History of Pulicat
The History of Pulicat revolves around the early role of
Summary
Described as a grand port, starting with early 300
rulers fought to garner benefits from rich port revenues. Thereafter, some dominated the port till 1825. In the early 16th century, it had a multi-cultural population exceeding 50,000 and was the most important Indian port on the Bay of Bengal. Later, it was a fishing village and a health resort under British rule.[1]In the 17th century, Dutch agents in Pulicat operated a large
The history of Pulicat is traced to eight periods of Indian kings and foreign
Period | Kingdoms/Rulers |
---|---|
3rd century BCE to 3rd century CE | Ancient Tamil kingdoms
|
3rd to 10th century | The Pallava Period & first Arab settlement in the 9th century
|
10th to 12th century | The Chola Period
|
13th to 17th century | Vijayanagara Empire & Arab migrants |
1502 to 1606 | Vijayanagara Empire & Portuguese outpost |
1606 to 1825 | Dutch East India Company Trading center & Vijayanagara Empire |
1825 to 1947 | British Raj outpost |
Post independence Period | Republic of India , fishing village
|
Early history (300 BCE – 1279 CE)
Ancient Tamil Kingdoms
From the 3rd century BCE to the 3rd century XE, Pulicat was a northern outpost of the
Pallava and Chola periods
In the 3rd century, Pulicat came under the power of the
Arab migrants
In the 9th century, Pulicat contained settlements of Arab maritime traders.
Vijayanagara Empire (1336–1646)
In 1336, at the beginning of the
In the 15th and early 16th century, Pulicat rose to importance due to stabilization of the Vijayanagar empire and firm links, including a road, to the great imperial capital of Vijayanagara.
In 1505, Pulicat was stated to be the most active and richest port on the Coromandel Coast.From here there was a barter trade which included exchange of local colored cotton goods for precious rubies from Burma and elephants from
After the 1556,
In 1586, Oboyoma, the favorite queen of
After the death of Venkatapati Deva Raya in 1614 and a succession struggle, his son
European trading outpost (1502–1825)
Portuguese trading outpost
In 1502, the Portuguese traders established a trading outpost here during the rule of Krishnadeva Raya and soon dominated the port until 1560.[30] These private merchants were out of reach of the official authority in Goa and some were viewed as renegades, bandits and pirates.[31] In 1515, they built a church dedicated to Nossa Senhora dos Prazeres (Our Lady of Joys) which was renamed to Our Lady of Glory. It is the oldest church in the present Madras-Mylapore Diocese and is still used, but in poor condition.[17][32]
In 1520, there were 200 – 300 Portuguese inhabitants in Palaverkadu.[33] By 1545, there were 600 – 700 families and from 1565 their population was in decline. [34] By 1600, Pulicat had only two or three thousand residents.[35]
Dutch trading center
In 1606, a Dutch ship stopped on the shores of the Karimanal Village, north of the mouth of the lake requesting water.[37] Local Muslims offered food and help to the Dutch. They struck a trade partnership to procure and supply local merchandise to the Dutch for trade in the East Indies.[16]
Queen Eraivi, a wife of King
In 1614, subsequent to the death of Venkatapati and taking advantage of a predicament in naming his successor, the Portuguese attacked the Dutch at Pulicat.[40] In 1623, the Portuguese attacked the harbor and burned two ships.[41] In 1633, the Portuguese again attacked the Dutch at Pulicat with a promise of land support from the Vijayanagar ruler which never materialized. After the Portuguese had withdrawn their fleet, the Vijayanagara King (Sri Ranga) residing at Ratnagiri then attacked the Dutch at Pulicat but was paid a handsome tribute by the Dutch. Thereafter, the Dutch were not troubled.[42]
During the Dutch occupation Pulicat was known by the name Pallaicatta[19] From 1616 to 1690, Pulicat was the official headquarters of Dutch Coromandel. It then shifted to
Manufacture of cloth for export was the sole occupation of several indigenous groups in Pulicat and the hinterlands of Tamil, Telugu and Kannada territories, and it is likely that over 1,000 handlooms operated in Pulicat alone.
Dutch's dominance in the coasts of India during the 16th century was partly attributed to the Hindu ruler, Zamorin. Zamorin welcomed the Portuguese and in turn prospered from the trade from the entry point ports he commanded.[45]
Among the many trading voyages that departed from Pulicat, in 1658 the Dutch trading ship Avondster (captured as the Blessing from the British in 1653 and renamed) transported money and valuable cargo from Pulicat to Bengal.[48]
By the early 17th century, Pallaicatta's population has been estimated to have declined to just over 10,000.
Pulicat today bears silent testimony to the Dutch, with the Dutch Fort dating back to 1609 in ruins, a Dutch Church and Cemetery with 22 protected tombs dating from 1631 to 1655 and another Dutch Cemetery with 76 tombs and mausoleums protected by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI). [17][52][53] Netherlands (Dutch) architects and scholars now intend to support efforts to restore this early Dutch settlements.
Chronology of Dutch rule in India (1608–1825)
Description | Period (CE) |
---|---|
Masulipatnam
|
1605 |
Pulicat a Dutch possession | 1610–1784 |
Tuticorin a Dutch possession
|
1658–1795 |
Negapatnam a Dutch possession
|
1658–1781 |
Dutch Coromandel Coast settlements occupied by British Raj | 1780–1784 |
British occupation of Dutch Malabar settlements
|
1795–1817 |
Dutch British India
|
1818 |
Dutch Coromandel ceded to British Raj | 1825 [54] |
Slave trade
For most of the 16th and 17th centuries Europeans on the Coromandal coast were extensively involved in the trading, brokering and shipment of slaves from India to Ceylon and the West Indies. The Dutch were "the nexus of an enormous slave trade"
Normally 150 – 400 slaves were shipped each year from central Coromandel ports, including Pulicat,
Slave labour was a defining element of the high production levels and luxury standards of Dutch colonial settlements throughout the Indian Ocean. Slaves empowered the elite groups, and formed 25% – 66% of the total population of the major settlements, including Pulicat.[60]
British rule (1825–1947)
Though the Pulicot area was ceded to the English in 1760 as a Jagir (estate), and the town was finally captured by the English in 1795, Dutch control of Pulicat lasted till 1825 when it was annexed to
In 1889, Pulicat had a population of about 5,000.
Religious traditions
Pulicat was an atypical multi-religious community with a history of three prosperous religious traditions.[63]
The
The arrival of the
Citations
- ^ a b c d Pandian pp.72–75
- ^ Milleri, Conradi (1887–1888). Tabula Peutingeriana. BIBLIOTHECA AUGUSTANA ca. 250.
- ^ a b Natarajan p. 72
- ^ Nambiar, O.K. (2006). "the Cholas". "AN ILLUSTRATED MARITIME HISTORY OF INDIAN OCEAN" HIGHLIGHTING THE MARITIME HISTORY OF THE EASTERN SEA BOARD. Archived from the original on 19 June 2009.
- ISBN 978-0-8248-2332-0.
- ^ Azariah pp.34–35
- ^ a b Azariah p.10
- ^ Sewell, Robert (22 January 2008) [1882]. Lists of the Antiquarian Remains in the Presidency of Madras. Item notes: v. 1. Madras: E. Keys, at the Government Press. p. 173.
Tirupalaivanam.
Original from Harvard University. - ^ Krishnan, Shamala (2008). "Thirupalaivanam: Siva temple built by Rajendra Chola". Retrieved 29 November 2008. [dead link]
- ^ Wikimapia: Thirupalaivanam-Sivan-Koil
- ^ Muhanna, Waleed; Tawfig Alrabiah (8 December 1992). "Gregorian-Hijri Dates Converter". rabiah.com. Archived from the original on 9 December 2008. Retrieved 2 December 2008.
- ^ a b Pandian p.130
- ISBN 978-3-515-07967-9.
- ^ Bayly p. 78
- ^ Županov p. 100
- ^ a b SANJEEVA RAJ, P.J. (19 October 2003). "... and a placid Pulicat experience". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 26 August 2010. Retrieved 29 November 2008.
{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ a b c CRENIEO (2005). "Alternative Development Paradigm". Proposed preplanning activities. CRENIEO. Archived from the original on 20 November 2008. Retrieved 2 December 2008.
- ^ a Forgotten Empire by Robert Sewell, Fernão Nunes, Domingos Paes Ppp 1,2 pp.7,25
- ^ a b Azariah pp.35–41, 48
- ^ Subrahmanyam p.94
- ISBN 978-0-521-80904-7.
- ISBN 978-0-521-84644-8.
- ^ Subrahmanyan p. 23
- ISBN 978-81-261-2305-6.
- ^ Lach pp. ?
- ^ Azariah pp. 40,41,49
- ^ Azariah p.13
- ^ Sewell et al. p.399
- ^ Sewell et al. p.385
- ^ Bethencourt p.211
- ^ Županov p.101
- ^ SANJEEVA RAJ, P. J. (29 October 2004). "Ancient church on the shore". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 26 November 2004. Retrieved 30 November 2008.
- ^ Županov pp. 91, 94
- ^ Ramerini, Marco (12 February 2006). "Population of the Portuguese Settlements in India". Dutch Portuguese Colonial History. colonialvoyage.com. Archived from the original on 24 December 2008. Retrieved 2 December 2008.
- ISBN 978-0-86078-508-8.
- ^ Azariah pp. 63–68
- ^ Pandian p.131
- ^ a b Pandian pp.?
- ^ Pandian p.73
- ^ Lach pp. 1008–1011
- ^ Mukund p. 57
- ^ Sewell et al. pp.232,233
- ^ Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Verzameling Buitenlandse Kaarten Leupe, nummer toegang 4.VEL, inventarisnummer 1092: http://www.gahetna.nl/collectie/archief/inventaris/index/eadid/4.VEL/inventarisnr/1092/level/file
- ^ a b Kavan Ratnatunga (2006). "Paliakate – VOC Kas Copper Dumps, 1646 – 1794 – Dutch India]". Dutch India coins – Pulicat. lakdiva.org. Retrieved 2 December 2008.
- ^ a b Adsoks. "Dutch East India Company – VOC". History of India. indohistory.com. Retrieved 2 December 2008.
- ^ DIJK, Wil O. (November 2001). "The VOC's Gunpowder Factory". IIAS Newsletter #26. International Institute for Asian Studies (IIAS). Archived from the original on 19 October 2007. Retrieved 28 November 2008.
- ISBN 978-90-04-15092-8.
- ^ Maritime Archaeology Unit (2005). "The Avonster: the Ship and Her Wrecking". Story: The Ships History. Maritime Lanka. Archived from the original on 12 November 2008. Retrieved 30 November 2008.
- ^ Subrahmanyam pp.23–24
- ^ Mukund pp.68–67
- ^ a b c Pandian p.75
- ^ Azariah ch. 5 pp. ?
- ^ "Alphabetical List of Monuments – Tamil Nadu". Archaeological Survey of India. 2008. SI No. 197. Archived from the original on 1 July 2008. Retrieved 30 November 2008.
- ^ Dutch India
- ^ Vink ¶ 1
- ^ Dijk, Dr. Wil O. (Winter 2008). The Dutch Trade in Asian slaves: Arakan and the Bay of Bengal, 1621–1665 An end to the history of silence? (PDF). NEWSLETTER. Vol. #46. The Hague, Netherlands: International Institute for Asian Studies (IIAS). p. 16. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 February 2009. Retrieved 7 December 2008.
- ^ Vink ¶¶15–17
- ^ Natarajan pp. 247–8
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- ^ Vink ¶¶ 24,25
- ^ Hunter, William Wilson; Paul Ernest Roberts (1900). A History of British India. Vol. 2 (Original from the University of California ed.). Longmans, Green, and co. p. 70.
- ^ Pandian pp.75,82
- ^ Pandian pp.72,75
- ^ Pandian p.76
- ^ Pandian pp.75,77
- ^ Bayly pp. 3, 15
References
- Azariah, Dr. Jayapaul. Paliacatte to Pulicat 1400 to 2007, CRENIEO (2007)
- Ch. 1, Pulicat Lake – Geographical Location and Bio-Geomorphology
- Ch. 2, Early Asian kingdoms, Historical Perspective
- Ch. 3, Pulicat Place Names Through History
- Ch. 4, History of Dutch Fort in Maps, The Fort and Its Settlements – Pallaicatta
- Ch. 5, Dutch Trade Relations
- Ch. 6, Economics of Trade Relations
- Ch. 7, Community at Pulicat
- Ch. 8, Church History
- Ch. 9, The Birth of a Lake
- Ch. 10, Fish and Fisheries
- Ch. 11, Present Day Pulicat Indicating Infrastructural Facilities
- Bayly, Susan (2004). Saints, Goddesses and Kings. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-89103-5.
- Bowrey, Thomas; Richard Carnac Temple (1905). A Geographical Account of Countries Round the Bay of Bengal, 1669 to 1679. Item notes: ser.2 no.12 (Original from the University of Michigan, Digitized 14 October 2005 ed.). Hakluyt Society. pp. 387.
countries round the bay of bengal.
- Lach, Donald Frederick; Edwin J. Van Kley (1993). Asia in the making of Europe. Vol. III. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-46754-2.
- Mukund, Kanakalatha (1999). The Trading World of the Tamil Merchant: Evolution of Merchant Capitalism in the Coromandel. Orient Blackswan. ISBN 978-81-250-1661-8.
- Natarajan M. A, B. (1994). "Slave Trade in Madras". In Madras Tercentenary Celebration Committee (ed.). The Madras Tercentenary Commemoration Volume. Tamil Nadu: Asian Educational Services. ISBN 978-81-206-0537-4.
- Pandian, Jacob (1987). Caste, Nationalism and Ethnicity: An Interpretation of Tamil Cultural History and Social Order. Popular Prakashan. ISBN 978-0-86132-136-0.
- Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (2001). The Political Economy of Commerce: Southern India 1500–1650. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-89226-1.
- Stapel, Dr. F. W. (2007). "Location Pulicat". Atlas of Mutual heritage. HGIS Culture Programme for international cultural relations, of the Foreign Affairs Ministry and the Ministry for Education, Culture and Sciences. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 2 December 2008.
- Vink, Marcus (June 2003). "The World's Oldest Trade": Dutch Slavery and Slave Trade in the Indian Ocean in the Seventeenth Century". Journal of World History. 14 (2). University of Hawaii Press: 131–177. S2CID 145450338. Archived from the originalon 29 July 2019. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
- Županov, Ines G. (2005). Missionary Tropics: The Catholic Frontier in India (16th–17th Centuries). University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-11490-0.