Evolution of the Portuguese Empire

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Cantino planisphere, 1502

This article is a comprehensive list of all the actual possessions of the Portuguese Empire.[1][2][3][4]

Europe

Portuguese founded factories in various places in Europe, with a purely commerce-focused strategy, different from the other continents.

Africa

Portuguese presence in Africa started in 1415 with the

conquest of Ceuta and is generally viewed as ending in 1975, with the independence of its later colonies, although the present autonomous region of Madeira is located in the African Plate, some 650 km (360 mi) off the North African coast, Madeira belongs and has always belonged ethnically, culturally, economically and politically to Europe, some 955 km (583 mi) from the European mainland.[8]
From Cantino planisphere of 1502.
  • citation needed
    ]
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    ]
  • German South-West Africa
    . Abandoned and relocated in 1912.
  • Portuguese Gold Coast: (1482–1642), conquered by the Dutch in 1642.
  • citation needed
    ]
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    ]
  • Gwato: Trading post.
  • Guiné Portuguesa/Portuguese Guinea: colony (1879–1951); overseas province (1951–1974). Unilateral independence declared in 1973, recognized by Portugal in 1974.
    • Cacheu: captaincy (1640–1879). United with Bissau in 1879.
    • Bissau: settlement under Cacheu (1687–1696); captaincy (1696–1707); abandoned (1707–1753); separate colony under Cape Verde (1753–1879). United with Cacheu in 1879.
  • citation needed
    ]
  • Lamu (1506–1652): Subjugated in 1506. Driven out by native Inhabitants.
  • Loango (1500–1867): Slave port.
  • Madagascar (1508–1553): Settlement at Matatana. Abandoned in 1553
  • Madeira: possession (1418–1420); colony (1420–1580); crown colony (1580–1834); autonomous district (1834–1976). Made an autonomous region in 1976.
  • citation needed
    ]
  • Malindi: occupation (1500–1630)
  • Mombaça/Mombasa: occupation (1593–1638); colony subordinate to Goa (1638–1698; 1728–1729). Under Omani sovereignty in 1729.
  • citation needed
    ]
  • enclaves
  • Moçambique/Portuguese East Africa
    : possession (1498–1501); subordinate to Goa (1501–1569); captaincy-general (1569–1609); colony subordinate to Goa (1609–1752); colony (1752–1951); overseas province (1951–1971); state (1971–1974); local transitional administration (1974–1975). Independence in 1975.
  • Ouadane (1487)
  • Quíloa (1505–1512)
  • Rokupr: possession (it was under the Portuguese c. 1778)[9]
  • Santo António do Zaire/
    Kongo Kingdom
    . Portuguese driven out in 1670.
  • São Tomé and Príncipe/São Tomé e Príncipe: crown colony (1753–1951); overseas province (1951–1971); local administration (1971–1975). Independence in 1975.
    • São Tomé: possession (1470–1485); colony (1485–1522); crown colony (1522–1641); administration under Dutch occupation (1641–1648). French occupation in 1648.
    • Príncipe: colony (1471–1753). United with São Tomé in 1753.
  • citation needed
    ]
  • Zanzibar and Pemba Island possession (1503–1698). Lost to Oman in 1698.
  • Ziguinchor: possession (1645–1888). Ceded to France in 1888.

Asia-Pacific

India was reached by the Portuguese in 1498 by Vasco da Gama. Macau was the last possession in Asia and was handed over to the People's Republic of China in 1999.

  • Aden: Attempted conquest by Albuquerque (1513) and Albergaria (1516). Occupied for a few months in 1547–1548 before being recaptured by Piri Reis[10]
  • Bahrain: possession (1521–1602). Driven out by a native revolt and occupied by Persian troops.
  • Basra (1550–1668): Portuguese vassal (1550–1595). Occupation (1595–1624). Integral part of the Portuguese Empire (1624–1668). Lost to the Ottomans.
  • Bushehr
    (1506–1622): Lost to the Safavids.
  • Comorão/Bandar Abbas: possession (1506–1615). Conquered by Persian forces.
  • citation needed
    ]
  • Ceylon: colony (1597–1658). Dutch took control in 1656, Jaffna taken in 1658.
  • Unequal Treaties
    of the 19th and 20th century.
    • Chinese Communist Party
      .
    • Shanghai International Settlement: (1863–1945). Administered jointly with other trading powers in China. Settlement abolished in 1945.
    • Macau/Macao: Unofficial Settlement (1553–1557). Leased territory subordinated to Goa (1557–1844). Overseas province (1844–1883). Combined overseas province with Portuguese Timor under Goa (1883–1951). Overseas province (1951–1976). Autonomous region (1976–1999). Returned to full sovereignty of the People's Republic of China as a special administrative region in 1999.
  • Portuguese East Indies (1511–1975/2002). Colonial dependency of Goa (1522–1844); Subordinated to Macao (1844–1850); Independent colony (1850–1851); Subordinated to Macao (1851–1856); Subordinated to Goa (1856–1863); Overseas province (1863–1866); Subordinate to Macao (1866–1896); Independent colony (1896–1950); Overseas province (1950–1975); Unilateral Independence and Indonesian Occupation (1975–1999); UN Administration (1999–2002).
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      ]
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      ]
    • Malacca: settlement (1511–1641); lost to the Dutch.
    • Maluku Islands
      • Amboina/Ambon: settlement (1576–1605).
      • Bacan: Trading post (1513–1575). Conquered by Ternate.
      • Ternate: settlement (1522–1575). Portuguese forced out by the Sultan of Ternate.
      • Tidore: colony (1578–1605). Seized by Dutch in 1605.
    • Celebes: Possessions on the island between 1512 and 1658.
      • Makassar (1512–1665); lost to the Dutch.
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        ]
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        ]
    • Muar Fortress (1604–1641): Built to defend Malacca against Dutch and Acehnese attacks. Seized by the Dutch after the loss of Malacca.
    • Pacem (1521–1524): Occupied, then quickly abandoned.
    • Timor: claimed and partially possessed from 1520 to 1640.
      • Cupão/Kupang: Trading post. Taken by the Dutch in 1613
      • Flores Island: possession (16th–19th century). Sold the island to the Dutch East Indies.
        • Solor: possession (1520–1636).
      • West Timor: part of Timor lost to the Dutch in 1640.
      • Portuguese Timor: colony subordinate to Portuguese India (1642–1844); subordinate to Macau (1844–1896); separate colony (1896–1951); overseas territory (1951–1975); republic and unilateral independence proclaimed, annexed by Indonesia (1975–1999, UN recognition as Portuguese territory). UN administration from 1999 until independence in 2002.[11]
        • Ilha de Ataúro (1859–1975): Granted to the Portuguese by the Dutch in 1859.
  • Faifo/Hội An: Jesuit residency.
  • Tokugawa Shogunate
    .
    • Deshima (1570–1639): Constructed by the Portuguese. Forced out by the Shōgun and granted to the Dutch in 1641.
    • Fukuda (1565–1571): Portuguese invited into the port in 1565. Abandoned in 1571 due to bad weather conditions.
    • Funai/Ōita (16th century): Port of call.
    • Hirado
      (1543–1571): Abandoned in favor of Nagasaki.
    • Jesuit
      activity. Anti-Christian bans forced out the Jesuits in 1639.
    • Nagasáqui/Nagasaki (1543–1639): Unofficial settlement (1543–1570). Leased territory (1570–1580). Administrative control (1580–1587). Trading post and settlement (1587–1639). Pottuguese forced out as a part of the Shōgun's policy of Sakoku.
    • Vocoxiura/Yokoseura (1562–1571): Initial base for Jesuit activities in Japan. Abandoned in favor of Nagasaki.
  • Liampó/
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    ]
  • Maçuá/
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    ]
  • Maldives: possession (1518–1521, 1558–1573)
From an anonymous atlas c.1550
  • Índia Portuguesa/Portuguese India: overseas province (1946–1962). Taken over by India in 1962 and recognised by Portugal in 1974.
  • Portuguese Oman (1507–1666): String of forts, port cities, and trading posts along the southeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula.
    • Borca/Barka: Trading post.
    • Calaiate/Calha/Qalhat: Quickly abandoned in favor of Muscat.
    • Cassapo/Khasab: Coastal fort.
    • Corfacão/Khor Fakkan (1513–1666): Major economic center.
    • Curiate/Qurayyat: Coastal fort.
    • Doba/Dibba (1623–1650): Taken on behalf of Hormuz. Lost to the Omanis.
    • Ghallah/Quelba/Kalba: Coastal fort.
    • Julfar
      : Trading post.
    • Libidia/Al Badiyah: Coastal fort. Abandoned in 1600.
    • Lima/Limah: Possession.
    • Madá/Madha: Fortified post.
    • Matara/Muttrah: Coastal fort.
    • Muscat
      (1507–1650): Driven out by native inhabitants.
    • Mocombira/Mocombi: Possession.
    • Sibo/Seeb: Coastal fort.
    • Soar/Sohar: Coastal fort.
  • Qatar: possession (1517–1538). Lost to the Ottomans.
  • Qatif (1551–1602): Lost to the Ottomans.
  • Queixome/Qeshm Island (1515–1622).
    • English East India Company
      .
  • São João Island/Shangchuan Island: possession (15??–1557). Abandoned in favor of Macao.
  • Sultanate
    of Qishn and Suqutra
  • Tamão: (1513–1521) Trade settlement. Driven out by the Ming Navy.
  • Yuegang: (1533–???) Popular trading and smuggling port for Portuguese merchants. Unknown when Portuguese merchants ceased trading. Port closed in 1727.

Latin America

From Vaz Dourado atlas of c. 1576

Brazil was explored and claimed in 1500, and become independent in 1822. Unlike the Spanish, the Portuguese did not divide their possession in South America in several vice-royalties.

  • Barbados: Possession known as Os Barbados, discovered by Pedro Campos between 1532 and 1536. The only Caribbean possession the Portuguese ever held, until Portugal abandoned the island in 1620 to continue exploring nearby Brazil.
  • independence
    in 1822.
  • Cisplatina (Uruguay): occupation (1808–1822). Captaincy in 1817 (of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves). Adhered as a province of the new Empire of Brazil in 1822. Became independent 1827, changing its name to Uruguay.
  • French Guiana: occupation (1809–1817). Restored to France in 1817.
  • Nova Colónia do Sacramento: colony in present Uruguay (1680; 1683–1705; 1715–1777). Ceded to the Spanish Empire in 1777.

North Atlantic and Northern America

From Reinel-Lopo Homem Atlantic chart of 1519.

The Azores were discovered early in the Discovery Ages. Labrador and Corte-Real brothers later explored and claimed Greenland and eastern modern Canada from 1499 to 1502.

See also

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Portuguese Empire.
  1. ^ A. J. R. Russell-Wood, The Portuguese empire, 1415–1808: a world on the move (JHU Press, 1998).
  2. ^ W. G. Clarence-Smith, The Third Portuguese Empire, 1825–1975: a study in economic imperialism (Manchester University Press, 1985).
  3. ^ Timothy J. Coates, "The Early Modern Portuguese empire: A commentary on recent studies." Sixteenth Century Journal 37.1 (2006): 83–90 online.
  4. ^ Norrie MacQueen, The Decolonization of Portuguese Africa: Metropolitan Revolution and the Dissolution of Empire (1997).
  5. ^ a b Montenegro, António (2001). "A feitoria portuguesa na Flandres e Manuel Cirne". Público. Retrieved January 29, 2022.
  6. ISBN 978-989-99567-3-5
    .
  7. ^ Rau, Virgínia (1966). Feitores e feitorias, "instrumentos" do comércio internacional português no século XVI: comunicação apresentada, em francês, no 3o. Congresso Internacional de História Económica que se realizou em Munique, de 25 a 27 de agosto de 1965 (in Portuguese). Edições Brotéria. p. 10.
  8. ^ Filipe Ribeiro De Meneses and Robert McNamara, eds. The White Redoubt, the Great Powers and the Struggle for Southern Africa, 1960–1980 (Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2017.)
  9. JSTOR 1581582
    – via JSTOR.
  10. ^ F. M. Hunter, An Account of the British Settlement of Aden in Arabia, Trübner & Co., London, 1877, p. 162–163.
  11. ^ James Cotton, East Timor, Australia and regional order: intervention and its aftermath in Southeast Asia. (Routledge, 2004).

Further reading

  • Cotton, James. East Timor, Australia and regional order: intervention and its aftermath in Southeast Asia (Routledge, 2004).
  • De Meneses, Filipe Ribeiro, and Robert McNamara, eds. The White Redoubt, the Great Powers and the Struggle for Southern Africa, 1960–1980 (Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2017).
  • James, W. Martin. Historical dictionary of Angola (Rowman & Littlefield, 2018).
  • Lloyd-Jones, Stewart, and António Costa Pinto, eds. The last Empire: thirty years of Portuguese decolonization (Intellect Books, 2003).
  • MacQueen, Norrie. The Decolonization of Portuguese Africa: Metropolitan Revolution and the Dissolution of Empire (1997).
  • MacQueen, Norrie. "Belated Decolonization and UN Politics against the Backdrop of the Cold War: Portugal, Britain, and Guinea-Bissau's Proclamation of Independence, 1973–1974." Journal of Cold War Studies 8.4 (2006): 29–56.
  • Springhall, John. Decolonization since 1945: the collapse of European overseas empires (Palgrave Macmillan, 2001).
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