Bromotrifluoromethane
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Names | |||
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Preferred IUPAC name
Bromotri(fluoro)methane | |||
Other names
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Identifiers | |||
3D model (
JSmol ) |
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ChemSpider | |||
ECHA InfoCard
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100.000.807 | ||
EC Number |
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PubChem CID
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RTECS number
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UNII | |||
UN number | 1009
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CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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Properties | |||
CBrF3 | |||
Molar mass | 148.910 g·mol−1 | ||
Appearance | Colorless gas | ||
Odor | Odorless[1] | ||
Density | 1.538 g/cm3 (at −58 °C (−72 °F)) | ||
Melting point | −167.78 °C (−270.00 °F; 105.37 K) | ||
Boiling point | −57.75 °C (−71.95 °F; 215.40 K) | ||
0.03 g/L (20 °C (68 °F)) | |||
log P | 1.86 | ||
Vapor pressure | 1434 kPa (20 °C (68 °F)) | ||
Hazards | |||
Flash point | Non-flammable | ||
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): | |||
LCLo (lowest published)
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834,000 ppm (rat, 15 min)[2] | ||
NIOSH (US health exposure limits): | |||
PEL (Permissible)
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TWA 1000 ppm (6100 mg/m3)[1] | ||
REL (Recommended)
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TWA 1000 ppm (6100 mg/m3)[1] | ||
IDLH (Immediate danger) |
40,000 ppm[1] | ||
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Bromotrifluoromethane, commonly referred to by the code numbers Halon 1301, R13B1, Halon 13B1 or BTM, is an
Table of physical properties
Property | Value |
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Critical temperature (Tc)
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66.9 °C (340.08 K) |
Critical pressure (pc) | 3.956 MPa (39.56 bar) |
Critical density (ρc) | 5.13 mol.l−1 |
Ozone depletion potential (ODP) | 10 (CCl3F = 1) |
Global warming potential (GWP) | 6900 (CO2 = 1) |
Synthesis
Bromotrifluoromethane is commercially synthesized in a two-step process from
CHCl3 + 3 HF → CHF3 + 3 HCl
The resulting Fluoroform is then reacted with elemental bromine.
CHF3 + Br2 → CF3Br + HBr
Uses
Halon 1301 was developed in a joint venture between the U.S. Army and Purdue University in the late 1940's,
It is considered good practice to avoid all unnecessary exposure to Halon 1301, and to limit exposures to concentrations of 7% and below to 15 minutes. Exposure to Halon 1301 in the 5% to 7% range produces little, if any, noticeable effect. At levels between 7% and 10%, mild central nervous system effects such as dizziness and tingling in the extremities have been reported.[8] In practice, the operators of many Halon 1301 total flooding systems evacuate the space on impending agent discharge.
Halon systems are among the most effective and commonly used fire protection systems used on commercial aircraft. Halon 1301 is the primary agent used in commercial aviation engine, cargo compartments, and auxiliary power unit fire zones.[9][10] Efforts to find a suitable replacement for Halon 1301 have not produced a widely accepted replacement.[11][12]
Bromotrifluoromethane was also used as a filling of the bubble chamber in the neutrino detector Gargamelle.
Before the dangers of Halon 1301 as an ozone depleter were known, many industrial chillers used it as an efficient refrigerant gas.[13]
Chemical reagent
It is a precursor to trifluoromethyltrimethylsilane, a popular trifluoromethylating reagent in organic synthesis.[14]
Alternatives
Alternatives for normally occupied areas include (PFC-410 or CEA-410), C3F8 (PFC-218 or CEA-308), HCFC Blend A (NAF S-III),
See also
- Halon 1211
- Fire extinguisher
- Montreal Protocol
References
- ^ a b c d NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0634". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
- ^ "Trifluorobromomethane". Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
- ISBN 978-3527306732.
- ISSN 0002-7863.
- ^ "Final Report on Fire Extinguishing Agents for the Period September 1, 1947, to June 30, 1950", Contract No. W44-099eng-507, Purdue Research Foundation, Lafayette, Indiana, July 1950.
- ^ NFPA 12A Standard on Halon 1301 Fire Extinguishing Systems https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/1/2/a/12a?l=125
- ^ Hodges and McCormick, "Fire Extinguishing Agents for Protection of Occupied Spaces in Military Ground Vehicles," 2010, DTIC ADA517470 https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA517470
- ^ NFPA 12A Standard on Halon 1301 Fire Extinguishing Systems, 2004 Edition / Annex D, Hazards to Personnel, section D.2.2
- ^ United States Environmental Protection Agency | Guidance for the EPA Halon(R) Emission Reduction Rule | Federal Aviation Administration
- ^ Boeing Commercial Aeromagazine | Quarter 04, 2011 | Replacing Halon in Fire Protection Systems: a Progress report
- ^ Aerospace Manufacturing and Design | Halon Alternatives for Aircraft Propulsion Systems consortium formed | January 27, 2015
- ^ FAA | Task Group on Halon Options
- ^ "National Refrigerants MSDS" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-02-08. Retrieved 2009-07-17.
- .
- ^ Halon 1301 Replacements Archived 2008-04-19 at the Wayback Machine
External links
- International Chemical Safety Card 0837
- NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0634". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
- "Final Report on Fire Extinguishing Agents for the Period September 1, 1947, to June 30, 1950", Contract No. W44-099eng-507, Purdue Research Foundation, Lafayette, Indiana, July 1950.
- MSDS sheet at airliquide.com[permanent dead link]
- FAA paper on testing cylinders used to store Halon 1301 without breaking their seals (pdf)
- MSDS for bromotrifluoromethane (pdf)
- Basic Facts about Halon Archived 2012-01-04 at the Wayback Machine