German–Soviet population transfers

The German–Soviet population transfers were

As a result of Nazi Germany's expansion, most German speakers in Europe were brought under one regime.^[1]

There were millions of ethnic Germans living outside German borders, mostly in

Notwithstanding, Hitler had a plan to attract these German-speaking people into Nazi Germany. However, he also believed that the 1937 borders and territories of Nazi Germany, i.e. before the Anschluss (annexation) of Austria and the Sudetenland, were inadequate to accommodate this large increase in population.

At this time, propaganda for more Lebensraum, or living space, grew fast.

Legal basis

With the largest number of ethnic Germans living in Russia, Hitler knew that he could not resettle all these people without the full cooperation of

Hitler's plan was to invade western Poland (having assigned the eastern part to the Soviet Union in the pact) and then force all non-German people (mostly Polish citizens) out of their homes and either use them for forced labour or move them to the General Government area. Once these territories were free of non-Germans, the population transfers could begin with ethnic Germans settling in the homes of the expropriated Polish.

Population transfers 1939–1944

The planned transfers were first announced to the ethnic Germans and the general public in October 1939.^[3]

The Nazis set out to encourage the return of the ethnic Germans (called Volksdeutsche by the Nazis), from the Baltic States by the use of propaganda. This included using scare tactics about the Soviet Union and led to tens of thousands of Soviets leaving.^[4] Those who left were not referred to as refugees, but were rather described as answering the call of the Führer.^[3] To encourage support of this program, later German propaganda films such as The Red Terror^[5] and Frisians in Peril^[6] depicted the ethnic Germans as deeply persecuted in their native lands.

Families were transported by sea from the Baltic States and by train from other territories.^[3] The German government arranged for the transfer of their furniture and personal belongings. All immovable property was sold, with the money being collected by the Nazis and not given back to the families.^[7] This was an intentional act designed to disconnect the displaced people from their former homeland. The value of the real estate left behind was to be compensated in cash and Polish property in occupied Poland.

The transported ethnic Germans were initially kept in camps for racial evaluation, to prevent intermixing with the native German population.

Ethnic Germans were evacuated from territories occupied by the Soviets in 1940, notably Bessarabia and the Baltic States of Estonia and Latvia, all of which traditionally had large ethnic German minorities. However, the majority of the Baltic Germans had already been resettled in late 1939, prior to the occupation of Estonia and Latvia by the Soviets in June 1940. In most cases, they were given farms taken from 110,000 Polish who were expelled from the area.^[14]

Ethnic Germans Resettled by Nazi Germany 1939–1944

Source: Dr. Gerhard Reichling, Die deutschen Vertriebenen in Zahlen, Teil 1, Bonn 1995, Pages 23–27

Reichling's figures do not include parts of the more than 200,000 ethnic Germans from Yugoslavia who fled in the autumn of 1944 and who were directed into the General Government. It is not known how many actually arrived there.^{[citation needed]}

References