Brane cosmology

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Brane cosmology refers to several theories in particle physics and cosmology related to string theory, superstring theory and M-theory.

Brane and bulk

Main article: Brane

The central idea is that the visible,

compact
, then the observed universe contains the extra dimension, and then no reference to the bulk is appropriate. In the bulk model, at least some of the extra dimensions are extensive (possibly infinite), and other branes may be moving through this bulk. Interactions with the bulk, and possibly with other branes, can influence our brane and thus introduce effects not seen in more standard cosmological models.

Why gravity is weak and the cosmological constant is small

Some versions of brane cosmology, based on the

fundamental forces of nature, thus solving the hierarchy problem. In the brane picture, the electromagnetic, weak and strong nuclear force are localized on the brane, but gravity has no such constraint and propagates on the full spacetime, called the bulk. Much of the gravitational attractive power "leaks" into the bulk. As a consequence, the force of gravity should appear significantly stronger on small (subatomic or at least sub-millimetre) scales, where less gravitational force has "leaked". Various experiments are currently under way to test this.[1] Extensions of the large extra dimension idea with supersymmetry in the bulk appear to be promising in addressing the so-called cosmological constant problem.[2][3][4]

Models of brane cosmology

One of the earliest documented attempts to apply brane cosmology as part of a conceptual theory is dated to 1983.[5]

The authors discussed the possibility that the Universe has dimensions, but ordinary particles are confined in a potential well which is narrow along spatial directions and flat along three others, and proposed a particular five-dimensional model.

In 1998/99, Merab Gogberashvili published on arXiv a number of articles where he showed that if the Universe is considered as a thin shell (a mathematical synonym for "brane") expanding in 5-dimensional space then there is a possibility to obtain one scale for particle theory corresponding to the 5-dimensional cosmological constant and Universe thickness, and thus to solve the hierarchy problem.[6][7] Gogberashvili also showed that the four-dimensionality of the Universe is the result of the stability requirement found in mathematics since the extra component of the Einstein field equations giving the confined solution for matter fields coincides with one of the conditions of stability.[8]

In 1999, there were proposed the closely related Randall–Sundrum scenarios, RS1 and RS2. (See Randall–Sundrum model for a nontechnical explanation of RS1). These particular models of brane cosmology have attracted a considerable amount of attention. For instance, the related Chung-Freese model, which has applications for spacetime metric engineering, followed in 2000.[9]

Later, the

cyclic proposals appeared. The ekpyrotic theory hypothesizes that the origin of the observable universe occurred when two parallel branes collided.[10]

Empirical tests

See also:
Large extra dimension § Empirical tests

As of now, no experimental or observational evidence of

large extra dimensions, as required by the Randall–Sundrum models, has been reported. An analysis of results from the Large Hadron Collider in December 2010 severely constrains the black holes produced in theories with large extra dimensions.[11] The recent multi-messenger gravitational wave event GW170817 has also been used to put weak limits on large extra dimensions.[12][13]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Session D9 - Experimental Tests of Short Range Gravitation". flux.aps.org.
  2. S2CID 14612396
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  3. S2CID 92984489
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  4. S2CID 53667729
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  5. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(83)91253-4
    .
  6. S2CID 119339225
    .
  7. S2CID 38476733
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  8. S2CID 16923959
    .
  9. S2CID 119511533
    .
  10. ^ Musser, George; Minkel, JR (2002-02-11). "A Recycled Universe: Crashing branes and cosmic acceleration may power an infinite cycle in which our universe is but a phase". Scientific American Inc. Retrieved 2008-05-03.
  11. S2CID 118488193
    .
  12. S2CID 88504420
    .
  13. ^ Freeland, Emily (2018-09-21). "Hunting for extra dimensions with gravitational waves". The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics blog. Archived from the original on 2021-01-27. Retrieved 2018-11-30.

External links
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