Metz
Metz | |
---|---|
Prefecture and commune | |
(place de la Comédie) | |
Metz Métropole | |
Government | |
• Mayor (2020–2026) | François Grosdidier[1] |
Area 1 | 41.94 km2 (16.19 sq mi) |
• Urban | 308.8 km2 (119.2 sq mi) |
• Metro | 1,877.2 km2 (724.8 sq mi) |
Population (2021)[2] | 120,874 |
• Density | 2,900/km2 (7,500/sq mi) |
• Urban (2018[3]) | 285,930 |
• Urban density | 930/km2 (2,400/sq mi) |
• Metro (2018[3]) | 367,851 |
• Metro density | 200/km2 (510/sq mi) |
Demonym(s) | Messin (masculine) Messine (feminine) |
Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
INSEE/Postal code | 57463 /57000 |
Elevation | 162–256 m (531–840 ft) |
Website | Metz Ville |
1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. |
Part of a series on |
Lorraine |
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Metz (
Metz has a rich 3,000-year history,
Because of its historical, cultural and architectural background, Metz has been submitted on France's
A basin of urban ecology,[23][24] Metz gained its nickname of The Green City (French: La Ville Verte),[25] as it has extensive open grounds and public gardens.[26] The historic city centre is one of the largest commercial pedestrian areas in France.[27][28]
A historic
Etymology
In ancient times, the town was known as "city of Mediomatrici", being inhabited by the tribe of the same name.[31] After its integration into the Roman Empire, the city was called Divodurum Mediomatricum, meaning Holy Village or Holy Fortress of the Mediomatrici,[32] then it was known as Mediomatrix.[31] During the 5th century AD, the name evolved to "Mettis", which gave rise to the current spelling, Metz,[31] but also spellings such as Mès, which are no longer used, but reflect its actual pronunciation in French (like "mess").[33]
History
Metz has a recorded history dating back over 2,000 years. Before the
With the signature of the
Although largely French-speaking, after the
Metz remained German until the end of the
During the 1950s, Metz was chosen to be the capital of the newly created
Geography
Metz is located on the banks of the
The terrain of Metz forms part of the Paris Basin and presents a plateau relief cut by river valleys presenting cuestas in the north–south direction.[44] Metz and its surrounding countryside are included in the forest and crop Lorraine Regional Natural Park, covering a total area of 205,000 ha (506,566 acres).[45]
Climate
The length of the day varies significantly over the course of the year.[48] The shortest day is 21 December with 7:30 hours of sunlight; the longest day is 20 June with 16:30 hours of sunlight. The median cloud cover is 93% and does not vary substantially over the course of the year.[47]
Climate data for Metz-Frescaty, elevation: 192 m (630 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1940–present | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 16.1 (61.0) |
20.8 (69.4) |
25.1 (77.2) |
29.6 (85.3) |
33.2 (91.8) |
37.7 (99.9) |
39.7 (103.5) |
39.5 (103.1) |
34.3 (93.7) |
26.8 (80.2) |
23.3 (73.9) |
18.1 (64.6) |
39.7 (103.5) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 5.4 (41.7) |
7.1 (44.8) |
11.6 (52.9) |
16.0 (60.8) |
20.0 (68.0) |
23.6 (74.5) |
25.8 (78.4) |
25.5 (77.9) |
20.9 (69.6) |
15.4 (59.7) |
9.4 (48.9) |
6.0 (42.8) |
15.6 (60.1) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 2.7 (36.9) |
3.6 (38.5) |
7.0 (44.6) |
10.5 (50.9) |
14.5 (58.1) |
17.9 (64.2) |
20.1 (68.2) |
19.7 (67.5) |
15.7 (60.3) |
11.3 (52.3) |
6.5 (43.7) |
3.5 (38.3) |
11.1 (52.0) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 0.0 (32.0) |
0.1 (32.2) |
2.4 (36.3) |
4.9 (40.8) |
9.0 (48.2) |
12.3 (54.1) |
14.4 (57.9) |
14.0 (57.2) |
10.4 (50.7) |
7.2 (45.0) |
3.6 (38.5) |
1.0 (33.8) |
6.6 (43.9) |
Record low °C (°F) | −20.1 (−4.2) |
−23.2 (−9.8) |
−15.3 (4.5) |
−5.1 (22.8) |
−2.5 (27.5) |
1.9 (35.4) |
4.3 (39.7) |
3.9 (39.0) |
−1.1 (30.0) |
−6.2 (20.8) |
−11.7 (10.9) |
−17.0 (1.4) |
−23.2 (−9.8) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 61.9 (2.44) |
56.0 (2.20) |
51.1 (2.01) |
45.1 (1.78) |
56.9 (2.24) |
56.1 (2.21) |
59.8 (2.35) |
59.3 (2.33) |
61.5 (2.42) |
64.8 (2.55) |
64.5 (2.54) |
76.5 (3.01) |
713.5 (28.09) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 11.1 | 10.0 | 9.9 | 8.3 | 9.6 | 9.1 | 8.9 | 9.0 | 8.4 | 10.3 | 11.4 | 12.2 | 118.1 |
Source: Meteo France[49]
|
Demographics
Population
The inhabitants of Metz are called Messin(e)s. Statistics on the ethnic and religious make up of the population of Metz are haphazard, as the French Republic prohibits making distinctions between citizens regarding race, beliefs, and political and philosophic opinions in the process of census taking.[51]
The French national census of 2018 estimated the population of Metz to be 116,581, while the population of Metz metropolitan area was about 368,000.[3] Through history, Metz's population has been affected by the vicissitudes of the wars and annexations involving the city, which have prevented continuous population growth. More recently, the city has suffered from the restructuring of the military and the metallurgy industry.[52] The historical population for the current area of Metz municipality is as follows:
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Source: EHESS[53] and INSEE[54] |
Notable people
Several well-known figures have been linked to the city of Metz throughout its history. Renowned Messins include poet
Law and government
Local law
The local law (
The most striking of the legal differences between France and
Administration
Like every commune of the present
The city belongs to the Metz Metropole union of cities, which includes the 40 cities of the Metz
City administrative divisions
The city of Metz is divided into 14 administrative divisions:[63]
Number | District | Sights | Location |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Devant-les-Ponts | Desvalliere barracks | |
2 | Metz-Nord Patrotte | Harbour zone | |
3 | Les îles | Grand East regional parliament, University of Lorraine, Fabert High School, Cogeneration Plant | |
4 | Plantières-Queuleu | Queuleu Fort, Museum of Resistance and Deportation of Metz | |
5 | Bellecroix | Bellecroix Fort | |
6 | Metz-Vallières | Robert Schuman private hospital | |
7 | Borny | University of Lorraine, Contemporary Music Venue | |
8 | Grigy-Technopôle | Georgia Tech Lorraine, Supélec
| |
9 | Grange aux Bois | Trade Fair Center | |
10 | Sablon | Centre Pompidou-Metz, Indoor Sports Arena, Caisse d'Épargne regional headquarters, Metz-Metropole Conference Centre Hall (project) | |
11 | Magny | Saint-Clement and Leusiotte woods | |
12 | Nouvelle Ville | INSEE and Banque Populaire regional headquarters, Central Post Office, Chamber of Commerce
| |
13 | Metz Centre | City Hall, Prefecture, Cathedral of Saint Stephen, Temple Neuf, Arsenal Concert Hall, Opera House | |
14 | Ancienne Ville | Regional Contemporary Art Fund of Lorraine , Jazz Concert Venue
|
Cityscape and environmental policy
Metz contains a mishmash of architectural layers, bearing witness to centuries of history at the crossroads of different cultures,
The city is famous for its yellow limestone architecture, a result of the extensive use of
Architecture
From its
Saint Louis' square with its vaulted arcades and a Knights Templar chapel remains a major symbol of the city's High Medieval heritage. The Gothic Saint-Stephen Cathedral, several churches and Hôtels, and two remarkable municipal granaries reflect the Late Middle Ages.[19][73][74][75][76] Examples of Renaissance architecture can be seen in Hôtels from the 16th century, such as the House of Heads (French: Maison des Têtes).[65]
The city hall and the buildings surrounding the
The Imperial District was built during the first annexation of Metz by the
Modern architecture can also be seen in the town with works of French architects Roger-Henri Expert (Sainte-Thérèse-de-l'Enfant-Jésus church, 1934), Georges-Henri Pingusson (Fire Station, 1960) and Jean Dubuisson (subdivisions, 1960s).[69][81][82] The refurbishment of the former Ney Arsenal as a Concert Hall in 1989 and the erection of the Metz Arena in 2002, by Spanish and French architects Ricardo Bofill and French Paul Chemetov represent the Postmodern movement.[65]
The Centre Pompidou-Metz museum in the Amphitheatre District represents a strong architectural initiative to mark the entrance of Metz into the 21st century.[83] Designed by Japanese architect Shigeru Ban, the building is remarkable for the complex, innovative carpentry of its roof,[84][85] and integrates concepts of sustainable architecture. The project encompasses the architecture of two recipients of the Pritzker Architecture Prize, Shigeru Ban (2014) and French Christian de Portzamparc (1994). The Amphitheatre District is also conceived by French architects Nicolas Michelin, Jean-Paul Viguier and Jean-Michel Wilmotte, and designer Philippe Starck.[86] The urban project is expected to be completed by 2023.[86][87] Further, a contemporary music venue designed by contextualist French architect Rudy Ricciotti stands in the Borny District.[88]
Urban ecology
Under the leadership of such people as botanist
Based initially on the ideas of the
The principles of urban ecology are still applied in Metz with the implementation of a local Agenda 21 action plan.[28] The municipal ecological policy encompasses the sustainable refurbishment of ancient buildings,[94][95] the erection of sustainable districts and buildings, green public transport,[96] and the creation of public gardens by means of landscape architecture.[97]
Additionally, the city has developed its own combined heat and power station, using waste wood biomass from the surrounding forests as a renewable energy source.[98][99] With a thermal efficiency above 80%, the 45MW boiler of the plant provides electricity and heat for 44,000 dwellings. The Metz power station is the first local producer and distributor of energy in France.[100]
Military architecture
As a historic
The extensive fortifications of Metz, which ring the city, include early examples of Séré de Rivières system forts.[104] Other forts were incorporated into the Maginot Line.[105] A hiking trail on the Saint-Quentin plateau passes through a former military training zone and ends at the now abandoned military forts, providing a vantage point from which to survey the city.[106][107]
Economy
Although the
Metz is home to the Moselle
Metz is an important commercial centre of northern France with France's biggest retailer federation, consisting of around 2,000 retailers.[111] Important retail companies are found in the city, such as the Galeries Lafayette, the Printemps department store and the Fnac entertainment retail chain. The historic city centre displays one of the largest [citation needed] commercial pedestrian areas in France and a mall, the Saint-Jacques centre. In addition there are several multiplex movie theatres and malls found in the urban agglomeration.
In recent years, Metz municipality have promoted an ambitious policy of tourism development, including urban revitalization and refurbishment of buildings and public squares.[112][113] This policy has been spurred by the creation of the Centre Pompidou-Metz in 2010.[114] Since its inauguration, the institution has become the most popular cultural venue in France outside Paris, with 550,000 visitors per year.[115] Meanwhile, Saint-Stephen Cathedral is the most visited building in the city, accommodating 652,000 visitors per year.[116]
Culture
Museums and exhibition halls
- The Centre Pompidou, Europe's largest collection of 20th-century art.[117]
- Saint Stephen's Cathedral is the Gothic cathedral of the city built during the 13th century.[18] The cathedral exhibits the collection of the Bishopric of Metz, including paraments and items used in the service of the Eucharist.[118][119][120] Metz Cathedral is sometimes nicknamed the Good Lord's Lantern (French: la Lanterne du Bon Dieu),[121] as it has the largest expanse of stained glass windows in the world: 6,500 m2 (70,000 sq ft). These include works by Gothic and Renaissance master glass makers Hermann von Münster, Théobald of Lixheim and Valentin Bousch, romantic Charles-Laurent Maréchal, tachist Roger Bissière, cubist Jacques Villon and modernist Marc Chagall.
- Another of the city's churches displays a complete set of stained glass windows by French modernist Jean Cocteau.[122]
In addition, Metz features other museums and exhibition venues, such as:
- The
- The Golden Courtyard (French: la Cour d'Or), a museum dedicated to the history of Metz, divided into four sections (e.g. archeology, medieval, architecture and fine arts).[124] The Golden Courtyard displays a rich collection of Gallo-Roman and medieval finds and the remains of the Gallo-Roman baths of Divodurum Mediomatricum, revealed by the extension works to the museums in the 1930s.
- The Museum of the 1870 War and of the Annexion in Gravelotte, a village located within the Metz-Metropole conurbation and the site of the Battle of Gravelotte, the only museum in Europe dedicated to the Franco-Prussian War.[125] The museum exhibits military and everyday items from the period as well as artworks related to the 1870 war. A mausoleum erected in 1904 honoring the soldiers who died during the battle, the Memorial Hall (French: La Halle du Souvenir), has been included in the museum.
- The House for Europe, located on the estate of Robert Schuman in Scy-Chazelles in the Metz-Metropole conurbation, transformed into a museum and convention centre.[126] Across the street is the fortified 12th Century church where Robert Schuman now rests. The Robert Schuman House for Europe organises cultural and educational events that introduce the visitor to Schuman's life and works and to the way Europe has been constructed and continues to develop today.
- Verlaine's House (French: la Maison de Verlaine) is a museum located in the house where the poet Paul Verlaine was born, dedicated to his work, featuring permanent and temporary exhibitions.[55][127] The Solange Bertrand foundation, located in the artist's former house, conserves and displays her artworks.[128] The municipal archives preserve and exhibit Metz's historical municipal records dating from medieval times to the present.[129]
Entertainment and performing arts
Metz has several venues for the performing arts. The
Since 2014, the former bus garage has been converted to accommodate over thirty artists in residence, in a space where they can create and rehearse artworks and even build set decorations.[135] The artistic complex, called Metz Network of All Cultures (French: Toutes les Cultures en Réseau à Metz) and familiarly known as TCRM-Blida, encompasses a large hall of 3,000 m2 (32,000 sq ft) while theater and dance companies benefit from a studio of 800 m2 (8,600 sq ft) with backstages. [citation needed]
Metz in the arts
Metz was an important cultural centre during the
The
A festival named "passages" takes place in May. Numerous shows are presented to it.[140]
Graoully dragon as symbol of the city
The Graoully is depicted as a fearsome dragon, vanquished by the sacred powers of
Cuisine
Local specialties include
Celebrations and events
Many events are celebrated in Metz throughout the year.[145] The city of Metz dedicates two weeks to the Mirabelle plum during the popular Mirabelle Festival held in August. During the festival, in addition to open markets selling fresh plums, mirabelle tarts and mirabelle liquor, there are live music, fireworks, parties, art exhibits, a parade with floral floats, a competition, the crowning of the Mirabelle Queen and a gala of celebration.[146]
A literature festival is held in June. The Montgolfiades
Sport
Metz is home to the Football Club of Metz (FC Metz), a football association club in Ligue 1, the highest division of French football (as of 2019–2020 season). FC Metz has won three times the Ligue 2 (1935, 2007 and 2014), twice the Coupe de France (in 1984 and 1988) and the French League Cup (in 1986 and 1996), and was French championship runner-up in 1998.[148] FC Metz has also gained recognition in France and Europe for its successful youth academy, winning the Gambardella Cup 3 times in 1981, 2001 and 2010.[148] The Saint-Symphorien stadium has been the home of FC Metz since the creation of the club.
Metz Handball is a Handball club. Metz Handball has won the French Women's First League championship 23 times, the Women's France Cup nine times, and the French Women's League Cup eight times.[149] The Metz Arena has been the home of Metz Handball since 2002.
Since 2003, Metz has been home to the
Club | Event | Sport | Leagues and Cups | Stadium |
---|---|---|---|---|
FC Metz[151] | Association football | Ligue 1, French Cup, French League Cup | Saint-Symphorien stadium | |
Metz Handball[152] | Handball | EHF Women's Champions League
|
Metz Arena | |
Metz Hockey Club[153] | Ice hockey | French Men's Second League | Saint-Symphorien Ice Ring | |
Metz Ronde Pétanque | Pétanque | French Championship, European Cup | Saint-Symphorien Arena | |
Metz TT[154] | Table Tennis
|
French Women's Pro A; French Men's Pro B | Saint-Symphorien Arena | |
Moselle Open[155]
|
Tennis | ATP World Tour 250 tournament
|
Metz Arena | |
Golden Mirabelle Open[156] | Golf | Allianz Golf Tour | Technopole Golf Course | |
Mirabelle Metz Marathon[157] | Athletics
|
Metz Urban Agglomeration |
Education
High schools
Metz has numerous high schools, including the
University of Lorraine
Metz is also home to the University of Lorraine (often abbreviated as UdL).[158] The university is divided into two university centers, one in Metz (material sciences, technology and management) and one in Nancy (biological sciences, health care, administration, management and law). The University of Lorraine, which ranks in 2016 among the top 15 of French universities and among the top 300 of universities in the world according to the 2016 Academic Ranking of World Universities,[159] has a student body of over 55,000 and offers 101 accredited research centers organized in 9 research areas and 8 doctoral colleges.[160]
Graduate schools
At the end of the 1990s, the city expanded and the
Transport
Local transport
Railways
Metz Railway Station is connected to the French high speed train (
Motorways
Metz is located at the intersection of two major road axes: the Eastern Motorway, itself a part of the European route E50 connecting Paris to Prague, and the A31 Motorway, which goes north to Luxembourg and south to the Mediterranean Sea towards Nancy, Dijon and Lyon.
Airports
The
Waterways
Metz is located at the confluence of the
Main sights
Religious heritage
- the Gothic Saint Stephen's cathedral built during the 13th century. The cathedral is nicknamed the Good Lord's Lantern (French: la Lanterne du Bon Dieu),[19] as it has the largest expanse of stained glass windows in the world and the tenth-highest nave in the world.[166]
- the Gregorian Chant.[20]
- Saint Maximin's church featuring stained glass windows by French artist Jean Cocteau,[167] and the Sainte-Thérèse-de-l'Enfant-Jésus church built by French architect Roger-Henri Expert.[81]
- the 13th-century Romanesque commandery of Metz, the oldest Templar institution in the Holy Roman Empire.
Civil heritage
- The opera house of Metz Metropole built during the 18th century in Tuscany-influenced neo-Classical style.[65] It is the oldest working opera house in France and one of the oldest in Europe.[22]
- The birthplaces of Paul Verlaine,[55] Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier, André Schwarz-Bart, Gustave Kahn, Gabriel Pierné, the sculptor Charles Pêtre, and Antoine Charles Louis de Lasalle.
- The house of François Rabelais, when he came to Metz—then a free imperial city and a republic—to escape condemnation for heresy by the University of Paris.
- Numerous medieval edifices, including two granaries and several Hôtels.[65]
Administrative heritage
- the town square and its surrounding Neoclassical buildings, built by French architect Jacques-François Blondel.[168]
- the Marquis of Ruffec and Duke of Gloucester and decided to support the American Revolutionary War.
- the Station-Palace and Central Post Office, built by German architect Jürgen Kröger.[21]
- the Northeast France defence headquarters (former Kaiser headquarters), built by German architects Schönhals and Stolterfoth in a neo-Flemish style.[80]
Military heritage
- the German's Gate from the 13th century, the last medieval bridge castle in France. The fortification played a crucial defensive role during the siege of Metz in 1552–53 by Emperor Charles V.
- the ruins of the city's defensive walls dating from ancient history to the 18th century,[102] and the extensive 19th- and 20th-century fortifications of Metz.
- the Fort of Queuleu, also called the Hell of Queuleu (French: l'Enfer de Queuleu), used by the Germans as a detention and interrogation centre for members of the French Resistance during the Second World War.[169]
- the art deco sculpture by French sculptor Paul Niclausserepresenting a mother cradling the dead body of her son.
International relations
Metz is a member of the
- Trier, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, from 1957
- Gloucester, England, United Kingdom, from 1967[171][172]
- Karmiel, Israel, from 1984[173]
- Saint-Denis, Réunion, France, from 1986
- Yichang, China, from 1991
- Hradec Králové, Czech Republic, from 2001
- Kansas City, United States of America, from 2003
- Djambala, Republic of Congo, from 2012
- Nanjing, China, from 2019
- Chernivtsi, Ukraine, from 2022
See also
Notes and references
- ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020.
- ^ "Populations légales 2021". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.
- ^ INSEE. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
- ^ "Official website of the prefecture of Moselle" (in French). Retrieved 6 July 2012.
- ^ "Official website of the Moselle department" (in French). Retrieved 6 July 2012.
- ^ ISBN 978-2-87692-857-2(in French)
- ^ "Official website of the Greater Region" (in French). Archived from the original on 12 July 2012. Retrieved 6 July 2012.
- ^ ISBN 978-2-87692-728-5(in French)
- ^ ISBN 2-7160-0115-4(in French)
- ^ ISBN 979-10-90185-00-5pp. 134,275 (in French)
- ISBN 2-906483-28-1pp. 3–49 (in French)
- ^ ISBN 2-87692-555-9(in French)
- ^ ISBN 978-2-87692-709-4(in French)
- ISBN 978-2-87692-748-3(in French)
- ^ "World Heritage Site List of France, UNESCO Official Website" (HTLM). Retrieved 19 April 2014.
- ^ "Presentation of the specificity of Metz for the UNESCO World Heritage Site enlistment, UNESCO Official Website" (HTLM) (in French). Retrieved 19 April 2014.
- ^ "Presentation of the specificity of Metz for the UNESCO World Heritage Site enlistment, Official Website of the Municipality of Metz" (PDF) (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
- ^ a b "Metz Cathedral webcam". Archived from the original (VIDEO) on 12 May 2012. Retrieved 6 July 2012.
- ^ ISBN 978-2-7577-0055-6(in French)
- ^ ISBN 978-2-85822-439-5(in French)
- ^ ISBN 978-2-87692-833-6(in French)
- ^ ISBN 978-2-911992-38-4(in French)
- ^ ISBN 2-02-004589-3(in French)
- ^ a b "INA Archive (1977) Samedi et demi, interview with Jean-Marie Pelt. Prod. Antenne 2" (VIDEO) (in French). Retrieved 16 May 2011.
- ^ "Metz magazine (2007) 322:16-17" (PDF) (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 November 2008. Retrieved 6 July 2012.
- ^ a b "Official municipal website, Public garden map of Metz" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 November 2010. Retrieved 1 July 2010.
- ISBN 978-2-86260-343-8(in French)
- ^ a b "Official Metz municipality website, Agenda 21" (PDF) (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 May 2012. Retrieved 6 July 2012.
- ^ "University of Lorraine. Research, innovation, and valorisation" (PDF) (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 March 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2011.
- ISBN 2-86480-224-4(in French)
- ^ ISBN 978-2-87692-845-9pp. 8–9
- ^ Toussaint M. (1948) Metz à l'époque gallo-romaine. Eds. Impr. P. Even. pp. 21–22 (in French)
- ^ Cent Nouvelles nouvelles (Nouvelle 92). France: Pierre Jannet. 1868 [1462]..
- ISBN 978-2-303-00228-8pp. 156–158 (in French)
- ^ Gibbon E (1788) History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. 4:35
- ISBN 979-10-90185-03-6pp. 17–34 (in French)
- ISBN 978-2-7547-0356-7(in French)
- ISBN 978-2-87692-866-4(in French)
- ISBN 978-2-87692-784-1(in French)
- ISBN 978-2-87692-820-6(in French)
- ISBN 978-2-87692-764-3(in French)
- ^ ISBN 978-2-87692-881-7(in French)
- ^ "Metz and the Messin pays from above, full movie, by Yann Arthus-Bertrand" (VIDEO). YouTube. Archived from the original on 11 December 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2009.
- ISBN 2-87692-632-6(in French)
- ^ "Official website of the Lorraine Regional Natural Park". Retrieved 29 June 2012.
- ISBN 978-2-84208-209-3(in French)
- ^ a b "Weatherspark webpage dedicated to Metz". Retrieved 29 June 2012.
- ^ "Average Weather for Metz, FR" (in French). MeteoFrance.com. Retrieved 29 June 2012.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "METZ–FRESCATY (57)" (PDF). Fiche Climatologique: Statistiques 1991–2020 et records (in French). Meteo France. Retrieved 4 July 2022.
- ^ The Mutte is the name of the large bell of the Saint-Stephen cathedral.
- laïcité, this principle was reaffirmed by the current French Fifth Republicin a law from 1978, stating that "it is forbidden to collect or process data of a personal nature related to racial or ethnic origins as well as political, philosophic, or religious opinions."
- ^ "Official Lorraine prefecture webpage on the military restructurings" (in French). Archived from the original on 8 January 2012. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
- ^ Des villages de Cassini aux communes d'aujourd'hui: Commune data sheet Metz, EHESS (in French).
- ^ Population en historique depuis 1968, INSEE
- ^ a b c "Verlaine's native house – House of Verlaine (museum), video clip" (in French). 2 August 2012. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
- ^ "Official French general code of territorial collectivities, French Republic" (in French). Retrieved 30 June 2012.
- ^ "Official Metz municipality website, List of Metz municipal councilors" (in French). Archived from the original on 12 May 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
- ^ "Official Metz municipality website, agenda and procès-verbal of the Municipal Council of Metz" (in French). Archived from the original on 15 January 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
- ^ Since March 2009, records of municipal council meetings are available as audio files in French.
- ^ "List of mayors of Metz since 1790" (in French). Archived from the original on 14 February 2008. Retrieved 27 December 2012.
- ^ "Official Metz municipality website, Resume of Dominique Gros" (in French). Archived from the original on 15 January 2013. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
- ^ "Official Metz Metropole website, list of cities webpage" (in French). Archived from the original on 15 July 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
- ^ "Official website of Metz municipality" (in French). Archived from the original (PHP) on 12 May 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2012.
- ISBN 978-2-87692-781-0(in French)
- ^ ISBN 2-912645-70-0; pp. 164–165 (in French)
- ^ "Metz municipal council, January 2011" (PDF) (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 October 2011. Retrieved 28 January 2011.
- ^ "Metz municipal council, April 2010" (PDF) (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 30 April 2010.
- ^ "Towns and Lands of Art and History, official list from the French Minister of Culture, November 2011" (PDF) (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2013. Retrieved 17 November 2011.
- ^ a b "Application folder of Metz municipality to the French Town of Art and History label" (PDF) (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 May 2012. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
- ^ "Official website of the Jaumont stone companies". Retrieved 1 July 2011.
- ^ "An unknown Roman Quarter found in the heart of Metz, Official report of INRAP" (PDF). Retrieved 4 December 2009.[permanent dead link]
- ISBN 2-87692-306-8(in French)
- ^ "Animation of the Saint-Stephen Cathedral construction, part 1" (VIDEO). YouTube. Archived from the original on 11 December 2021. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
- ^ "Animation of the Saint-Stephen Cathedral construction, part 2" (VIDEO). YouTube. Archived from the original on 11 December 2021. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
- ^ "Animation of the Saint-Stephen Cathedral construction, part 3" (VIDEO). YouTube. Archived from the original on 11 December 2021. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
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- ^ "Town square webcam". Archived from the original (VIDEO) on 12 May 2012. Retrieved 6 July 2012.
- ISBN 978-2-87692-004-0pp. 123–276 (in French)
- ISBN 2-913411-22-3(in French)
- ^ ISBN 978-2-87692-584-7(in French)
- ^ a b Expert R.H. Roger-Henri Expert, 1882–1955. Volume 3 de Institut français d'architecture. Eds. du Moniteur. (in French)
- ISBN 2-87692-309-2(in French)
- ISBN 978-3-8365-1792-8pp. 426–447
- ^ "RIBA Awards, 2012 European winners, Centre Pompidou-Metz webpage". Archived from the original on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 21 June 2012.
- ^ "Centre Pompidou Metz, innovative architecture. Tribù, the art of leisure". Archived from the original on 17 November 2012. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
- ^ a b "Description of the project of the Amphitheatre District by Metz Metropole" (PDF) (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 October 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2012.
- ^ "Official Metz municipality website, Amphitheatre District webcam" (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2012.
- ^ "Official Website of the BAM musical venue" (in French). Retrieved 25 July 2014.
- ISBN 978-2-87692-909-8(in French)
- ^ "INA Archive (1964) Quartiers anciens de Metz, chefs d'oeuvre en péril, ORTF" (in French). Archived from the original (VIDEO) on 1 August 2009. Retrieved 29 June 2012.
- ^ "INA Archive (1964) Au secours des quartiers anciens, ORTF" (VIDEO) (in French). Retrieved 29 June 2012.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "INA Archive (1977) Restauration urbaine à Metz, Antenne 2" (in French). Archived from the original (VIDEO) on 29 October 2009. Retrieved 4 July 2012.
- ^ "INA Archive (1980) Urbanisme à Metz : rénovation des quartiers anciens, France 3 Régions" (in French). Archived from the original (VIDEO) on 14 January 2010. Retrieved 4 July 2012.
- ^ "Official municipal website, municipal council February 2010, Carbon Plan" (PDF) (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 March 2014. Retrieved 26 February 2010.
- ^ "Official municipal website, municipal council October 2010, Sustainable Energy Plan" (PDF) (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 March 2014. Retrieved 29 October 2010.
- ^ "Official municipal website, municipal council July 2010, Bicycle Plan" (PDF) (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 March 2014. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
- ^ "Official municipal website, municipal council February 2010, Public garden policy" (PDF) (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 March 2014. Retrieved 26 February 2010.
- ^ "Official website of the power plant of Metz" (in French). Archived from the original on 19 September 2012. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
- ^ "Official municipal website, municipal council April 2011, Debate of the cogeneration boiler investment" (in French). Archived from the original (Audio) on 13 February 2013. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
- ^ "Official Pressbook of the power plant of Metz" (PDF) (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 26 February 2010.
- ^ a b "Tour of Metz:Part 1, trailer from the Iron Men of Metz movie". Archived from the original (VIDEO) on 10 April 2010. Retrieved 1 July 2011.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-4290-2206-4
- ^ "La Citadelle Hotel official website, former edifice of the military citadel of Metz". Archived from the original on 27 May 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2014.
- ISBN 2-84673-008-3(in French)
- ISBN 1-84176-646-1pp. 57–58
- ^ "Saint-Quentin plateau fortifications dossier" (in French). Retrieved 1 July 2011.
- ^ "Saint-Quentin fortification map". Retrieved 1 July 2011.
- ^ "Intercommunal cooperation scheme of Metz Metropole" (PDF) (in French). Retrieved 8 July 2011.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "2nd seminar on the Greater Region transports" (PDF) (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 May 2013. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
- ^ "Official data sheet of Metz harbor, VNF" (in French). Archived from the original on 1 December 2018. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
- ^ "Official Metz retailer federation website" (in French). Archived from the original on 22 May 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
- ^ "Official Metz municipality website, municipal council July 2012, local tourism development scheme" (PDF) (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 November 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
- ^ "Official website of the Metz tourism office". Archived from the original (PHP) on 31 March 2014. Retrieved 11 May 2010.
- ^ Lichfield, John (11 May 2010). "Pompidou centre puts Metz on the map, The Independent". London. Archived from the original on 12 May 2022. Retrieved 11 May 2010.
- ^ "Official website of France tourism survey, 2011 Museum frequentation" (in French). Archived from the original on 9 March 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
- ^ "Official website of Moselle tourism office, 2011 key numbers. p 12" (PDF) (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 July 2013. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
- ^ "Official website of the Centre Pompidou-Metz". Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2012.
- ^ "Official website of the Saint-Stephen Cathedral" (in French). Retrieved 29 June 2012.
- ^ "INA Archive (1969) Trésor de la cathédrale de Metz, Lorraine soir, ORTF" (in French). Archived from the original (VIDEO) on 14 January 2010. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
- ^ "INA Archive (1980) Patrimoine: trésor de la cathédrale de Metz, Lorraine soir, France 3 régions" (in French). Archived from the original (VIDEO) on 13 February 2013. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
- ISBN 2-87692-495-1. (in French)
- ^ "Saint-Maximin church, Cocteau's artworks" (in French). Retrieved 2 July 2012.
- ^ "Official website of the Lorraine Contemporary Arts Gallery" (in French). Retrieved 29 June 2012.
- ^ "Official website of the Golden Courtyard Museum" (in French). Archived from the original on 16 June 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2012.
- ^ "Museum of the Franco-Prussion War and the Annexion". LaLorraine, Sites and monuments. Archived from the original on 16 January 2017. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
- ^ "Scy-Chazelles: the house of Europe, the Robert Schuman Foundation". Retrieved 28 February 2014.
- ^ "The Verlaine's Friends, International Association of French Poetry" (in French). Retrieved 1 July 2012.
- ^ "Official website of the Solange Bertrand Foundation, gourmet webpage" (in French). Archived from the original on 24 July 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
- ^ "Official Metz municipal website, Municipal Archives webpage" (in French). Archived from the original on 4 May 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
- ^ "Official website of the Opera House of Metz Metropole" (in French). Archived from the original on 15 June 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2012.
- ^ "Official website of the Arsenal of Metz" (in French). Retrieved 29 June 2012.
- ^ Classica (2010) Les hauts lieux de la musique. September, Issue 125 (in French)
- ^ "Official website of the Trinitaires" (in French). Archived from the original on 24 April 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2012.
- ^ "Official website of the BAM" (in French).
- ^ "Official website of the Tcrm-Blida creative center" (in French). 29 June 2014.
- ^ Grier J. (2003) Ademar de Chabannes, Carolingian Musical Practices, and Nota Romana. Journal of the American Musicological Society. 56 (1):43–98.
- ^ "Official Metz library website, medieval book webpage" (in French). Archived from the original on 21 June 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
- ^ "Official Metz library website, Book of Hours of John of Vy" (in French). Archived from the original on 14 January 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-159-58648-5(in French)
- ^ "Accueil – Festival Passages Metz". Archived from the original on 12 March 2021.
- ^ ISBN 978-2-9531744-3-4(in French)
- ^ ISBN 2-87692-534-6(in French)
- ^ a b c "Official Metz tourism website, gourmet webpage". Archived from the original on 13 February 2013. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
- ^ "France Today magazine, Covered Market webpage" (in French). Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 6 May 2012.
- ^ "Official website of the Metz tourism office, events calendar (automated updates)" (in French). Archived from the original on 17 February 2013.
- ^ "Official website of the Mirabelle Festival in Metz" (in French). Archived from the original on 30 June 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
- ^ "Official website of the Christmas Market in Metz" (in French). Archived from the original on 23 June 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
- ^ a b "Official website of the Football Club de Metz, Honours" (in French). Retrieved 1 July 2012.
- ^ "Official website of Metz Handball, Honours" (in French). Archived from the original on 30 May 2012.
- ^ "ATP official webpage of the Moselle Open".
- ^ "Official website of the FC Metz" (in French).
- ^ "Official website of the Metz Handball club" (in French).
- ^ "Official website of the Metz Hockey Club" (in French). Archived from the original on 3 July 2012.
- ^ "Official website of the Metz TT club" (in French). Archived from the original on 14 June 2012.
- ^ "Official website of the Moselle Open tournament" (in French).
- ^ "Allianz Golf Tour official webpage about the Golden Mirabelle Open" (in French). Archived from the original on 31 July 2012.
- ^ "Official website of the Mirabelle Metz Marathon". Archived from the original on 25 May 2012.
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- ^ "University of Lorraine, key numbers" (PDF) (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 March 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2012.
- ^ "About | GT Lorraine | Georgia Institute of Technology | Atlanta, GA".
- ^ "Technopôle de Metz".
- ^ "Official website of Mettis" (in French). Archived from the original on 26 June 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2012.
- ^ "Van Hool presents the ExquiCity Design Mettis". Archived from the original on 5 June 2013. Retrieved 5 June 2012.
- ^ "Protestant church webcam". Archived from the original (VIDEO) on 4 June 2012. Retrieved 6 July 2012.
- ISBN 978-2-87692-887-9(in French)
- ISBN 978-2-87692-906-7(in French)
- ^ "City embellishment by Jacques-François Blondel, Seminar series, March 2010" (PDF) (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 July 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
- ^ "Official municipal website, municipal council April 2010, Commemorative plate at Queuleu fort" (PDF) (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 30 April 2010.
- ^ "Official website of the Quattropole city union". Archived from the original on 10 July 2011. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
- ^ a b "Metz Municipal Council" (in French). Archived from the original on 16 November 2012. Retrieved 1 June 2012.
- ^ "British towns twinned with French towns". Archant Community Media Ltd. Retrieved 11 July 2013.
- ^ "Réception du groupe Classical Fusion de Karmiel". engagespourmetz.fr (in French). Engagés es pour Metz. 21 August 2019. Archived from the original on 25 February 2020. Retrieved 19 November 2019.
Sources
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Metz". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.