Glycerius

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Glycerius
Eastern
emperors
Leo I (473–474)
Leo II (474)
BornDalmatia
DiedAfter 474 (possibly 480)[1]
Dalmatia
ReligionChalcedonian Christianity

Glycerius (died after 474) was

solidi
.

Glycerius was not recognized by the

Bishop of Salona
, which position he held until his death. He died, possibly in 480, and a nearly contemporaneous source blames him for the assassination of Nepos, but the records for this event are muddled.

Life

Background

The historian

Paschale campanum, also a consular record, asserts it was on the 3rd.[2][9][10][11]

Reign

Few events of Glycerius' reign are known.

solidi (high-value gold coins),[17][18][a] and diverted them from Italy to Gaul, where surrounding groups, described by Jordanes as "various peoples", later attacked them.[2][4][12] Mathisen comments that these actions to defend the empire may be the reason that Glycerius receives a generally favorable reception in Roman and Byzantine sources. The 9th-century historian Theophanes describes him only as a "not despicable man", but Ennodius, the bishop of Pavia, describes him more thoroughly in his Vita St. Epiphanius:[4]

After Olybrius, Glycerius ascended to the rule. With regard to whom I summarize, in my desire for brevity, the numerous things he did for the well being of many people. For, when the blessed man [Bishop Epiphanius of Pavia] interceded, he pardoned the injury done to his mother by some men under his authority.[4]

Mathisten states that the aforementioned injuries to Glycerius' mother may have been in reaction to his bribery of Videmir, but remarks that "such measures were a regular part of imperial policy", and speculates that the attackers may have been soldiers, explaining their lack of punishment.

senatorial class, who were concerned about increasingly violent elections, as well as the use of church funds by clergy for personal reasons.[19] This law was also the last known one issued by a Western Roman emperor.[20]

It is possible that Glycerius attempted reconciliation with the

Eastern Roman Empire, evidenced by the fact that Glycerius did not nominate a consul for 474, and instead accepted the eastern consul, the infant Emperor Leo II (r. 473–474).[4] Despite this, the Eastern Roman Emperor, Leo I (r. 457–474), refused to recognize Glycerius as emperor because he was merely a puppet of Gundobad. Emperor Leo instead chose to recognize one of his own men, Julius Nepos (r. 474–475/480), and sent him with a fleet to invade the Western Empire.[12] The 7th-century historian John of Antioch states that Leo made the decision to remove Glycerius after hearing that he had assumed the throne of the Western Roman Empire, but Mathisen comments that Leo must have hesitated for some time, as the actual invasion was delayed by the onset of winter, and Julius Nepos was forced to wait until the beginning of spring to launch his invasion.[21]

Glycerius was without allies, as Gundobad seemingly abandoned him, leaving him with no option but to surrender. After Nepos landed at

Gallo-Roman aristocracy, which would make the decision to back him, and therefore alienate both, far less palatable for Gundobad.[24] Notably, as king of Burgundy, Gundobad (r. 473/474–516) enjoyed warm relations with the Eastern Roman Empire, which he served as a foederatus (treaty subject).[22][23] Mathisen suggests the alternatives that Gundobad was attempting to raise further troops in Gaul, or that he left to ensure he received his inheritance after the death of his father, King Gondioc (r. 437–473).[4]

Later life

After being deposed, Glycerius was promptly ordained as

Archbishop of Milan by King Odoacer (r. 476–493), but this is likely incorrect.[4][5] The source for the promotion of Glycerius to archbishop is an obscure line written by Ennodius, in which he praises an archbishop named Glycerius, among other archbishops of Milan, however, this section seems to have been either corrupted or added later, to identify the archbishop Glycerius with the emperor Glycerius.[5]

References

Notes

  1. ^ The solidus at the time was approximately 4.64 grams (0.164 oz) of gold, so this would constitute roughly 9.28 kilograms (20.5 lb) of gold.[18]

Citations

  1. ^ Meijer 2004, p. 159 ff..
  2. ^ a b c d e f MacGeorge 2002, p. 272.
  3. ^ Grierson & Mays 1992, p. 77.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m DIR Glycerius.
  5. ^ a b c d e Martindale 1980, p. 514.
  6. ^ Martindale 1980, pp. 943–944.
  7. ^ a b Jones 1964, p. 324.
  8. ^ Martindale 1980, pp. 524 & 945.
  9. ^ Meijer 2004, p. 159.
  10. ^ Lee 2013, p. 96.
  11. ^ Martindale 1980, pp. 514 & 524.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h Meijer 2004, pp. 159–160.
  13. ^ Sivan 1987, pp. 759–772.
  14. ^ DIR Marcian.
  15. ^ Friell & Williams 2005, pp. 85–91.
  16. ^ Elton 2018, p. 172.
  17. ^ Grierson & Mays 1992, p. 263.
  18. ^ a b Harl 1996, p. 159.
  19. ^ Harris & Chen 2021, p. 208.
  20. ^ Harris & Chen 2021, p. 205.
  21. ^ DIR Julius Nepos.
  22. ^ a b O'Flynn 1983, p. 131.
  23. ^ a b Martindale 1980, p. 524.
  24. ^ O'Flynn 1983, p. 130.
  25. ^ MacGeorge 2002, p. 31 & 62.

Bibliography

Further reading

  • Gusso, Massimo (1992). "Sull'Imperatore Glycerio (473–474 d.C.)". Studia et Documenta Historiae e Iuris (in Italian). LVIII: 168–193.
  • Gordon, C.D. (1960). The Age of Attila. Fifth-Century Byzantium and the Barbarians. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.

Primary sources

Regnal titles
Preceded by Western Roman emperor
473–474
Succeeded by