Bruce Lee
Bruce Lee | ||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
李小龍 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Martial artist | ||||||||||||||||||||
Years active | 1941–1973 | |||||||||||||||||||
Works | Filmography | |||||||||||||||||||
Height | 1.72 m (5 ft 7+1⁄2 in)[2] | |||||||||||||||||||
Spouse | ||||||||||||||||||||
Children | ||||||||||||||||||||
Parents | ||||||||||||||||||||
Relatives |
| |||||||||||||||||||
Chinese name | ||||||||||||||||||||
Traditional Chinese | 李小龍 | |||||||||||||||||||
Simplified Chinese | 李小龙 | |||||||||||||||||||
Jyutping | lei5 siu2 lung4 | |||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||
Lee Jun-fan | ||||||||||||||||||||
Chinese | 李振藩 | |||||||||||||||||||
Jyutping | lei5 zan3 faan4 | |||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||
Website | Bruce Lee Foundation | |||||||||||||||||||
Signature | ||||||||||||||||||||
Bruce Lee
Born in San Francisco and raised in
With a career spanning Hong Kong and the United States,
Lee died in July 1973, aged 32. Since his death, Lee has continued to be a prominent influence on modern combat sports, including judo, karate, mixed martial arts, and boxing, as well as modern popular culture, including film, television, comics, animation, and video games. Time named Lee one of the 100 most important people of the 20th century.
Early life
Bruce Lee's birth name was Lee Jun-fan. His father,
Lee's maternal grandfather was
Career and education
1940–1958: Early roles, schooling and martial arts initiation
Lee's father Lee Hoi-chuen was a Cantonese opera star. As a result, Junior Lee was introduced to the world of cinema at a very young age and appeared in several films as a child. Lee had his first role as a baby who was carried onto the stage in the film Golden Gate Girl.[20] He took his Chinese stage name as 李小龍, lit. Lee the Little Dragon, for the fact that he was born in both the hour and the year of the Dragon by the Chinese zodiac.[21]
As a nine-year-old, he co-starred with his father in The Kid in 1950, which was based on a comic book character, "Kid Cheung", and was his first leading role.[22] By the time he was 18, he had appeared in 20 films.[21] After attending Tak Sun School (德信學校; several blocks from his home at 218 Nathan Road, Kowloon), Lee entered the primary school division of the Catholic La Salle College at age 12.[23]
In 1956, due to poor academic performance and possibly poor conduct, he was transferred to
In 1953, Lee's friend William Cheung introduced him to Ip Man,[26][27] but he was rejected from learning Wing Chun Kung Fu under him because of the long-standing rule in the Chinese martial arts world not to teach foreigners.[28][29][additional citation(s) needed]
His one-quarter European background from his mother's side was an initial obstacle to his Wing Chun training. Cheung spoke on his behalf and Lee was accepted into the school.[30] Lee began training in Wing Chun with Ip Man.[31] Ip tried to keep his students from fighting in the street gangs of Hong Kong by encouraging them to fight in organized competitions.[32]
After a year into his Wing Chun training, most of Ip Man's other students refused to train with Lee when they had learned of his mixed ancestry, as the Chinese were generally against teaching their martial arts techniques to non-Asians.[33][34] Lee's sparring partner, Hawkins Cheung, states, "Probably fewer than six people in the whole Wing Chun clan were personally taught, or even partly taught, by Ip Man".[35] However, Lee showed a keen interest in Wing Chun and continued to train privately with Ip Man, William Cheung, and Wong Shun-leung.[36][37]
In 1958, Lee won the Hong Kong schools boxing tournament,
1959–1964: Continuous studies and martial arts breakthrough
Until his late teens, Lee's street fights became more frequent and included beating the son of a feared triad family.[39] In 1958, after students from a rival Choy Li Fut martial arts school challenged Lee's Wing Chun school, he engaged in a fight on a rooftop. In response to an unfair punch by another boy, he beat him so badly that he knocked out one of his teeth, leading to a complaint by the boy's parents to the police.[40]
Lee's mother had to go to a police station and sign a document saying that she would take full responsibility for his actions if they released him into her custody. Though she did not mention the incident to her husband, she suggested that her son return to the United States to claim his U.S. citizenship at the age of 18.[41] Lee's father agreed as Lee's college prospects were not very promising if he remained in Hong Kong.[40]
The police detective came and said, "Excuse me, Mr. Lee, your son is really fighting bad in school. If he gets into just one more fight I might have to put him in jail".
In April 1959, Lee's parents decided to send him to the United States to stay with his older sister, Agnes Lee (李秋鳳), who was already living with family friends in San Francisco. After several months, he moved to Seattle in 1959 to continue his high school education, where he also worked for Ruby Chow as a live-in waiter at her restaurant. Chow's husband was a co-worker and friend of Lee's father. Lee's elder brother Peter Lee (李忠琛) joined him in Seattle for a short stay, before moving on to Minnesota to attend college.[43]
In 1959, Lee started to teach martial arts. He called what he taught Jun Fan Gung Fu (literally Bruce Lee's Kung Fu). It was his approach to Wing Chun.[43] Lee taught friends he met in Seattle, starting with Judo practitioner Jesse Glover, who continued to teach some of Lee's early techniques. Taky Kimura became Lee's first Assistant Instructor and continued to teach his art and philosophy after Lee's death.[44] Lee opened his first martial arts school, named the Lee Jun Fan Gung Fu Institute, in Seattle.
Lee completed his high school education and received his diploma from
In March 1961, Lee enrolled at the University of Washington and studied dramatic arts, philosophy, psychology, and various other subjects.[46][47] Despite what Lee himself and many others have stated, Lee's official major was drama rather than philosophy, according to a 1999 article in the university's alumni publication.[48]
Lee dropped out of university in early 1964 and moved to Oakland to live with James Yimm Lee. James Lee was twenty years senior to Lee and a well-known Chinese martial artist in the area. Together, they founded the second Jun Fan martial arts studio in Oakland. James Lee was responsible for introducing Lee to Ed Parker, an American martial artist. At the invitation of Parker, Lee appeared in the 1964 Long Beach International Karate Championships and performed repetitions of two-finger push-ups, using the thumb and the index finger of one hand, with feet at approximately shoulder-width apart.[49]
In the same Long Beach event, he also performed the "
In
Wong denied this, stating that he requested to fight Lee after Lee boasted during one of his demonstrations at a Chinatown theater that he could beat anyone in San Francisco and that Wong himself did not discriminate against Whites or other non-Chinese people.
Wong and William Chen stated that the fight lasted an unusually long 20–25 minutes.[53][55] Wong claims that although he had originally expected a serious but polite bout, Lee aggressively attacked him with the intent to kill. When Wong presented the traditional handshake, Lee appeared to accept the greeting, but instead, Lee allegedly thrust his hand as a spear aimed at Wong's eyes. Forced to defend his life, Wong asserted that he refrained from striking Lee with killing force when the opportunity presented itself because it could have earned him a prison sentence, but used illegal cufflings under his sleeves. According to Michael Dorgan's 1980 book Bruce Lee's Toughest Fight, the fight ended due to Lee's "unusually winded" condition, as opposed to a decisive blow by either fighter.[53]
However, according to Bruce Lee, Linda Lee Cadwell, and James Yimm Lee, the fight lasted a mere three minutes with a decisive victory for Lee. In Cadwell's account, "The fight ensued, it was a no-holds-barred fight, it took three minutes. Bruce got this guy down to the ground and said 'Do you give up?' and the man said he gave up".[52] A couple of weeks after the bout, Lee gave an interview claiming that he had defeated an unnamed challenger, which Wong says was an obvious reference to him.[53][55]
In response, Wong published his account of the fight in the Pacific Weekly, a
1966–1970: American roles and creating Jeet Kune Do
From 1966 to 1967, Lee played the role of Kato alongside the title character played by Van Williams in the TV series produced and narrated by William Dozier[57] titled The Green Hornet, based on the radio show by the same name.[58][56] The show ran for one season (26 episodes) from September 1966 to March 1967. Lee and Williams also appeared as their characters in three crossover episodes of Batman, another William Dozier-produced television series.[59][60][61]
During the show's production, Lee became friends with Gene LeBell, who worked as a stuntman in the show. The two trained together and exchanged martial arts knowledge from their respective specialties.[63] After the show was canceled in 1967, Lee wrote to Dozier thanking him for starting "my career in show business".[62]
In 1967, Lee played a role in one episode of
Jeet Kune Do originated in 1967. After filming one season of
Lee emphasized what he called "the style of no style". This consisted of getting rid of the formalized approach which Lee claimed was indicative of traditional styles. Lee felt that even the system he now called Jun Fan Gung Fu was too restrictive, and it eventually evolved into a philosophy and martial art he would come to call Jeet Kune Do or the Way of the Intercepting Fist. It is a term he would later regret, because Jeet Kune Do implied specific parameters that styles connote, whereas the idea of his martial art was to exist outside of parameters and limitations.[66]
At the time, two of Lee's martial arts students were Hollywood script writer Stirling Silliphant and actor James Coburn. In 1969, the three worked on a script for a film titled The Silent Flute, and they went together on a location hunt to India. The project was not realized at the time, but the 1978 film Circle of Iron, starring David Carradine, was based on the same plot. In 2010, producer Paul Maslansky was reported to have planned and received funding for a film based on the original script for The Silent Flute.[67]
In 1969, Lee made a brief appearance in the Silliphant-penned film
In 1970, Lee was responsible for producing the fight choreography of A Walk in the Spring Rain, starring Ingrid Bergman and Anthony Quinn, again written by Silliphant.[73][74]
1971–1973: Hong Kong films and Hollywood breakthrough
In 1971, Lee appeared in four episodes of the television series Longstreet, written by Silliphant. Lee played Li Tsung, the martial arts instructor of the title character Mike Longstreet, played by James Franciscus, and important aspects of his martial arts philosophy were written into the script.[75][76] According to statements made by Lee, and also by Linda Lee Cadwell after Lee's death, Lee pitched a television series of his own in 1971, tentatively titled The Warrior, discussions of which were confirmed by Warner Bros. During a December 9, 1971, television interview on The Pierre Berton Show, Lee stated that both Paramount and Warner Brothers wanted him "to be in a modernized type of a thing and that they think the Western idea is out, whereas I want to do the Western".[77]
According to Cadwell, Lee's concept was retooled and renamed
The role of the
Producer Fred Weintraub had advised Lee to return to Hong Kong and make a feature film that he could showcase to executives in Hollywood.[86] Not happy with his supporting roles in the US, Lee returned to Hong Kong. Unaware that The Green Hornet had been played to success in Hong Kong and was unofficially referred to as "The Kato Show", he was surprised to be recognized as the star of the show.[87] After negotiating with both Shaw Brothers Studio and Golden Harvest, Lee signed a film contract to star in two films produced by Golden Harvest.
Lee played his first leading role in The Big Boss (1971), which proved to be an enormous box-office success across Asia and catapulted him to stardom. He followed up with Fist of Fury (1972), which broke the box office records set previously by The Big Boss. Having finished his initial two-year contract, Lee negotiated a new deal with Golden Harvest. Lee later formed his own company, Concord Production Inc., with Chow. For his third film, The Way of the Dragon (1972), he was given complete control of the film's production as the writer, director, star, and choreographer of the fight scenes. In 1964, at a demonstration in Long Beach, California, Lee met karate champion Chuck Norris. In The Way of the Dragon Lee introduced Norris to moviegoers as his opponent. Their showdown has been characterized as "one of the best fight scenes in martial arts and film history".[88][89] The role had originally been offered to American karate champion Joe Lewis.[90] Fist of Fury and Way of the Dragon grossed an estimated US$100 million and US$130 million worldwide, respectively.[91]
From August to October 1972, Lee began work on his fourth Golden Harvest film, Game of Death. He began filming some scenes, including his fight sequence with 7 ft 2 in (218 cm) American basketball star Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, a former student. Production stopped in November 1972 when Warner Brothers offered Lee the opportunity to star in Enter the Dragon, the first film to be produced jointly by Concord, Golden Harvest, and Warner Bros. Filming began in Hong Kong in February 1973 and was completed in April 1973.[92]
One month into the filming, another production company, Starseas Motion Pictures, promoted Lee as a leading actor in Fist of Unicorn, although he had merely agreed to choreograph the fight sequences in the film as a favor to his long-time friend Unicorn Chan. Lee planned to sue the production company but retained his friendship with Chan.[93] However, only a few months after the completion of Enter the Dragon, and six days before its July 26, 1973, release, Lee died.[94]
Enter the Dragon went on to become one of the year's highest-grossing films and cemented Lee as a martial arts legend. It was made for US$850,000 in 1973,
1978–present: Posthumous work
Robert Clouse, the director of Enter the Dragon, together with Golden Harvest, revived Lee's unfinished film Game of Death. Lee had shot over 100 minutes of footage, including out-takes, for Game of Death before shooting was stopped to allow him to work on Enter the Dragon. In addition to Abdul-Jabbar, George Lazenby, Hapkido master Ji Han-jae, and another of Lee's students, Dan Inosanto, appeared in the film, which culminated in Lee's character, Hai Tien, clad in a yellow tracksuit[99][100] taking on a series of different challengers on each floor as they make their way through a five-level pagoda.[101]
In a controversial move, Robert Clouse finished the film using a
Apart from
In 2015, Perfect Storm Entertainment and Bruce Lee's daughter, Shannon Lee, announced that the series The Warrior would be produced and would air on Cinemax. Filmmaker Justin Lin was chosen to direct the series.[103] Production began in October 2017, in Cape Town, South Africa. The first season will contain 10 episodes.[104] In April 2019, Cinemax renewed the series for a second season.[105]
In March 2021, it was announced that producer Jason Kothari had acquired the rights to The Silent Flute "to become a miniseries, which would have John Fusco as a screenwriter and executive producer.[106]
Unproduced works
Lee had also worked on several scripts himself. A tape containing a recording of Lee narrating the basic storyline to a film tentatively titled Southern Fist/Northern Leg exists, showing some similarities with the canned script for The Silent Flute (
Martial arts and fitness
Bruce Lee | |
---|---|
Style | epée fencing, hapkido, various other styles (by personal tutoring and research) |
Teacher(s) | Ip Man and Wong Shun-leung (wing chun), Brother Edward (boxing),[19] Jhoon Rhee (taekwondo),[51] Fred Sato and Gene LeBell (judo)[111] Dan Inosanto (arnis) |
Notable students | Jesse Glover, James DeMile, Linda Lee Cadwell, Dan Inosanto, Taky Kimura, Ted Wong, James Yimm Lee, Joe Lewis, Jhoon Rhee, Mike Stone, Gene LeBell, Chuck Norris, Roman Polanski, Sharon Tate, James Coburn, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Brandon Lee, others |
Striking
Lee's first introduction to martial arts was through his father, from whom he learned the fundamentals of
Ip's regular classes generally consisted of form practice,
Lee was trained in
Lee demonstrated his
Lee is seen implementing his Jeet Kune Do concept of economical motion, using Ali-inspired footwork to keep out of range while
It was at the 1964 championships that Lee first met
Lee commonly used the oblique kick, made popular much later in mixed martial arts.[116] It is called the jeet tek, "stop kick" or "intercepting kick", in Jeet Kune Do.[117]
Grappling
Lee favored cross-training between different fighting styles, and had a particular interest in grappling.[111] Lee trained with several judo practitioners in Seattle and California, among them Fred Sato, Jesse Glover, Taky Kimura, Hayward Nishioka, and Wally Jay, as well as Gene LeBell.[118][111] Many of his first students were proficient in judo and other arts, and he learned as much as he taught.[119] After befriending LeBell on the set of The Green Hornet, Lee offered to teach him striking arts in exchange for being taught grappling techniques.[63][120] LeBell had been taught catch wrestling by prestigious grapplers Lou Thesz and Ed Lewis, and notable techniques of both judo and catch wrestling can be seen in Lee's Tao of Jeet Kune Do.[121] He also learned grappling moves from hapkido master Ji Han-jae.[111]
According to Glover, Lee only found judo ineffective at the action of getting hold of the opponent.[111] In their first training together, Glover showed Lee an osoto gari, which Lee considered not a bad technique, but he disliked that Glover had needed to hold onto Lee.[122] While in Seattle, Lee developed anti-grappling techniques against opponents trying to tackle him or take him to the ground. Glover recalled Lee "definitely would not go to the ground if he had the opportunity to get you standing up."[111] Nonetheless, Lee expressed to LeBell a wish to integrate judo into his fighting style.[111] He incorporated the osoto gari into Jeet Kune Do, among other throws, armlocks and chokeholds from judo.[123]
Although Lee opined that grappling was of little use in
Lee was also influenced by the training routine of The Great Gama, an Indian/Pakistani pehlwani wrestling champion known for his grappling strength. Lee incorporated Gama's exercises into his training routine.[125]
Street fighting
Another major influence on Lee was Hong Kong's
When Lee returned to Hong Kong in the early 1970s, his reputation as "the fastest fist in the east" routinely led to locals challenging him to street fights. He sometimes accepted these challenges and engaged in street fights, which led to some criticism from the press portraying him as violent at the time.[127]
Fitness
At 172 cm (5 ft 8 in) and weighing 64 kg (141 lb),[128] Lee was renowned for his physical fitness and vigor, achieved by using a dedicated fitness regimen to become as strong as possible. After his match with Wong Jack-man in 1965, Lee changed his approach toward martial arts training. Lee felt that many martial artists of his time did not spend enough time on physical conditioning. Lee included all elements of total fitness—muscular strength, muscular endurance, cardiovascular endurance, and flexibility. He used traditional bodybuilding techniques to build some muscle mass, though not overdone, as that could decrease speed or flexibility. At the same time, concerning balance, Lee maintained that mental and spiritual preparation are fundamental to the success of physical training in martial arts skills. In Tao of Jeet Kune Do he wrote:
Training is one of the most neglected phases of athletics. Too much time is given to the development of skill and too little to the development of the individual for participation. ... JKD, ultimately is not a matter of petty techniques but of highly developed spirituality and physique.[129]
According to Linda Lee Cadwell, soon after he moved to the United States, Lee started to take nutrition seriously and developed an interest in health foods, high-protein drinks, and vitamin and mineral supplements. He later concluded that achieving a high-performance body was akin to maintaining the engine of a high-performance automobile. Allegorically, as one could not keep a car running on low-octane fuels, one could not sustain one's body with a steady diet of junk food, and with "the wrong fuel", one's body would perform sluggishly or sloppily.[130]
Lee avoided baked goods and refined flour, describing them as providing empty calories that did nothing for his body.[131] He was known for being a fan of Asian cuisine for its variety and often ate meals with a combination of vegetables, rice, and fish. Lee had a dislike for dairy products and as a result, used powdered milk in his diet.[132]
Dan Inosanto recalls Lee practiced meditation as the first action on his schedule.[118]
Artistry
Philosophy
While best known as a martial artist, Lee studied drama and Asian and Western philosophy, starting while a student at the University of Washington. He was well-read and had an extensive library dominated by martial arts subjects and philosophical texts.[133] His books on martial arts and fighting philosophy are known for their philosophical assertions, both inside and outside of martial arts circles. His eclectic philosophy often mirrored his fighting beliefs, though he was quick to say that his martial arts were solely a metaphor for such teachings.[134]
He believed that any knowledge ultimately led to self-knowledge. He said that his chosen method of self-expression was martial arts.[134] His influences include Taoism, Jiddu Krishnamurti, and Buddhism.[135] Lee's philosophy was very much in opposition to the conservative worldview advocated by Confucianism.[136] John Little states that Lee was an atheist. When asked in 1972 about his religious affiliation, he replied, "None whatsoever".[137] When asked if he believed in God, he said, "To be perfectly frank, I really do not."[134]
Poetry
Aside from martial arts and philosophy, which focus on the physical aspect and self-consciousness for truths and principles,[138] Lee also wrote poetry that reflected his emotions and a stage in his life collectively.[139] Many forms of art remain concordant with the artist creating them. Lee's principle of self-expression was applied to his poetry as well. His daughter Shannon Lee said, "He did write poetry; he was really the consummate artist."[140]
His poetic works were originally handwritten on paper, then later on edited and published, with John Little being the major author (editor), for Bruce Lee's works. Linda Lee Cadwell (Bruce Lee's wife) shared her husband's notes, poems, and experiences with followers. She mentioned, "Lee's poems are, by American standards, rather dark—reflecting the deeper, less exposed recesses of the human psyche".[141]
Most of Bruce Lee's poems are categorized as
Personal life
Names
Lee's Cantonese birth name was Lee Jun-fan (李振藩).[143] The name homophonically means "return again", and was given to Lee by his mother, who felt he would return to the United States once he came of age.[144] Because of his mother's superstitious nature, she had originally named him Sai-fon (細鳳), which is a feminine name meaning "small phoenix".[42] The English name "Bruce" is thought to have been given by the hospital's attending physician, Dr. Mary Glover.[145]
Lee had three other Chinese names: Lee Yuen-cham (李源鑫), a family/clan name; Lee Yuen-kam (李元鑒), which he used as a student name while he was attending
Family
Lee's father, Lee Hoi-chuen, was one of the leading Cantonese opera and film actors at the time and was embarking on a year-long opera tour with his family on the eve of the Japanese invasion of Hong Kong. Lee Hoi-chuen had been touring the United States for many years and performing in numerous Chinese communities there.
Although many of his peers decided to stay in the US, Lee Hoi-chuen returned to Hong Kong after Bruce's birth. Within months, Hong Kong was invaded and the Lees lived for three years and eight months under Japanese occupation. After the war ended, Lee Hoi-chuen resumed his acting career and became a more popular actor during Hong Kong's rebuilding years.
Lee's mother, Grace Ho, was from one of the wealthiest and most powerful clans in Hong Kong, the Ho-tungs. She was the half-niece of
Grace Ho is reported as either the adopted or biological daughter of Ho Kom-tong (Ho Gumtong, 何甘棠) and the half-niece of Sir Robert Ho-tung, both notable Hong Kong businessmen and philanthropists.[146] Bruce was the fourth of five children: Phoebe Lee (李秋源), Agnes Lee (李秋鳳), Peter Lee, and Robert Lee.
Grace's parentage remains unclear. Linda Lee, in her 1989 biography The Bruce Lee Story, suggests that Grace had a German father and was a Catholic.[88] Bruce Thomas, in his 1994 biography Bruce Lee: Fighting Spirit, suggests that Grace had a Chinese mother and a German father.[148] Lee's relative Eric Peter Ho, in his 2010 book Tracing My Children's Lineage, suggests that Grace was born in Shanghai to a Eurasian woman named Cheung King-sin.[148] Eric Peter Ho said that Grace Lee was the daughter of a mixed-race Shanghainese woman and her father was Ho Kom Tong. Grace Lee said her mother was English and her father was Chinese.[149] Fredda Dudley Balling said Grace Lee was three-quarters Chinese and one-quarter British.[150]
In the 2018 biography Bruce Lee: A Life, Matthew Polly identifies Lee's maternal grandfather as Ho Kom-tong, who had often been reported as his adoptive grandfather. Ho Kom-tong's father, Charles Maurice Bosman,[151] was a Dutch Jewish businessman from Rotterdam.[152] He moved to Hong Kong with the Dutch East India Company and served as the Dutch consul to Hong Kong at one time. He had a Chinese concubine named Sze Tai with whom he had six children, including Ho Kom Tong. Bosman subsequently abandoned his family and immigrated to California.[153] Ho Kom Tong became a wealthy businessman with a wife, 13 concubines, and a British mistress who gave birth to Grace Ho.[154][155][156]
His younger brother Robert Lee Jun-fai is a musician and singer; he performed in the Hong Kong group The Thunderbirds.[157][158][159] A few singles were sung mostly or all in English. Also released was Lee singing a duet with Irene Ryder.[160] Lee Jun-fai lived with Lee in Los Angeles in the United States and stayed. After Lee's death, Lee Jun-fai released an album and a single by the same name dedicated to Lee called "The Ballad of Bruce Lee".[161]
While studying at the
Lee died when his son Brandon was eight years old. While alive, Lee taught Brandon martial arts and would invite him to visit sets. This gave Brandon the desire to act and went on to study the craft. As a young adult, Brandon Lee found some success acting in action-oriented pictures such as Legacy of Rage (1986), Showdown in Little Tokyo (1991), and Rapid Fire (1992). In 1993, at the age of 28, Brandon Lee died after being accidentally shot by a prop gun on the set of The Crow.
Lee died when his daughter Shannon was four. In her youth she studied Jeet Kune Do under Richard Bustillo, one of her father's students; however, her serious studies did not begin until the late 1990s. To train for parts in action movies, she studied Jeet Kune Do with Ted Wong.[164]
Friends, students, and contemporaries
Lee's brother Robert with his friends Taky Kimura, Dan Inosanto, Steve McQueen, James Coburn, and Peter Chin were his pallbearers.[165] Coburn was a martial arts student and a friend of Lee. Coburn worked with Lee and Stirling Silliphant on developing The Silent Flute. Upon Lee's early death, at his funeral, Coburn gave a eulogy.[165] Regarding McQueen, Lee made no secret that he wanted everything McQueen had and would stop at nothing to get it.[166][167][168] Inosanto and Kimura were friends and disciples of Lee. Inosanto who would go on to train Lee's son Brandon.[169][170] Kimura continued to teach Lee's craft in Seattle.[171] According to Lee's wife, Chin was a lifelong family friend and a student of Lee.[172]
Screenwriter Stirling Silliphant was a martial arts student and a friend of Lee.[175][176] Silliphant worked with Lee and James Coburn on developing The Silent Flute.[177] Lee acted and provided his martial arts expertise in several projects penned by Silliphant, the first in Marlowe (1969) where Lee plays Winslow Wong a hoodlum well-versed in martial arts. Lee also did fight choreographies for the film A Walk in the Spring Rain (1970) and played Li Tsung, a Jeet Kune Do instructor who teaches the main character in the television show Longstreet (1971). Elements of his martial arts philosophy were included in the script for the latter.[68][69][73][74][75][76]
Basketball player Kareem Abdul-Jabbar studied martial arts and developed a friendship with Lee.[73]
Actor and karate champion Chuck Norris was a friend and training partner of Lee's.[178] After Lee's death, Norris said he kept in touch with Lee's family.[179]
Judoka and
Drug use
In July of 2021 a private collection of over 40 handwritten letters Lee made to fellow Fist of Fury actor Robert "Bob" Baker was sold for $462,500 at Heritage Auctions. These letters were written from 1967 to 1973 and included requests by Lee for Baker to mail him cocaine, pain killers, psilocybin and other drugs for his personal use.[180][181]
Death
On May 10, 1973, Lee collapsed during an
On Friday, July 20, 1973, Lee was in Hong Kong to have dinner with actor
Lee took a nap and when he did not arrive at the dinner, Chow came to the apartment, but he was unable to wake Lee up. A doctor was summoned and spent ten minutes attempting to revive Lee before sending him by ambulance to Queen Elizabeth Hospital. Lee was declared dead on arrival at the age of 32.[185]
Lee was buried in
Possible causes of death
Lee's iconic status and untimely death fed many rumors and theories. These included murder involving the triads and a supposed curse on him and his family.[189][190]
Although there was initial speculation that cannabis found in Lee's stomach may have contributed to his death, Teare said it would "be both 'irresponsible and irrational' to say that [cannabis] might have triggered either the events of Bruce's collapse on May 10 or his death on July 20". Dr. R. R. Lycette, the clinical pathologist at Queen Elizabeth Hospital, reported at the coroner hearing that the death could not have been caused by cannabis.[194]
In a 2018 biography, author Matthew Polly consulted with medical experts and theorized that the cerebral edema that killed Lee had been caused by over-exertion and heat stroke; heat stroke was not considered at the time because it was then a poorly understood condition. Furthermore, Lee had his underarm sweat glands removed in late 1972, in the apparent belief that underarm sweat was unphotogenic on film. Polly further theorized that this caused Lee's body to overheat while practicing in hot temperatures on May 10 and July 20, 1973, resulting in heat stroke that in turn exacerbated the cerebral edema that led to his death.[195][196]
In an article in the December 2022 issue of Clinical Kidney Journal, a team of researchers examined the various theories regarding Lee's cause of death, and concluded that his fatal cerebral edema was brought on by
Legacy and cultural impact
Lee is considered by some commentators and martial artists to be the most influential martial artist of all time,[200][201][202] and a pop culture icon of the 20th century, who bridged the gap between East and West.[203][204] Time named Lee one of the 100 most important people of the 20th century.[205]
A number of biography books have been written about Lee. A biography had sold more than 4 million copies by 1988.[206]
Action films
Lee was largely responsible for launching the "
Enter the Dragon has been cited as one of the most influential
A number of action filmmakers around the world have cited Bruce Lee as a formative influence on their careers, including
Martial arts and combat sports
Jeet Kune Do, a hybrid martial arts philosophy drawing from different combat disciplines that was founded by Lee, is sometimes credited with paving the way for the combat sport mixed martial arts (MMA).[3][215][216][217] The concept of mixed martial arts was popularised in the West by Bruce Lee via his system of Jeet Kune Do. Lee believed that "the best fighter is not a Boxer, Karate or Judo man. The best fighter is someone who can adapt to any style, to be formless, to adopt an individual's own style and not following the system of styles."[218]
In 2004, Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) founder Dana White called Lee the "father of mixed martial arts" and stated: "If you look at the way Bruce Lee trained, the way he fought, and many of the things he wrote, he said the perfect style was no style. You take a little something from everything. You take the good things from every different discipline, use what works, and you throw the rest away".[218]
Lee was largely responsible for many people taking up martial arts.
Lee inspired the foundation of American full-contact
UFC
Racial barriers and stereotypes
Lee is credited with helping to change the way
In North America, his films initially played largely to
Popular culture
Numerous entertainment and sports figures around the world have cited Lee as a major influence on their work, including martial arts actors such as
Bruce Lee influenced several comic book writers, notably Marvel Comics founder Stan Lee,[212] who considered Bruce Lee to be a superhero without a costume.[213] Shortly after his death, Lee inspired the Marvel characters Shang-Chi (debuted 1973) and Iron Fist (debuted 1974) as well as the comic book series The Deadly Hands of Kung Fu (debuted 1974). According to Stan Lee, any character that has been a martial artist since then owes their origin to Bruce Lee in some form.[213]
Bruce Lee was a formative influence on the development of breakdancing in the 1970s. Early breakdancing pioneers such as the Rock Steady Crew drew inspiration from kung fu moves, as performed by Lee, inspiring dance moves such as the windmill among other breaking moves.[227][213]
In India, Lee films had an influence on
In Japan, the manga and anime franchises Fist of the North Star (1983–1988) and Dragon Ball (1984–1995) were inspired by Lee films such as Enter the Dragon.[232][233] In turn, Fist of the North Star and especially Dragon Ball are credited with setting the trends for popular shōnen manga and anime from the 1980s onwards.[234][235] Spike Spiegel, the protagonist from the 1998 anime Cowboy Bebop, is seen practicing Jeet Kune Do and quotes Lee.[236]
Bruce Lee films such as Game of Death and Enter the Dragon were the foundation for
In France, the Yamakasi cited the martial arts philosophy of Bruce Lee as an influence on their development of the parkour discipline in the 1990s, along with the acrobatics of Jackie Chan.[243][244] The Yamakasi considered Lee to be the "unofficial president" of their group.[244]
The Legend of Bruce Lee (2008), a Chinese television drama series based on the life of Bruce Lee, has been watched by over 400 million viewers in China, making it the most-watched Chinese television drama series of all time, as of 2017.[245][246]
In November 2022, it was announced that Taiwanese filmmaker Ang Lee was directing a biopic on Bruce Lee. Ang Lee's son Mason Lee was cast to star in the movie, while Bruce Lee's daughter, Shannon Lee, is set to produce the film.[247]
In 2024, there was a proposal made to erect a statue of Bruce Lee in San Francisco. Lee's daughter is in favor of erecting it stating, "the Bay Area is a very rich and vital part of our legacy."[248]
Tributes
Underworld pay tribute to Bruce Lee in their song Bruce Lee from their 1999 album Beaucoup Fish, a blend of rock, techno, and guitar riffs. According to DAFT FM,[249] the lyrics can be interpreted as encouraging the idea of self-actualization and individuals to be true to themselves, thus paying tribute to Lee's philosophy of empowering oneself and living life to the fullest.
Commercials
Though Bruce Lee did not appear in commercials during his lifetime, his likeness and image has since appeared in hundreds of commercials around the world.[213] Nokia launched an Internet-based campaign in 2008 with staged "documentary-looking" footage of Bruce Lee playing ping-pong with his nunchaku and also igniting matches as they are thrown toward him. The videos went viral on YouTube, creating confusion as some people believed them to be authentic footage.[250]
Honors
Awards
- 1972: Golden Horse Awards Best Mandarin Film
- 1972: Fist of Fury Special Jury Award[251]
- 1994: Hong Kong Film Award for Lifetime Achievement[251]
- 1999: Named by Time as one of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century[4]
- 2004: Star of the Century Award[252]
- 2013: The Asian Awards Founders Award[253]
Statues
- Statue of Bruce Lee (Los Angeles): unveiled June 15, 2013,[254] Chinatown Central Plaza, Los Angeles, California
- Statue of Bruce Lee (Hong Kong): 2.5 m (8.2 ft) bronze statue of Lee was unveiled on November 27, 2005, on what would have been his 65th birthday.[255]
- bronze statue; supporters of the statue cited Lee as a unifying symbol against the ethnic divisions in the country, which had culminated in the 1992–95 Bosnian War.[256]
Places
A theme park dedicated to Lee was built in Jun'an, Guangdong. Mainland Chinese only started watching Bruce Lee films in the 1980s, when videos of classic movies like Fist of Fury became available.
On January 6, 2009, it was announced that
Filmography
Books
- Chinese Gung-Fu: The Philosophical Art of Self Defense(Bruce Lee's first book) – 1963
- Tao of Jeet Kune Do (Published posthumously) – 1973
- Bruce Lee's Fighting Method (Published posthumously) – 1978
See also
- Media about Bruce Lee
- Bruce Lee (comics)
- Bruce Lee Library
- Bruceploitation
- Dragon: The Bruce Lee Story
- List of stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame – Bruce Lee at 6933 Hollywood Blvd
- The Legend of Bruce Lee
Footnotes
Citations
- ISBN 978-1786601926.
- ^ "The Last Days of Bruce Lee". theringer.com. The Ringer. May 29, 2018. Archived from the original on August 2, 2023. Retrieved August 1, 2023.
- ^ ISBN 978-14-0533-750-2. Archivedfrom the original on February 10, 2023. Retrieved February 8, 2023.
- ^ a b c Stein, Joel (June 14, 1999). "Bruce Lee: With nothing but his hands, feet and a lot of attitude, he turned the little guy into a tough guy". The Time 100. New York. Archived from the original on June 5, 2010. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
- ^ Lee, Mary (February 8, 2024). "Proposal calls for Bruce Lee statue in San Francisco's Chinatown - CBS San Francisco". www.cbsnews.com. Archived from the original on February 25, 2024. Retrieved February 25, 2024.
- ^ Lee 1989, p. 41
- ^ "Bruce Lee inspired Dev for martial arts". The Times of India. July 1, 2010. Retrieved June 3, 2011. [dead link]
- ^ "Jun Fan Jeet Kune Do". Bruce Lee Foundation. Archived from the original on July 23, 2010.
- ^ "Bruce Lee takes on Chuck Norris, but he makes you wait for the fight". The A.V. Club. March 25, 2016. Archived from the original on January 27, 2023. Retrieved January 27, 2023.
- ^ "Director Ang Lee will direct his son, playing Bruce Lee in biopic". NBC News. November 30, 2022. Archived from the original on January 27, 2023. Retrieved January 27, 2023.
- ^ "How Bruce Lee changed the world-Series". The Hindu. India. May 29, 2011. Archived from the original on October 25, 2012. Retrieved June 3, 2011.
- ^ Dennis 1974
- ^ a b McDermon, Daniel (January 25, 2017). "How Bruce Lee Exploded a Stereotype With a One-Inch Punch". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 15, 2018. Retrieved October 15, 2018.
- ^ Bruce Lee Archived November 23, 2012, at the Wayback Machine at Hong Kong Cinemagic. (look under the 'nationality' section)
- ^ Description of the parent's racial makeup as described by Robert Lee at minute mark 3:35 in the cable television documentary, First Families: Bruce Lee, which premiered on Fox Family on October 26, 1999.
- ^ a b c 吳貴龍 (2018). 龍影中華──李小龍的光影片段. 中華書局(香港). p. 8.
- ^ Maeda, Daryl Joji (August 9, 2016). Like Water: A Cultural History of Bruce Lee. NYU Press.
- ^ "Was Bruce Lee of English Descent?". Fightland. Archived from the original on October 25, 2016. Retrieved June 19, 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f Thomas 1994, pp. 29–30.
- ISBN 978-1-58394-089-1. Archivedfrom the original on July 27, 2020. Retrieved November 18, 2019.
- ^ a b "Biography". Bruce Lee Foundation. Archived from the original on August 22, 2010. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
- ISBN 978-0-231-51030-1.
- ISBN 978-1-883319-25-0.
- ^ "Bruce Lee, a global hero who epitomised Hong Kong's strengths - it's just a pity the city could not preserve his former home". South China Morning Post. 12ft.io. Archived from the original on January 27, 2023. Retrieved January 26, 2023.
- ^ "Bro. Edward Muss FMS R.I.P." Archived from the original on January 26, 2023. Retrieved January 26, 2023.
- ^ Thomas 1994, pg. 307-308
- ^ "Who taught Bruce Lee kung fu? He was born to be a fighter, but the martial arts superstar also trained with the best". South China Morning Post. July 25, 2018. Archived from the original on February 14, 2023. Retrieved February 14, 2023.
Lee found a sifu, or master, through a street-gang member called William Cheung, who took him to a wing chun school run by Ip Man, who had begun teaching the style in Hong Kong around 1950.
- from the original on June 2, 2019. Retrieved January 12, 2017.
- ^ Lallo, Michael (January 20, 2011). "All the right moves". The Sydney Morning Herald. No. onliine. Fairfax Media. Retrieved December 26, 2016.
- ^ Chen, Edwin (January 5, 2016). "Bruce Lee Was an Anchor Baby". asamnews.com. No. Online. AsAmNews. Archived from the original on November 8, 2020. Retrieved November 1, 2020.
- ^ a b c Black Belt: Bruce Lee Collector's Edition Summer 1993
- ^ Black Belt: Bruce Lee Collector's Edition Summer 1993, p. 18.
- ^ Thomas 1994, p. 26.
- ^ Sharif 2009, p. 56.
- ^ Black Belt: Bruce Lee Collector's Edition Summer 1993 p. 19.
- ^ Campbell 2006, p. 172.
- ^ "Who taught Bruce Lee kung fu? He was born to be a fighter, but the martial arts superstar also trained with the best". South China Morning Post. July 25, 2018. Archived from the original on February 14, 2023. Retrieved February 14, 2023.
Although Lee studied wing chun at Ip's school, he was mainly taught by Wong Shun-leung, as Ip himself only taught advanced students, not beginners. Lee quickly became devoted to wing chun and practiced diligently.
- ISBN 978-0-89750-121-7. Archivedfrom the original on July 27, 2020. Retrieved July 23, 2020.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-89750-121-7. Archivedfrom the original on July 27, 2020. Retrieved November 18, 2019.
- ^ a b Burrows, Alyssa (2002). "Bruce Lee". HistoryLink. Archived from the original on May 8, 2008. Retrieved May 30, 2008.
- ^ "What you didn't know about: Bruce Lee Bruce Lee in Seattle — Part 1". Northwest Asian Weekly. August 25, 2022. Archived from the original on July 2, 2023. Retrieved July 2, 2023.
- ^ a b c Bruce Lee: the immortal Dragon, January 29, 2002, A&E Television Networks
- ^ a b "Wing Chung Gung Fu". Hardcore JKD. Archived from the original on May 14, 2008. Retrieved May 30, 2008.
- ^ "Bruce Lee Biography". Bruce Lee Foundation. Archived from the original on November 19, 2012. Retrieved September 4, 2012.
- ^ "Bruce Lee and his Seattle roots — A retrospective comes to the Wing". Northwest Asian Weekly. August 11, 2014. Archived from the original on November 25, 2021. Retrieved November 25, 2021.
- ^ Little 2001, p. 32
- ^ Thomas 1994, p. 42
- ^ "U. of Washington alumni records". Washington.edu. Archived from the original on February 21, 2011. Retrieved January 22, 2010.
- ^ a b "Two Finger Pushup". Maniac World. Archived from the original on May 21, 2008. Retrieved May 30, 2008.
- ^ Vaughn 1986, p. 21
- ^ Black Belt Magazine. 34 (5): 39–43. Retrieved November 19, 2009.
- ^ a b Bruce Lee: The Immortal Dragon, January 29, 2002, A&E Television Networks
- ^ a b c d e Dorgan 1980
- ^ Black Belt: Bruce Lee Collector's Edition, Summer 1993 Rainbow Publications Inc, p. 117
- ^ a b Rossen, Jake (August 10, 2015). "Bruce Lee: The Time Bruce Lee Was Challenged to a Real Fight". Mental Floss. New York. Archived from the original on July 11, 2016. Retrieved July 10, 2016.
- ^ a b Aarons, Leroy F. (October 2, 1966). "Color Him Green". Tampa Bay Times. Vol. 83.
- ^ "American Heritage Center Blog: Bruce Lee Steals the Show in ""The Green Hornet""". American Heritage Center. The American Heritage Center holds the papers of William Dozier, who produced and narrated the TV series The Green Hornet, as well as the Batman TV series. March 16, 2020. Archived from the original on April 10, 2020. Retrieved April 5, 2020.
- ^ "Green Hornet's Creator Visits TV Scene". The Times Herald. Vol. 56. September 3, 1966.
- ^ "Batman | TV Guide". TVGuide.com. Archived from the original on November 15, 2019. Retrieved November 15, 2019.
- ^ "Batman | TV Guide". TVGuide.com. Archived from the original on November 15, 2019. Retrieved November 15, 2019.
- ^ "Batman | TV Guide". TVGuide.com. Archived from the original on November 15, 2019. Retrieved November 15, 2019.
- ^ a b "American Heritage Center Blog: Bruce Lee Steals the Show in 'The Green Hornet'". American Heritage Center. March 16, 2020. Archived from the original on April 10, 2020. Retrieved April 5, 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f Polly 2018, pp. 187.
- ^ Dubin, Charles S. (October 26, 1967), Tagged for Murder, Ironside, archived from the original on January 26, 2023, retrieved January 26, 2023
- ^ Bishop 2004, p. 23
- ^ Thomas 1994, p. 81
- ^ McNary, Dave (April 15, 2010). "Bruce Lee's 'Flute' heads to bigscreen – Entertainment News, Film News, Media". Variety. Archived from the original on October 27, 2010. Retrieved February 22, 2011.
- ^ a b Muss, H.P. (October 31, 1969). "Meet Master Of Jeet Kune Do". The Cincinnati Enquirer.
- ^ a b "AFI|Catalog". catalog.afi.com. Archived from the original on June 8, 2019. Retrieved November 15, 2019.
- ^ "AFI|Catalog". catalog.afi.com. Archived from the original on June 8, 2019. Retrieved November 15, 2019.
- ^ "Prospective Bridal Pair". The Journal Times. Vol. 113. July 27, 1969.
- ^ "Wednesday". Chicago Tribune. January 4, 1969.
- ^ a b c Heffernan, Harold (June 19, 1969). "Hollywood". The Times-Tribune.
- ^ a b "AFI|Catalog". catalog.afi.com. Archived from the original on June 17, 2019. Retrieved November 19, 2019.
- ^ a b Riste, Tom (November 18, 1971). "Bruce Lee's Acting adds To 'Longstreet'". Arizona Daily Star. Vol. 130.
- ^ a b Riste, Tom (September 18, 1971). "'Longstreet' Shines As New Detective Hit". Arizona Daily Star. Vol. 130.
- YouTubeDecember 9, 1971 (comments at 7:10 of part 2)
- ^ Lee 1975a
- ^ Bleecker, Tom (1996). Unsettled Matters. The Life & Death of Bruce Lee. Gilderoy Publications
- ^ "The Truth about the Creation of the Kung Fu TV Series". Martial Journal. May 20, 2019. Archived from the original on January 30, 2021. Retrieved February 20, 2021.
- ISBN 978-1-5011-8762-9.
- YouTube
- ^ Bruce Lee, Woodstock And Me. scribd.com. Archived from the original on May 1, 2021. Retrieved March 8, 2021.
- ISBN 978-0-9847152-0-6.
- YouTubeDecember 9, 1971 (comments near end of part 2 & early in part 3)
- ^ Tale of the Dragon (Channel 4), directed by Jess Search
- ^ Rob Cohen (1993). Director's Commentary (Dragon: The Bruce Lee Story, DVD). Universal Pictures.
- ^ a b Lee 1989
- ^ John Blake (July 7, 2018). "New Bruce Lee bio debunks 'kung fu Jesus' myth". CNN. Archived from the original on December 19, 2019. Retrieved November 19, 2019.
- ^ Thomas, B. (1994) Bruce Lee Fighting Spirit. Berkeley: Frog Ltd.
- ISBN 978-1-84403-762-9. Archivedfrom the original on June 8, 2020. Retrieved June 8, 2020.
- ^ "Bruce Lee's Life". Archived from the original on February 18, 2020. Retrieved March 14, 2020.
- ^ a b Thomas, B. (2003) Bruce Lee Fighting Words. Berkeley: Frog Ltd.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-58415-066-4.
After its release, Enter the Dragon became Warner Brothers' highest grossing movie of 1973. It has earned well over $400 million
- ISBN 978-1-5011-8763-6. Archivedfrom the original on June 20, 2020. Retrieved June 8, 2020.
Enter the Dragon struck a responsive chord across the globe. Made for a minuscule $850,000, it would gross $90 million worldwide in 1973 and go on to earn an estimated $350 million over the next forty-five years.
- ^ "Inflation Calculator". Bureau of Labor Statistics. Archived from the original on May 29, 2008. Retrieved May 30, 2008.
- ^ Risen, Clay (February 11, 2022). "Bob Wall, Martial Arts Master Who Sparred With Bruce Lee, Dies at 82". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 11, 2022. Retrieved April 16, 2022.
- Looper.com. Static Media. Archivedfrom the original on April 21, 2022. Retrieved April 16, 2022.
- ^ Film producer Andre Morgan, who worked with Lee on the set of Game of Death, recalls that a choice had to be made from what was made available: a yellow suit or a black suit. The yellow suit was chosen because it allowed a footprint from a kick to be seen on film in a fighting scene with Kareem.
- ^ "The truth about Bruce Lee's yellow jumpsuit". South China Morning Post. November 27, 2015. Archived from the original on November 28, 2015.
- ^ 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment
- ^ "Shaw Brothers Film Project". Archived from the original on November 3, 2011. Retrieved January 6, 2011.
- ^ Andreeva, Nellie (May 21, 2015). "Cinemax Developing Bruce Lee-Inspired Crime Drama 'Warrior' From Justin Lin". Archived from the original on November 15, 2020. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
- ^ Andreeva, Nellie (October 11, 2017). "'Warrior': Cinemax Sets Cast & Director For Bruce Lee-Inspired Martial Arts Series". Archived from the original on November 15, 2020. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
- ^ Andreeva, Nellie (April 24, 2019). "'Warrior' Renewed For Season 2 By Cinemax". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on November 15, 2020. Retrieved April 24, 2019.
- ^ Frater, Patrick (March 23, 2021). "Jason Kothari and John Fusco to Produce Bruce Lee-Scripted 'The Silent Flute'". Variety. Archived from the original on March 24, 2021. Retrieved March 25, 2021.
- ^ Bruce Lee The Man & The Legend (Documentary, Golden Harvest, 1973)
- ^ ISBN 978-1-4629-0139-5. Archivedfrom the original on July 27, 2020. Retrieved November 18, 2019.
- ^ a b Thomas 1994, p. 14
- ^ Perry Gil S. Mallari (November 28, 2011). "Bruce Lee and Escrima". FMA Pulse. Archived from the original on January 4, 2018. Retrieved August 11, 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Rafiq 2020.
- ^ Bruce Lee's Commenatries on The Martial Way and Tao of Jeet Kune Do Expanded Edition
- ISBN 978-0-89750-106-4. Archivedfrom the original on June 17, 2020. Retrieved June 15, 2020.
- ^ a b "Bruce Lee: Bootleg Videos of the "Dragon," and How to Find Them". Black Belt. Vol. 33, no. 12. Active Interest Media, Inc. December 1995. pp. 78–9. Archived from the original on May 1, 2021. Retrieved April 1, 2021.
- ^ a b "Jhoon Rhee, Father of American Tae Kwon Do". jhoonrhee.com. Archived from the original on May 6, 2019. Retrieved May 1, 2019.
- ^ a b Fantaousakis, Kostas (December 29, 2018). "UFC 232 – Jones vs. Gustafsson 2: Moves to look for". Bloody Elbow. Vox Media. Archived from the original on June 16, 2020. Retrieved June 16, 2020.
- ISBN 978-1-4349-4062-9. Archivedfrom the original on February 11, 2024. Retrieved July 7, 2021.
- ^ a b Thomas 1994, pp. 97.
- ^ Thomas 1994, pp. 35.
- ^ a b c Thomas 1994, pp. 77.
- ^ Lee 1975.
- ^ Polly 2018, pp. 94.
- ^ Cheng 1993.
- ^ Scott, Mathew (May 21, 2019). "Bruce Lee and his starring role in the birth of modern mixed martial arts". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on July 8, 2021. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
- ^ Little 1998, pp. 58.
- ^ Robles, Pablo; Wong, Dennis; Scott, Mathew (May 21, 2019). "How Bruce Lee and street fighting in Hong Kong helped create MMA". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 6, 2021.
- NewspaperArchive.
Today, Bruce Lee is the hottest property in the Chinese film business and "the fastest fist in the east," as Chow calls him.
Small boys — and some very big boys — regularly challenge him to fight when they spy him on the streets. Sometimes he accepts, for he is full of suppressed violence engendered by a singularly unhappy childhood. - ^ "The Last Days of Bruce Lee". theringer.com. The Ringer. May 29, 2018. Archived from the original on August 2, 2023. Retrieved August 1, 2023.
- ^ "Martial Art Disciplines at Hybrid Martial Arts Academy". Hybrid Martial Art. Archived from the original on April 30, 2008. Retrieved May 30, 2008.
- ^ Little 1998, p. 162
- ^ Little 1998, p. 163
- ^ "Inspirational! Bruce Lee's diet and fitness routine". newindianexpress.com. November 28, 2018. Archived from the original on July 28, 2020. Retrieved July 7, 2020.
- ^ "Inside Bruce Lee's Personal Library". houseofbrucelee.blogspot.tw. Archived from the original on October 6, 2016. Retrieved October 5, 2016.
- ^ a b c Little 1996, p. 122
- ^ Bruce Lee: A Warrior's Journey at 31m45s
- ^ Bolelli 2008, p. 161
- ^ Little 1996, p. 128
- ISBN 0-8092-3194-8.
- ISBN 978-0-8048-3263-2.
- ^ Lee, Shannon. "Bruce Lee's Poetry: Shannon Lee reads one of her father's handwritten poems". Poetry. Archived from the original on November 6, 2012. Retrieved April 17, 2012.
- ISBN 978-0-8048-3263-2.
- ISBN 0-8092-3194-8.
- ^ 振藩; Mandarin Pinyin: Zhènfán Lee 1989
- ^ Lee 1989, p. 20
- ^ Lee, Grace (1980). Bruce Lee The Untold Story. United States: CFW Enterprise.
- ^ a b "Kom Tong Hall at 7 Castle Road, Mid-levels, Hong Kong" (PDF). People's Republic of China. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 12, 2011. Retrieved September 12, 2010.
- ^ "Kom Tong Hall and the Dr Sun Yat-sen Museum". People's Republic of China. January 10, 2005. Archived from the original on August 18, 2010. Retrieved September 12, 2010.
- ^ a b Russo, Charles (May 18, 2016). "Was Bruce Lee of English Descent?". VICE Fightland. Archived from the original on October 25, 2016.
- ISBN 978-0-8032-9051-8. Archivedfrom the original on April 6, 2019. Retrieved May 23, 2018.
- ISBN 978-1-4629-1787-7. Archivedfrom the original on April 5, 2019. Retrieved May 23, 2018.
- ^ Geneanet, Charles Henry Maurice Bosman Archived November 18, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, accessed May 1, 2021
- ^ Polly 2018, pp. 12–15.
- ^ Polly 2018, p. 12.
- ^ Polly 2018, p. 13.
- ^ Leibovitz, Liel (June 1, 2018). "Bruce Lee Was Jewish!". Tablet. Archived from the original on June 15, 2018. Retrieved June 5, 2018.
- ^ Rogovoy, Seth (June 5, 2018). "Wait, Bruce Lee Was Jewish?". The Forward. Archived from the original on June 14, 2018. Retrieved June 6, 2018.
- ^ Web UK Online, Bruce Lee Articles In The Shadow Of A Legend – Robert Lee Remembers Bruce Lee by Steve Rubinstein Archived March 30, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Trans World 60's Punk Hong Kong 60s Re-capture Archived March 7, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Tofu An introduction to the music scene which flourished in Hong Kong, Macau and Singapore in 1964–1969 Archived November 18, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Robert Lee – The Thunderbirds Archived November 17, 2020, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ EAMS Compilation Projekt EAMS Compilation Vol. 20 – Rare Raritäten Archived August 7, 2018, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Polly 2018, p. 140.
- ^ "ON LOCATION : Re-Enter the Dragon : A film biography of kung fu king Bruce Lee, who died almost 20 years ago, weaves martial arts action with an interracial love story". Los Angeles Times. October 25, 1992. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved November 15, 2019.
- ^ Reid, Dr. Craig D. (1999). "Shannon Lee: Emerging From the Shadows of Bruce Lee, the Butterfly Spreads her Wings". Black Belt. 37 (10): 33.
- ^ a b "Lee, Bruce (1940–1973), Martial Arts Master and Film Maker". www.historylink.org. Archived from the original on August 25, 2016. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
- ^ "Steve McQueen and Bruce Lee: Inside Their Hollywood Rivalry". Closer Weekly. March 5, 2019. Archived from the original on November 3, 2019. Retrieved November 3, 2019.
- ^ Burrows, Alyssa (October 21, 2002). "Lee, Bruce (1940–1973), Martial Arts Master and Film Maker". History Link.org. Archived from the original on July 9, 2018. Retrieved April 15, 2017.
- ^ "Matthew Polly: 'Bruce Lee Wanted To Be The Next Clint Eastwood'". June 11, 2018. Archived from the original on November 3, 2019. Retrieved November 3, 2019.
- ^ "Family Matters". The Age. May 30, 1993.
- ^ Tucci, Rick (1994). "Dan Inosanto Returns to Black Belt". Black Belt Magazine. Vol. 33, no. 8. pp. 42–43–44–45–48–140–141. Archived from the original on November 17, 2020. Retrieved November 4, 2020.
- ^ Lyke, M.L. (June 4, 1995). "Visitors leave objects of devotion on graves of Bruce Lee and son". p. E – 6.
- ISBN 978-0-89750-121-7. Archivedfrom the original on November 17, 2020. Retrieved November 4, 2020.
- ^ "Meet James Yimm Lee: "The Man Who Helped Make Bruce Lee A Success" | Black Belt Magazine". blackbeltmag.com. April 21, 2014. Archived from the original on July 29, 2019. Retrieved November 20, 2019.
- ^ "The True Story Behind Bruce Lee's 'Once Upon a Time in Hollywood' Character". July 24, 2019. Archived from the original on July 27, 2020. Retrieved July 25, 2019.
- ^ Haber, Joyce (March 6, 1970). "All in all it proved a bad day for actor Rex Reed". Arizona Republic.
- ^ Wong, Herman. "The 'new Yellow Peril': How U.S. film critics reviewed Bruce Lee movies in his day". Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 17, 2020. Retrieved November 18, 2019.
- ^ "Teen Scene Giving Karate a Chop". The Kingston Daily Freeman. Vol. C. January 23, 1971.
- ^ Blank, Ed (April 3, 1983). "King Of The Good Guys". The Pittsburgh Press. Vol. 99.
- ^ Murray, Steve (May 3, 1993). "Actor's new kick: family values". The Atlanta Constitution.
- ^ "Bruce Lee's Handwritten Letters, Chronicling His Rise to Superstardom Amidst the Drug Culture Bring $462,500 at Heritage Auctions". Heritage Auctions. July 17, 2021. Retrieved April 18, 2024.
- ^ https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/enemy-bruce-lee-couldnt-kick-his-drug-habit-fhjsps3pw
- ^ Thomas 1994
- ^ Campbell 2006, p. 205
- ^ Lee 1989, pp. 156–157
- ^ "Bruce Lee's residence". South China Morning Post. October 24, 2012. Archived from the original on June 15, 2018.
- ^ "Tourists drawn to Seattle's dead". Houston Chronicle. November 1, 2006.
- ^ Zucco, Tom (January 11, 1998). "No rest for the dead and famous". Tampa Bay Times.
- ^ "Lee, Bruce (1940–1973), Martial Arts Master and Film Maker". www.historylink.org. Archived from the original on August 25, 2016.
- ^ Bishop 2004, p. 157
- ^ PARKES, DOUGLAS (July 20, 2021). "What killed Bruce Lee – triads, a jealous lover, an ancient Chinese curse or the legendary 'touch of death'? 6 conspiracy theories explored". South China Morning Post.
- ^ Campbell 2006, p. 206
- ^ HANRATTY, DAVE. "Nearly 50 years later, the actual cause of Bruce Lee's death may have just been discovered". Joe.
- ^ MOK, LARAMIE (August 26, 2020). "Bruce Lee's death: Who was Betty Ting Pei, the rumoured lover whose bed the martial arts legend died on?". South China Morning Post.
- ^ Thomas 1994, p. 209
- ^ Polly 2018, pp. 473–475.
- ^ Nolasco, Stephanie (June 29, 2018). "Bruce Lee may have died from a heat stroke, new book claims". Fox News.
- PMID 36381374.
- ^ Murphy, Jackson Kim (November 21, 2022). "Bruce Lee's Death Caused by Drinking Too Much Water, Researchers Propose in New Study". Variety.
- ^ D'ZURILLA, CHRISTIE (November 21, 2022). "Kidney specialists revisit Bruce Lee's cause of death". Los Angeles Times.
- ^ The MMA World Pays Tribute to Bruce Lee 40 Years After His Death Archived August 2, 2019, at the Wayback Machine. Bleacher Report. July 20, 2013.
- ^ The Greatest Martial Artists of All Time Archived August 2, 2019, at the Wayback Machine. Liveabout. May 24, 2019.
- ^ "Bruce Lee Lives Documentary". Archived from the original on June 29, 2012.
- ^ "From Icon to Lifestyle, the Marketing of Bruce Lee". The New York Times. December 11, 2009. Archived from the original on July 18, 2012. Retrieved June 3, 2011.
- ^ "Bruce Lee's 70th birth anniversary celebrated". The Hindu. India. November 30, 2010. Archived from the original on October 25, 2012. Retrieved June 3, 2011.
- ^ Stein, Joel (June 14, 1999). "The Gladiator Bruce Lee". Time. p. 3. Archived from the original on March 6, 2008. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
- ^ Beale, Lewis (March 24, 1988). "Move Over Bruce Lee; Jackie Chan Kicks Out". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on June 8, 2020. Retrieved June 8, 2020.
A biography of his life has sold more than four million copies
- ^ ISBN 978-0-521-77602-8. Archivedfrom the original on June 8, 2020. Retrieved June 10, 2020.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-59884-244-9. Archivedfrom the original on June 10, 2020. Retrieved June 10, 2020.
- ^ Matuszak, Sascha (July 1, 2015). "Bruce Lee's Last Words: Enter the Dragon and the Martial Arts Explosion". Vice. Archived from the original on January 2, 2020. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
- ISBN 978-1-134-08396-1. Archivedfrom the original on June 6, 2020. Retrieved June 10, 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Happy 80th Birthday Bruce Lee!". YouTube. BruceLee.com. November 27, 2020. Archived from the original on November 28, 2020. Retrieved December 7, 2020.
- ^ a b c "How Bruce Lee Changed the World". Discovery Channel. January 24, 2010. Archived from the original on January 24, 2010. Retrieved May 16, 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m How Bruce Lee Changed the World (television documentary). History Channel / Discovery Channel. May 17, 2009. Archived from the original on May 16, 2022. Retrieved May 16, 2022 – via YouTube.
- Vulture.com. Archivedfrom the original on May 17, 2022. Retrieved May 16, 2022.
- ^ Bruce Lee's Protégé Recalls His Humility Amid 'Once Upon a Time' Criticism Archived August 16, 2019, at the Wayback Machine. Variety. July 31, 2019.
- ^ Dana White and the future of UFC Archived October 7, 2018, at the Wayback Machine. Fight Times. October 1, 2004.
- ^ a b c d Beasley, Jerry (September 2003). "The Man Who Changed the World: How Bruce Lee Continues to Influence the American Martial Arts". Black Belt. 41 (9). Active Interest Media, Inc.: 54–9. Archived from the original on February 11, 2024. Retrieved April 12, 2021.
- ^ a b Wickert, Marc. 2004. Dana White and the future of UFC. kucklepit.com. See Wikiquotes for the text.
- ^ Akintoye, Dotun (June 6, 2020). "Could Bruce Lee win a real fight?". ESPN.com. ESPN Inc. Archived from the original on June 9, 2020. Retrieved June 10, 2020.
- ^ Scott, Mathew (April 11, 2020). "Benny 'The Jet' Urquidez: Bruce Lee, Jackie Chan, and mixing the martial arts". Bloody Elbow. Archived from the original on October 11, 2020. Retrieved March 21, 2021.
- ^ Tyson, Mike. "Everyone Wanted to be Bruce Lee". YouTube. Hotboxin' with Mike Tyson. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
- ^ Razvi, Sam (March 19, 2012). "Exclusive interview with UFC champion Jon Jones". Coach Mag. Archived from the original on June 16, 2020. Retrieved June 16, 2020.
- ^ Stets, Michael (July 20, 2013). "The MMA World Pays Tribute to Bruce Lee 40 Years After His Death". Bleacher Report. Archived from the original on June 19, 2020. Retrieved June 15, 2020.
- ^ "In Bruce Lee's Shadow: Asians Struggle to Create New Hollywood Images". ABC News. November 23, 2005. Archived from the original on May 17, 2022. Retrieved May 17, 2022.
- ^ Early, Mwanafunzi Gerald (January 17, 1975). "The Fists of Bruce Lee". The Daily Pennsylvanian. Philadelphia. p. 4. Archived from the original on April 7, 2022. Retrieved April 7, 2022.
Bruce Lee, at this time, rates behind only Muhamnad Ali as the most popular personality for Black folks. (...) Lee's films have played largely to Black, Puerto Rican, and Chinese audiences in America. Indeed, when "The Return of the Dragon" was released it grossed an unbelievable $185,000 in one week at two theaters in the Black section of Chicago (...) He became an image, a very powerful, very beautiful, non-white image in a world where only Liv Ullman and Robert Redford are supposed to be beautiful.
- ^ Kilkenny, Katie; Beresford, Trilby (October 26, 2019). "Eddie Murphy Talks Channeling Bruce Lee and Obama's Request for Him". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on February 2, 2021. Retrieved January 27, 2021.
- ISBN 978-0-415-96919-2. Archivedfrom the original on February 11, 2024. Retrieved May 17, 2022.
- ISBN 978-1-903254-77-6. Archivedfrom the original on June 10, 2020. Retrieved June 10, 2020.
- ^ "Bruce Lee storms Bombay once again with Return of the Dragon". India Today. September 15, 1979. Archived from the original on July 16, 2018. Retrieved January 20, 2015.
- ISBN 9789053565803. Archivedfrom the original on June 5, 2020. Retrieved June 10, 2020.
- ^ Lee, Edmund (April 16, 2018). "Bollywood icon Aamir Khan, in Hong Kong, on being a star in China". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on April 17, 2018. Retrieved May 16, 2022.
- ^ "New Fist of the North Star: Interview with Buronson". ADV Films. Archived from the original on February 18, 2007. Retrieved May 5, 2010.
- ISBN 978-0-9723124-9-3.
- ^ Jensen, K. Thor (October 2, 2018). "The Absurd, Brilliant Violence of Fist Of The North Star". Geek.com. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on October 11, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2020.
- ^ Thompson, Jason (March 10, 2011). "Jason Thompson's House of 1000 Manga – Dragon Ball". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on September 16, 2016. Retrieved January 31, 2014.
- ^ "Session #8: Waltz for Venus". Cowboy Bebop. December 12, 1998. Sunrise.
- ^ Gill, Patrick (September 24, 2020). "Street Fighter and basically every fighting game exist because of Bruce Lee". Polygon. Archived from the original on March 10, 2021. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
- ^ Stuart, Keith (April 9, 2014). "Bruce Lee, UFC and why the martial arts star is a video game hero". The Guardian. Archived from the original on May 17, 2019. Retrieved July 20, 2020.
- ISBN 978-1-4766-2309-2. Archivedfrom the original on June 6, 2020. Retrieved June 10, 2020.
- ^ Spencer, Spanner (February 6, 2008). "The Tao of Beat-'em-ups". Eurogamer. p. 2. Archived from the original on April 15, 2021. Retrieved July 20, 2020.
- ISBN 978-1-4766-1823-4. Archivedfrom the original on June 6, 2020. Retrieved June 10, 2020.
- ^ Jason Nawara (April 6, 2014). "Bruce Lee revealed as the hidden EA UFC character, release date confirmed". mmanuts.com. Archived from the original on April 8, 2014. Retrieved April 6, 2014.
- ^ "Parkour History". Parkour Generations. Archived from the original on May 31, 2019. Retrieved March 13, 2019.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-78131-554-5. Archivedfrom the original on February 11, 2024. Retrieved May 16, 2022.
- ^ Magazine, Hollywood Stage (November 23, 2017). "Ted Duran, a star in The Legend of Bruce Lee TV series is becoming known for his adaptability in Films & TV around the world". Hollywood Stage Magazine. Archived from the original on May 23, 2022. Retrieved May 16, 2022.
- China.org.cn. China Internet Information Center. November 11, 2008. Archivedfrom the original on May 16, 2022. Retrieved May 16, 2022.
- ^ Blaine Henry (November 30, 2022). "Bruce Lee Biopic in the works starring Mason Lee and directed by Ang Lee". doublehammerfist.com. Archived from the original on November 30, 2022. Retrieved November 30, 2022.
- ^ Lee, Mary (February 8, 2024). "Proposal calls for Bruce Lee statue in San Francisco's Chinatown - CBS San Francisco". www.cbsnews.com. Archived from the original on February 25, 2024. Retrieved February 25, 2024.
- ^ "Bruce Lee Lyrics". www.daft.fm. Retrieved April 14, 2024.
- ^ Agency.Asia. "JWT Beijing and Shanghai". agency.asia. Archived from the original on May 26, 2016. Retrieved April 8, 2016.
- ^ a b "Awards, Honors, Achievements, and Activities". Los Angeles: Bruce Lee Foundation. Archived from the original on August 20, 2009. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
- ^ "Enter the star of the century". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on November 11, 2012. Retrieved March 21, 2017.
- ^ "Special Report: Asian Awards 2013". April 18, 2013. Archived from the original on May 31, 2013. Retrieved April 29, 2013.
- ^ Bruce Lee statue unveiled in L.A.'s Chinatown Archived June 17, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, Los Angeles Times, June 16, 2013
- ^ "Hong Kong's honour for Bruce Lee". July 24, 2005. Archived from the original on March 13, 2017. Retrieved March 26, 2019.
- ^ "Bosnia unveils Bruce Lee bronze". November 26, 2005. Archived from the original on March 26, 2019. Retrieved March 26, 2019.
- ^ "Bruce Lee's home to become a museum". The Hollywood Reporter. January 6, 2009. Archived from the original on August 7, 2010. Retrieved August 28, 2010.
- ^ "Bruce Lee 35th anniversary". The Hindu. India. July 19, 2008. Archived from the original on November 9, 2012. Retrieved June 3, 2011.
- ^ Servando, Kristine (September 8, 2015). "Inside Bruce Lee's Hong Kong home: from Crane's Nest to love hotel and why it never became a museum". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on April 19, 2019.
- ^ Cheung, Gary (November 18, 2018). "Bruce Lee's Hong Kong mansion to become Chinese studies centre". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on April 19, 2019.
General bibliography
- Bishop, James (2004). Bruce Lee: Dynamic Becoming. ISBN 0-9734054-0-6.
- Bolelli, Daniele (2008). On the Warrior's Path. Blue Snake Books. ISBN 978-1-58394-219-2. Archivedfrom the original on June 14, 2020. Retrieved June 13, 2020.
- Campbell, Sid (2006). Remembering the master (illustrated ed.). Blue Snake Books. ISBN 1-58394-148-7. Archivedfrom the original on April 6, 2019. Retrieved March 16, 2016.
- Cheng, David (1993). Jeet Kune Do Basics: Everything You Need to Get Started in Jeet Kune Do - from Basic Footwork to Training and Tournaments. Turtle Publishing. ISBN 978-1-46290-267-5.
- Clouse, Robert (1988). Bruce Lee: The Biography (illustrated ed.). Unique Publications. ISBN 0-86568-133-3.
- Dennis, Felix (1974). Bruce Lee, King of Kung-Fu (illustrated ed.). Wildwood House. ISBN 0-7045-0121-X.
- Dorgan, Michael (1980). Bruce Lee's Toughest Fight. EBM Kung Fu Academy. Archived from the original on October 18, 2018. Retrieved December 27, 2009.
- Glover, Jesse R. (1976). Bruce Lee Between Win Chun and Jeet Kune Do. Unspecified vendor. ISBN 0-9602328-0-X.
- Lee, Bruce (1975). Tao of Jeet Kune Do (reprint ed.). Ohara Publications. ISBN 0-89750-048-2.
- Lee, Bruce (2008). M. Uyehara (ed.). Bruce Lee's Fighting Method: The Complete Edition (illustrated ed.). Black Belt Communications. ISBN 978-0-89750-170-5.
- Lee, Linda (1975a). Bruce Lee: the man only I knew. Warner Paperback Library. ISBN 0-446-78774-4.
- Lee, Linda (1989). The Bruce Lee Story. United States: Ohara Publications. ISBN 0-89750-121-7. Archivedfrom the original on April 5, 2019. Retrieved March 16, 2016.
- Little, John (2001). Bruce Lee: Artist of Life. ISBN 0-8048-3263-3. Archivedfrom the original on April 5, 2019. Retrieved March 16, 2016.
- Little, John (1996). The Warrior Within – The philosophies of Bruce Lee to better understand the world around you and achieve a rewarding life (illustrated ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-8092-3194-8.
- Little, John (1997). Words of the Dragon: Interviews 1958–1973 (Bruce Lee). Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 0-8048-3133-5. Archivedfrom the original on April 5, 2019. Retrieved March 16, 2016.
- Little, John (1997). Jeet Kune Do: Bruce Lee's Commentaries on the Martial Way (illustrated ed.). Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 0-8048-3132-7. Archivedfrom the original on April 5, 2019. Retrieved March 16, 2016.
- Little, John (1997). The tao of gung fu: a study in the way of Chinese martial art. Bruce Lee Library. Vol. 2 (illustrated ed.). Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 0-8048-3110-6. Archivedfrom the original on April 5, 2019. Retrieved March 16, 2016.
- Little, John (1998). Bruce Lee: The Art of Expressing the Human Body. ISBN 978-0-8048-3129-1. Archivedfrom the original on April 5, 2019. Retrieved March 16, 2016.
- Little, John (2002). Striking Thoughts: Bruce Lee's Wisdom for Daily Living (illustrated ed.). Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 0-8048-3471-7. Archivedfrom the original on April 6, 2019. Retrieved March 16, 2016.
- Polly, Matthew (2018). Bruce Lee: A Life. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-5011-8764-3.
- Rafiq, Fiaz (2020). Bruce Lee: The Life of a Legend. Foreword by ISBN 978-1-78885-330-9.
- Sharif, Sulaiman (2009). 50 Martial Arts Myths. new media entertainment ltd. ISBN 978-0-9677546-2-8. Archivedfrom the original on April 5, 2019. Retrieved March 16, 2016.
- Thomas, Bruce (1994). Bruce Lee: Fighting Spirit: a Biography. ISBN 1-883319-25-0.
- Thomas, Bruce (2006). Immortal Combat: Portrait of a True Warrior (illustrated ed.). Blue Snake Books. ISBN 1-58394-173-8. Archivedfrom the original on April 5, 2019. Retrieved March 16, 2016.
- Uyehara, Mitoshi (1993). Bruce Lee: the incomparable fighter (illustrated ed.). Black Belt Communications. ISBN 0-89750-120-9.
- Vaughn, Jack (1986). The Legendary Bruce Lee. Black Belt Communications. ISBN 0-89750-106-3. Archivedfrom the original on April 6, 2019. Retrieved March 16, 2016.
- Yılmaz, Yüksel (2000). Dövüş Sanatlarının Temel İlkeleri. İstanbul, Turkey: Beyaz Yayınları. ISBN 975-8261-87-8.
- Yılmaz, Yüksel (2008). Jeet Kune Do'nun Felsefesi. İstanbul, Turkey: Yalın Yayıncılık. ISBN 978-9944-313-67-4.
External links
- Bruce Lee Foundation
- Bruce Lee at AllMovie
- Bruce Lee at the Hong Kong Movie Database
- Bruce Lee at IMDb
- Bruce Lee discography at Discogs
- William Dozier papers at the American Heritage Center