Christian media
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Christian media, alternatively referred to as inspirational, faith and family, or simply Christian, is a cross-media genre that features a Christian message or moral.[2][3][4][5][6][7] Several creative studios and mass media formats are considered to be aspects of Christian media,[8][9][10] including media organizations, a characteristic film industry, musical genres, radio formats,[11][12] TV formats,[13] and subgenres.[14][15][16]
History
Early Christian allegory in works of fiction, such as John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, made an impact on later works of fiction, including C. S. Lewis' The Chronicles of Narnia and J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter.[24][25][26][27] The Pilgrim's Progress is one of the most commonly referenced Christian allegories in media and art,[28][1] artist Vincent van Gogh was known to have been inspired by the story.[29] Besides The Pilgrim's Progress, other classic books in the Christian genre include the Divine Comedy, Le Morte d'Arthur, and Paradise Lost, these four novels are depicted in large stained glass windows at Princeton University Chapel.[30] Other books in the Western canon from Christian novels, or those drawing heavy inspiration from Christian concepts, include The Count of Monte Cristo,[31] The Scarlet Letter,[32] Les Misérables,[33] and Bless Me, Ultima.[34]
This genre's
Christian music including hymns, Josquin's "Ave Maria" and Handel's Messiah, are a part of church and gospel music. Contemporary Christian music encompasses several other popular music styles including Christian rock, Christian hip hop, contemporary worship music, and Christian electronic dance music. Broadway theatre productions like Jesus Christ Superstar,[37] recorded sermons by preachers of Billy Graham and Martin Luther King Jr.,[38][39] along with Christian radio shows Adventures in Odyssey and Family Theater so too with podcasts produced by the likes of Phil Vischer and Phil Robertson,[40][41] are sometimes included in this genre.[42]
Characteristics
Themes
The Christian genre often portrays a focus on the teachings of
The narrative can be delivered through
Distribution
Libraries such as the
Some companies associate themselves with Christian media; In-N-Out Burger prints Bible verses on their food containers,[72] the name of Tiger Balm and tea distributor Prince of Peace Enterprises,[73] and Chick-fil-A plays Christian music at their restaurants.[74] Advertising managers and agencies categorize Christian media in the same advertising media selection as community marketing, educational entertainment, and Disney-style family-oriented entertainment audiences,[75] including those employed by most major corporations, American Airlines, Bank of America, Coca-Cola, Dairy Queen, Ford, McDonald's, Pepsi, and other multinational corporations, along with locally and regionally relevant target audiences;[76] not to mention other old media and new media funding options, crowdfunding, merchandising, tie-ins, and underwriting.[40]
While there is a prevalence of the Christian media format in popular culture, it is considered to be an alternative to the concentration of media ownership.[77] Certain ideas in Christian culture, which are sometimes overlooked by mainstream outlets, are often given a pulpit through Christian media; this effect has been historically shown during its effectiveness during the civil rights movement and Jesus movement eras.[78][79][80][81][82]
For many the same reasons as other media outlets, such as the high cost of production and distribution, most Christian publications have switched to digital and streaming media formats. This includes mobile apps, online newspapers, online magazines, video on demand, etc.
Production studios
Christian media
The largest
In Japan, several media professionals are graduates of
Media franchises
The
The VeggieTales direct-to-video series became a media franchise, with recognizable characters including Bob the Tomato voiced by Phil Vischer and Larry the Cucumber voiced by Mike Nawrocki; it has two feature-length films Jonah: A VeggieTales Movie and The Pirates Who Don't Do Anything, Netflix spin-offs VeggieTales in the House and VeggieTales in the City, and the series was rebooted in 2019 by NBCUniversal and Trinity Broadcasting Network as The VeggieTales Show. Phil Vischer documented some of his experience with the show in the novel Me, Myself, and Bob: A True Story About Dreams, God, and Talking Vegetables, he previously hosted a podcast titled The Phil Visher Podcast with Sky Jethani and Christian Taylor, and he now co-hosts The Holy Post.[110]
Left Behind is a series of Second Coming post-apocalyptic novels that had adaptions into graphic novels, film adaptations, and video games.[111] The spin-off novels Left Behind: The Kids follows a format more akin to dystopian fiction, and the video game Left Behind: Eternal Forces is a real-time strategy game.
Bibleman is a 1995 superhero franchise originally produced as a low-budget live-action children's television series, Bibleman: The Animated Series is an ongoing cartoon series started in 2016, the franchise has had numerous action figure depictions, tabletop games, video games, comics, and uniquely Christian tie-ins such as a devotional study Bible.[112] In the series Bibleman's alter-ego was originally Miles Peterson, and his friend Josh Carpenter eventually replaced him as Bibleman, he is joined by fellow heroes Biblegirl and Melody, against the villains Dr. Fear, the Baroness, and the Master of Maybe.
The
Media formats
Books, magazines, and newspapers
Christian magazines are one of many special-interest categories within the magazine publishing industry. Christian magazines often focus on groups within Christianity, such as men or women, youth, or certain denominations. Many Christian magazines are published by denominations and independent ministries as an outreach to the unchurched or to the organization's supporters, frequently at no cost to the reader. One of the most well known is "Guideposts" magazine, published by Guideposts non-profit since 1945. Examples of denominational magazines include House to House Heart to Heart. Other Christian magazines are published commercially for a profit, and sold by subscription or by single copies through bookstores and other retailers. Examples include Charisma, Relevant, and Spectrum.
Newspapers are a segment of Christian media which typically communicates news to members of the denomination or group which publishes the paper. Such newspapers often published weekly, rarely more frequently and often less frequently (bi-weekly, monthly). Examples include the
Poetry produced by Christian poets can often find its way into the popular consciousness, an example includes "Footprints". Another sub-format is Christian devotional literature which usually has Christian publishers, celebrities, and pastors giving their testimony or sharing ideas, either as Devotional Bibles, Devotional Calendars, or other literary formats. Devotional Bibles are a subgenre of the Study Bible format.
Comics, animation, and graphic novels
The Gospel According to Peanuts, written by Robert L. Short about the comic strip Peanuts by Charles M. Schulz,[123][124] discussed the Christian themes of the comic strip.[125] In the television special A Charlie Brown Christmas the character Linus Van Pelt would directly quote Luke 2:8-14, with "And there were in the same country shepherds abiding in the field, keeping watch over their flock by night. And, lo, the angel of the Lord came upon them, and the glory of the Lord shone round about them: and they were sore afraid. And the angel said unto them, "Fear not: for, behold, I bring you good tidings of great joy, which shall be to all people. For unto you is born this day in the city of David a Saviour, which is Christ the Lord. And this shall be a sign unto you; Ye shall find the babe wrapped in swaddling clothes, lying in a manger. And suddenly there was with the angel a multitude of the heavenly host praising God, and saying, "Glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace, good will toward men."[126][127]
Spire Christian Comics, part of Baker Publishing Group and Archie Comics, which ran from 1972 and 1982 were a Christian spin-off of their larger franchises.[128] They featured characters from Archie Andrews, Jughead Jones, Betty Cooper, Veronica Lodge, Sabrina the Teenage Witch, and Josie and the Pussycats.[129]
During the 1990s, Marvel Comics partnered with Thomas Nelson to create a series of Christian themed books including comic book adaptions of The Screwtape Letters, The Pilgrim's Progress, and created a Christian superhero called Illuminator.[130]
Film and television
Many forms of Christian films are widespread, from full length, feature films to short and discussion orientated clips.
Christian television includes
Some Christian streaming services have emerged in the interactive media space, such as
Radio and music
Christian radio is a
The
Video games and interactive media
One of the first
While Christian video games may have at first been misunderstood by the
Subformats
This section needs expansion with: examples and additional citations in all of these sub-sections. You can help by adding to it. (February 2022) |
Holidays
Christmas
Easter
The Resurrection of Jesus is a common motif in works of art, and other themes are explored in Easter films and television episodes. The Easter Bunny, Easter eggs, and Easter baskets are universal icons of the holiday, due in large part to Christian media.[154]
Halloween
Several works of fiction, film, and television specials center around Halloween, and its associated All Saints' Day, Allhallowtide, All Souls' Day, and Day of the Dead. Its original intent was to celebrate the anticipated Second Coming and a jubilant prayer for the dead, and to celebrate the lives and works of saints, the apostles, disciples, and one's interpersonal relationships. Halloween costumes were originally from Celtic Christianity and were based on Christian mythology and folklore, they have since come to encompass supernatural fiction.[155] Horror fiction has some of its roots in Halloween fiction story The Legend of Sleepy Hollow, as do horror's later multimedia adaptions to comics, film, and video games.[156]
Televangelism
While there are many benefits to this popular sub-format, as most televangelism broadcasts are simply sermons and theological seminars, there are controversies involving Word of Faith-style prosperity theology, including a senate probe that led to an investigation of six televangelists.[160] Several popular televangelists and preachers have shunned the use of prosperity theology, and instead rely on traditional means of funding for their ministries.[161][162]
Impact
Themes
There is a misconception of Christian media being a form of
Most criticism about Christian media comes from the prior misconceptions and concerns,
Christian media has a broad demographic reach.[184][185][186] Asian peoples,[187] African Americans,[188] indigenous peoples of the Americas,[189] women,[190] Hispanic and Latino Americans,[191] within nondenominationalism/evangelicalism are among the fastest growing audiences and creatives of Christian media, and this is reflected in the popularity of Christian leaders across the growing panethnic Christian population.[192][193][194][195] These leaders include Renee Begay,[196] Kristina Button,[197] Francis Chan,[198] Roma Downey,[199] Layla de la Garza,[200] T. D. Jakes,[201] Sarah Jakes Roberts,[202] Kel Mitchell,[203] Joseph Prince,[204] Siouxsan Robinson,[205] Samuel Rodriguez,[191] Michael Todd,[206] CeCe Winans,[207] Randy Woodley,[208] and Danny Yamashiro.[209]
Society
The genre is influential within
Influential leaders in Christian media were at the forefront in fighting against
Christian denominations are taking various stances on
Lesbianism in Christianity was an influential topic in the early church.[251] Sappho's poetry and Sapphic stanza positively impacted the writings of Christianity in the 1st century and in the ante-Nicene period,[252][253][254] after the Renaissance the topic began to be further explored with Christian literature discussing lesbian experiences of women in Christianity, including nuns and ministers/clergy.[255][256][257][258]
Pop culture
Like most pop culture and subculture movements, Christian media personalities and businesses have been the subject of
In The Simpsons there are recurring characters that are usually used to discuss and parody Christian topics, those being Ned Flanders and Reverend Lovejoy. Some episodes parody Christian media concepts, such as "Sky Police" which references Church Team, a Christian card counting blackjack team.
Japanese manga and anime franchise Trigun covers numerous Christian themes throughout its story.[259] The main character Vash the Stampede differentiates himself from other outlaw Western heroes by attempting to not kill, the show also features a Christian priest named Nicholas D. Wolfwood.[260]
Animated series Clone High features a clone of Jesus named Jesús Cristo. In the episode "A.D.D.: The Last 'D' is for Disorder", the clone of Joan of Arc asks for his advice after she begins hearing religious voices. It turns out to be a Christian radio station, which she was accidentally picking up on her bent retainer wire. The episode centered on Christian ideas related to persecution and tolerance.
The show Drawn Together was a cartoon which parodied most animation genres and styles, for the Christian genre they parodied the VeggieTales characters as extremists called The VeggieFables.
Japanese manga franchise Saint Young Men is about Jesus and Buddha becoming roommates in modern Tokyo.[261] The series has been successfully adapted from its manga to anime, film, and dramas. It has been praised by religious scholars, as the manga contained well-researched theological humor and was respectful to the source faiths. Christian media and art was also a primary influence, as was Buddhist art and contemporary Buddhist culture.[262][263][264]
In the Rick and Morty episode "Never Ricking Morty" the characters of Rick Sanchez and Morty Smith both repent and turn to Jesus, at which point an imaginary version of Jesus and various Christian media character parodies rescue them. The imaginary Jesus character later returns as self-referential humor in Season 6, Episode 7 "Full Meta Jackrick".
The season 1 series finale of
References
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