Islamic State of Afghanistan
Islamic State of Afghanistan دولت اسلامی افغانستان Dawlat-i Islāmī-yi Afğānistān دا افغانستان اسلامی دولت Dâ Afǧānestãn Islâmi Dawlat | |||||||||||||
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1992–1996 1996–2001: in Northern Alliance zone only 2001–2002 | |||||||||||||
Motto: لا إله إلا الله محمد رسول الله lā ʾilāha ʾillà l-Lāh, Muḥammadun rasūlu l-Lāh "There is no god except Allah, Muhammad is the messenger of Allah" | |||||||||||||
Anthem: قلعه اسلام قلب اسیا "Fortress of Islam, Heart of Asia" (1992–1999; 2002) | |||||||||||||
Capital | Kabul (de jure) | ||||||||||||
Capital-in-exile | Taloqan (1996–2000) Fayzabad (2000–2001) | ||||||||||||
Common languages | Dari, Pashto | ||||||||||||
Religion | Islam | ||||||||||||
Demonym(s) | Afghan | ||||||||||||
Government | Unitary Islamic provisional government (1992–1996; 2001–2002) Government-in-exile controlling a rump state (1996–2001) | ||||||||||||
President | |||||||||||||
• 1992 (acting) | Sibghatullah Mojaddedi | ||||||||||||
• 1992–2001 | Burhanuddin Rabbani | ||||||||||||
• 2001–2002 (acting) | Hamid Karzai | ||||||||||||
Prime Minister | |||||||||||||
• 1992 | Abdul Kohistani | ||||||||||||
• 1993–1994 | Gulbuddin Hekmatyar | ||||||||||||
• 1994–1995 (acting) | Arsala Rahmani Daulat | ||||||||||||
• 1995–1996 (acting) | Ahmad Shah Ahmadzai | ||||||||||||
• 1996–1997 | Gulbuddin Hekmatyar | ||||||||||||
• 1997 | Abdul Rahim Ghafoorzai | ||||||||||||
Historical era | Peshawar Accords | 24 April 1992 | |||||||||||
• State proclaimed | 28 April 1992 | ||||||||||||
27 September 1996 | |||||||||||||
1996–2001 | |||||||||||||
7 October 2001 | |||||||||||||
13 November 2001 | |||||||||||||
11 June 2002 | |||||||||||||
Currency | Afghani (AFN) | ||||||||||||
Calling code | 93 | ||||||||||||
ISO 3166 code | AF | ||||||||||||
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Today part of | Afghanistan |
The Islamic State of Afghanistan
Background
In March 1992, President Mohammad Najibullah, having lost the Russian support that upheld his government, agreed to resign and make way for a neutral, interim government. Several mujahideen parties started negotiations to form a national coalition government. But one group, the Hezb-e Islami led by Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, presumably supported and directed by Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), did not join the negotiations and announced its intent to conquer Kabul alone. Hekmatyar moved his troops to Kabul, and was allowed into the town soon after 17 April. This left the other mujahideen groups no choice but to enter Kabul, on 24 April, to prevent Hekmatyar from taking over national government.[2][4]
This ignited a civil war between five or six rival armies, (nearly) all backed by foreign states. Several mujahideen groups proclaimed an 'interim government' on 26 April 1992 but this never attained real authority over Afghanistan.
History
Rabbani and Hekmatyar
President
Rise of the Taliban
In late 1994, a new Pashtun-dominated Islamic fundamentalist militia called the Taliban (lit. '"Religious students"') managed to conquer large parts of southern Afghanistan with the support of Pakistan.[5] Making steady gains throughout 1995 and 1996, the Taliban were able to seize control of the capital city of Kabul in September 1996, driving the Rabbani government and other factions northward, and by the end of the year occupying two-thirds of Afghanistan. Former president Najibullah was arrested and executed in public by hanging on 27 September 1996.
The Taliban renamed the country the
The Northern Alliance
History of Afghanistan | |
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Timeline | |
410–557 | |
Nezak Huns | 484–711 |
By the end of May 1997, the Taliban offensive came to a halt due to a number of strategic victories by the Northern Alliance. International pressure forced both sides to negotiate, but the demands posed by either party were so high that the differences were irreconcilable, and a political impasse ensued.
In the first half of 1998, the negotiations appeared to reach a peace settlement, but then the Northern Alliance fell apart. Taking advantage of the resistance factions' disunity the Taliban launched a campaign, rapidly conquering the provincial capital cities of
The Northern Alliance drove the Taliban away in December 2001, following the United States invasion of Afghanistan. The Islamic State of Afghanistan was succeeded by the interim Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan in 2002.[citation needed]
Gallery
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Faction control in Kabul (1992)
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Factions after the fall of Najibullah (1992)
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Factions after Taliban conquered Kabul (1996)
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Taliban–Northern Alliance war (2000)
Notes
- Pashto: دا افغانستان اسلامی دولت, Da Afghanistan Islami Dowlat.
References
- ^ Directorate of Intelligence (2001). "CIA -- The World Factbook -- Afghanistan". Archived from the original (mirror) on 19 October 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
note - the self-proclaimed Taliban government refers to the country as Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
- ^ a b Sifton, John (6 July 2005). Blood-Stained Hands: Past Atrocities in Kabul and Afghanistan's Legacy of Impunity (chapter II, Historical background) (Report). Human Rights Watch.
- ^ Saikal (2004), p. 215.
- PBS. Archived from the originalon 9 July 2007. Retrieved 27 July 2007.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "Afghanistan. §5.6 Burgeroorlog". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.
Bibliography
- Saikal, Amin (2004). Modern Afghanistan: A History of Struggle and Survival. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-0-85771-478-7.