St. Nicholas Church was started in 1706 by Ukrainian Hetman Ivan Mazepa, but not completed until 1852.
- The Orthodox Saviour's Transfiguration Cathedral was constructed in 1833–1839.
- The Roman Catholic St. John the Baptist Church dates to 1812.
- The St. Mary Magdalene Church was completed in 1846 by Count Branicki.
- The building of the mid-19th century Great Choral Synagogue is preserved. Today it is the Technology and Economic College of Bila Tserkva National Agrarian University.
- The Shukhov Water Tower, a tower that supports a water tank was built according to a project of Vladimir Shukhov, a Russian engineer-polymath, scientist and architect.
Churches
-
St. George the Victorious was recently rebuilt from ruins in the manner of an ancient 11–12th c. Ruthenian temple, on the foundation of the church destroyed by the Tatar-Mongols. It is said to be the white church that gave the city its name in a 14th c. homage to Yaroslav the Wise.[40]
-
1706–1852 | St. Nicholas was started in 1706 by Ukrainian Hetman Ivan Mazepa, but not completed until 1852.
-
1812 | St. John the Baptist ("the Organ and Chamber Music Hall") was built in 1812.
-
1833–1839 | Orthodox Savior's Transfiguration Cathedral
-
1830s | Interior entrance of the Savior's Transfiguration Cathedral
-
1901 | Heather Church
Synagogues
-
1854–1860 | The Great Choral Synagogue, ca. 1895 and 1910 when it was actively used.
-
1854 to 1860 | The mid-19th century Great Choral Synagogue is now used as the Technology and Economic College of the National Agrarian University.
City sites
-
The arcades of the Merchant Court, interior, built in 1809–1814
-
The main entrance to the recently revived Merchant Court, built in 1809–1814
-
Square No. 6 is one of many alternate shopping centers.
-
Entrance to the Labor Reserves Stadium
-
View from the Ros River to Castle Hill and the Church of St. John the Baptist
-
1793 statue adorning the 400-acre Oleksandriia Park
-
Branicki's Winter Palace was built in the Palladian style c. 1796.
-
The entrance to Arboretum Oleksandriia
Transportation
Airports
Domestic transport and private flights provide services via Bila Tserkva Airport (UKBC), which is located southwest of the city in Hayok district.
Bila Tserkva Air Base is located nearby.
Rail
Ukrzaliznytsia provides railway transit to surrounding areas in Kyiv Oblast and the rest of Ukraine.
There are two railway stations in Bila Tserkva:
- Bila Tserkva railway station
- Rotok railway station
Public transit
Bila Tserkva has six trolleybus lines.
Bridges
Bila Tserkva is the location of a few large bridges, two of which cross the Ros River.
Notable people
- Sholem Aleichem (1859–1916) – leading Yiddish author and playwright. The Fiddler on the Roof musical is based on his stories.[41]
- chess grandmasterand writer
- beatifiedin 2021
- Eugene Deslaw (1898–1966) – avant-garde French cinema director, also known for introducing the Boy Scouts to Ukraine
- Luka Dolinski (1750–1830) – painter, representative of the late Ukrainian Baroque, Rococo and Classicism, educated at the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna
- Volodymyr Dyudya (born 1983) – professional Ukrainian cyclist
- Kostyantyn Efymenko (born 1975) – president of Biofarma, Chairman of Tribo
- Mikhail Eisenstein (1867-1920, born as Moisey Eisenstein) - civil engineer, designer many of the best-known Art Nouveau buildings of Riga, Latvia, and the father of Soviet film director Sergei Eisenstein
- David Goodman, father of Benny Goodman – American jazz and swing musician, clarinetist and bandleader; widely known as the "King of Swing"
- Axel Firsoff (1910–1981) – British astronomer, born in Bila Tserkva
- Boris Samoilovich Iampol'skii (1912–1972) – Russian-language writer
- Zegota, the government-supported resistance group, organized to help Jews in Nazi-occupied Poland. They are said to have saved tens of thousands from 1942 to 1945.
- Les Kurbas (1887–1937) – movie and theater director, co-founder of Soviet theater avant-garde and a prominent figure of the Executed Renaissance
- Yuri Linnik (1915–1972) – Soviet mathematician
- Hetman of Zaporizhian Host from 1687 to 1708[42]
- wrestler
- Halyna Nevinchana (born 1957) – painter, writer, journalist
- folklorist, teacher
- Lyudmila Pavlichenko (1916–1974) – World War II Soviet sniper. Credited with 309 kills, she is regarded as one of the top military snipers of all time and the most successful female sniper in history.
- Pavlo Popovich (1930–2009) – Soviet astronaut, fourth ever person in outer space, twice Hero of the Soviet Union
- Yossele Rosenblatt (1882–1933) – American cantor
- Shaye Shkarovsky (1891–1945) – Yiddish author
- Yaakov Steinberg (1887–1947) – Yiddish and Hebrew short-story writer, essayist, critic, and translator[43]
- Mikhael Sukernik (1902–1981) – Soviet Russian-Ukrainian chemist who contributed to the development and publication of a Russian-Yiddish dictionary published in 1984
Sister cities
- Tarnów, Poland[44]
- Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski, Poland
- Jingzhou, China
- Kaunas, Lithuania
- Kremenchuk, Ukraine
- Braunschweig, Germany[45]
See also
- Arboretum Oleksandriya
- Bela Crkva, Banat
- Battle of Bila Tserkva (1651)
- Bila Tserkva Massacre
- Bila Tserkva Raion
- Bila Tserkva Regiment
- Bila Tserkva Together
- Great Choral Synagogue
- Kyiv Oblast
- Treaty of Bila Tserkva
References
- ^ "Белоцерковская городская громада" (in Russian). Портал об'єднаних громад України.
- ^ Чисельність наявного населення України на 1 січня 2022 [Number of Present Population of Ukraine, as of January 1, 2022] (PDF) (in Ukrainian and English). Kyiv: State Statistics Service of Ukraine. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 July 2022.
- ^ "Bila Tserkva". encyclopediaofukraine.com. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
- ^ Kohut, Zenon E. "Mazepa's Ukraine: Understanding Cossack Territorial Vistas." Harvard Ukrainian Studies 31, no. 1/4 (2009): 1–28. [1].
- ^ a b PERNAL, A. B. "The Expenditures of the Crown Treasury for the Financing of Diplomacy between Poland and the Ukraine during the Reign of Jan Kazimierz." Harvard Ukrainian Studies 5, no. 1 (1981): 102–20. [2].
- ^ Paul Robert Magocsi, A history of Ukraine, University of Toronto Press, 1996, p. 205
- ^ E. A. Chernecki, L. P. Mordatenko, Bila Tserkva. Branicki family. Alexandria, Ogrody rezydencji magnackich XVIII-XIX wieku w Europie Środkowej i Wschodniej oraz problemy ich ochrony, Ośrodek Ochrony Zabytkowego Krajobrazu—Narodowa Instytucja Kultury, 2001, p. 114
- ^ Marek Ruszczyc, Dzieje rodu i fortuny Branickich, Delikon, 1991, p. 148
- ^ Gembarzewski, Bronisław (1925). Rodowody pułków polskich i oddziałów równorzędnych od r. 1717 do r. 1831 (in Polish). Warszawa: Towarzystwo Wiedzy Wojskowej. pp. 8–9, 27.
- ^ "The Pale of Settlement". Facing History and Ourselves. Archived from the original on 18 March 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
- ^ "Ukraine's fraught relationship with Russia: A brief history". The Week. 8 March 2014. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
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- ^ a b c Архівована копія.
- ^ a b c d "Belaya Tserkov | Encyclopedia.com". encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
- ^ a b "Российская Еврейская Энциклопедия". rujen.ru. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
- ^ Boryssenko, Valentyna, Lisa Vapné, and Anne Coldefy-Faucart. "La Famine En Ukraine (1932-1933)." Ethnologie Française 34, no. 2 (2004): 281–89. [3].
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- doi:10.2979/antistud.2.2.10 https://doi.org/10.2979/antistud.2.2.10.)
{{cite journal}}
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(help - ^ "The Untold Stories: The Murder of the Jews in the Occupied Territories of the Former USSR". yadvashem.org. Archived from the original on 8 September 2020. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
- ^ "Monument Jewish Children and the Holocaust Bila Tserkva – Bila Tserkva – TracesOfWar.com". tracesofwar.com. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
- ^ Carey Schofield, Inside the Soviet Army, Headline Book Publishing, 2001, 132.
- ^ Michael Holm, 251st Instructor Heavy Bomber Aviation Regiment, accessed December 2012.
- ^ "Про утворення та ліквідацію районів. Постанова Верховної Ради України № 807-ІХ". Голос України (in Ukrainian). 18 July 2020. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
- ^ "Нові райони: карти + склад" (in Ukrainian). Міністерство розвитку громад та територій України.
- ^ The Kyiv Independent [@KyivIndependent] (26 February 2022). "⚡️Second Russian Il-76 transporter downed. Ukraine's air defense near Bila Tserkva killed the second aircraft that could carry over 100 paratroopers for landing to the south of Kyiv. Source: Ukraine's State Agency for Special Communications" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022 – via Twitter.
- ^ "US officials say 2 Russian transport planes shot down over Ukraine". Times of Israel. AP. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ "Sorting fact, disinformation after Russian attack on Ukraine". ABC News. Associated press. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ a b c "Belia Tserkov". jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
- ^ Stampfer, Shaul. "What Actually Happened to the Jews of Ukraine in 1648?" Jewish History 17, no. 2 (2003): 207–27. [4].
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- ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
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- ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981–2010". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
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- ^ a b c "Bila Tserkva National Agrarian University". About University: Bila Tserkva National Agrarian University. Archived from the original on 21 April 2016.
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