Environmental impact of the energy industry
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The environmental impact of the energy industry is significant, as energy and natural resource consumption are closely related. Producing, transporting, or consuming energy all have an environmental impact.[3] Energy has been harnessed by human beings for millennia. Initially it was with the use of fire for light, heat, cooking and for safety, and its use can be traced back at least 1.9 million years.[4] In recent years there has been a trend towards the increased commercialization of various renewable energy sources. Scientific consensus on some of the main human activities that contribute to global warming are considered to be increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases, causing a warming effect, global changes to land surface, such as deforestation, for a warming effect, increasing concentrations of aerosols, mainly for a cooling effect.[5]
Rapidly advancing technologies can potentially achieve a transition of energy generation, water and waste management, and food production towards better environmental and energy usage practices using methods of systems ecology and industrial ecology.[6][7]
Issues
Climate change
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The
Although there is a highly publicized
One measurement of greenhouse gas related and other
Similarly, the same research study (ExternE, Externalities of Energy), undertaken from 1995 to 2005 found that the cost of producing electricity from coal or oil would double over its present value, and the cost of electricity production from gas would increase by 30% if external costs such as damage to the environment and to human health, from the
Biofuel use
Biofuel is defined as solid, liquid or gaseous fuel obtained from relatively recently lifeless or living biological material and is different from fossil fuels, which are derived from long-dead biological material. Various plants and plant-derived materials are used for biofuel manufacturing.
Bio-diesel
High use of bio-diesel leads to
Firewood
Unsustainable firewood harvesting can lead to loss of biodiversity and erosion due to loss of forest cover. An example of this is a 40-year study done by the University of Leeds of African forests, which account for a third of the world's total tropical forest which demonstrates that Africa is a significant carbon sink. A climate change expert, Lee White states that "To get an idea of the value of the sink, the removal of nearly 5 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by intact tropical forests is at issue.
According to the
Fossil fuel use
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Global_Carbon_Emissions.svg/220px-Global_Carbon_Emissions.svg.png)
The three
In 2013 the burning of fossil fuels produced around 32 billion
Coal
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Coal_mine_in_Dhanbad%2C_India.jpg/220px-Coal_mine_in_Dhanbad%2C_India.jpg)
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The
There are severe health effects caused by burning coal.
Petroleum
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![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Oil-spill.jpg/220px-Oil-spill.jpg)
The
Substantial quantities of
Among all human activities, fossil fuel combustion is the largest contributor to the ongoing buildup of carbon in the Earth's biosphere.[37] The International Energy Agency and others report that oil & gas use comprises over 55% (18 billion tons) of the recorded 32.8 billion tons (BT) of CO2 released into the atmosphere from all energy sources in year 2017.[38][39] Coal use comprised most of the remaining 45%. Total emissions continue to rise nearly every year: from 1.7% to 33.1 BT in 2018.[40]
Through its operations, the petroleum industry directly contributed about 8% (2.7 BT) of the 32.8 BT in 2017.[38][41][42] Also, due to its intentional and other releases of natural gas, the industry directly contributed at least
Along with fuels like
Gas
Natural gas is often described as the cleanest fossil fuel, producing less carbon dioxide per joule delivered than either coal or oil,[50] and far fewer pollutants than other fossil fuels. However, in absolute terms, it does contribute substantially to global carbon emissions, and this contribution is projected to grow. According to the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report,[51] in 2004 natural gas produced about 5,300 Mt/yr of CO2 emissions, while coal and oil produced 10,600 and 10,200 respectively (Figure 4.4); but by 2030, according to an updated version of the SRES B2 emissions scenario, natural gas would be the source of 11,000 Mt/yr, with coal and oil now 8,400 and 17,200 respectively. (Total global emissions for 2004 were estimated at over 27,200 Mt.)
In addition, natural gas itself is a greenhouse gas far more potent than carbon dioxide when released into the atmosphere but is released in smaller amounts. The environmental impacts of Natural gas also vary substantially on their extraction processes, much natural gas is a byproduct of heavily polluting petroleum extraction and newer techniques for
Electricity generation
The environmental impact of electricity generation is significant because modern society uses large amounts of electrical power. This power is normally
Reservoirs
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Wachusett-dam.jpg/220px-Wachusett-dam.jpg)
The environmental impact of reservoirs comes under ever-increasing scrutiny as the global demand for water and energy increases and the number and size of reservoirs increases.
Nuclear power
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Nuclear_power_environmenal_collage.jpg/220px-Nuclear_power_environmenal_collage.jpg)
The environmental impact of
The routine health risks and
The 1979
Mitigation
Energy conservation
Energy conservation refers to efforts made to reduce energy consumption. Energy conservation can be achieved through increased
Energy conservation can result in increased
The increase of global energy use can also be slowed by tackling
An EU survey conducted on climate and energy consumption in 2022 found that 63% of people in the European Union want energy costs to be dependent on use, with the greatest consumers paying more. This is compared to 83% in China, 63% in the UK and 57% in the US.[56][57]
Energy policy
Energy policy is the manner in which a given entity (often governmental) has decided to address issues of
See also
- Energy accounting
- Energy & Environment
- Energy economics
- Energy flow (ecology)
- Energy industry
- Energy quality
- Energy transformation
- Environmental impact of aviation
- Environmental impact of electricity generation
- Environmental impact of hydraulic fracturing
- Index of energy articles
- Industrial ecology
- List of energy storage projects
- List of environmental issues
- Low-carbon power
- Systems ecology
- The Venus Project
- Thermoeconomics
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External links
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- United Nations Development Programme – Environment and Energy for Sustainable Development
- Discussion of environmental cost of providing renewable energy – Environment impact of renewable energy technologies