Moons of Saturn
The moons of Saturn are numerous and diverse, ranging from tiny moonlets only tens of meters across to the enormous Titan, which is larger than the planet Mercury. There are 146 moons with confirmed orbits, the most of any planet in the solar system.[1][a] This number does not include the many thousands of moonlets embedded within Saturn's dense rings, nor hundreds of possible kilometer-sized distant moons that were seen through telescopes but not recaptured.[3][4][5] Seven Saturnian moons are large enough to have collapsed into a relaxed, ellipsoidal shape, though only one or two of those, Titan and possibly Rhea, are currently in hydrostatic equilibrium. Three moons are particularly notable. Titan is the second-largest moon in the Solar System (after Jupiter's Ganymede), with a nitrogen-rich Earth-like atmosphere and a landscape featuring river networks and hydrocarbon lakes.[6] Enceladus emits jets of ice from its south-polar region and is covered in a deep layer of snow.[7] Iapetus has contrasting black and white hemispheres as well as an extensive ridge of equatorial mountains among the tallest in the solar system.
Of the known moons, 24 are
The remaining 122, with mean diameters ranging from 2 to 213 km (1 to 132 mi), are
The rings of Saturn are made up of objects ranging in size from microscopic to moonlets hundreds of meters across, each in its own orbit around Saturn.[11] Thus an absolute number of Saturnian moons cannot be given, because there is no consensus on a boundary between the countless small anonymous objects that form Saturn's ring system and the larger objects that have been named as moons. Over 150 moonlets embedded in the rings have been detected by the disturbance they create in the surrounding ring material, though this is thought to be only a small sample of the total population of such objects.[4]
There are 83 designated moons that are still unnamed (as of May 2023[update]); all but one (the designated B-ring moonlet
Discovery
Early observations
Before the advent of
The use of
Observations by spacecraft
The study of the outer planets has since been revolutionized by the use of uncrewed space probes. The arrival of the Voyager spacecraft at Saturn in 1980–1981 resulted in the discovery of three additional moons – Atlas, Prometheus and Pandora, bringing the total to 17.[21] In addition, Epimetheus was confirmed as distinct from Janus. In 1990, Pan was discovered in archival Voyager images.[21]
The
Outer moons
Study of Saturn's moons has also been aided by advances in telescope instrumentation, primarily the introduction of digital
In 2019, researchers Edward Ashton, Brett Gladman, and Matthew Beaudoin conducted a survey of Saturn's Hill sphere using the 3.6-meter Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope and discovered about 80 new Saturnian irregular moons.[5][36] Follow-up observations of these new moons took place over 2019–2021, eventually leading to S/2019 S 1 being announced in November 2021 and an additional 62 moons being announced from 3–16 May 2023.[37][2] These discoveries brought Saturn's total number of confirmed moons up to 145, making it the first planet known to have over 100 moons.[37][38][39] Yet another moon, S/2006 S 20, was announced on 23 May 2023, bringing Saturn's total count moons to 146.[2] All of these new moons are small and faint, with diameters over 3 km (2 mi) and apparent magnitudes of 25–27.[5] The researchers found that the Saturnian irregular moon population is more abundant at smaller sizes, suggesting that they are likely fragments from a collision that occurred a few hundred million years ago. The researchers extrapolated that the true population of Saturnian irregular moons larger than 2.8 km (1.7 mi) in diameter amounts to 150±30, which is approximately three times as many Jovian irregular moons down to the same size. If this size distribution applies to even smaller diameters, Saturn would therefore intrinsically have more irregular moons than Jupiter.[5]
Discovery of outer planet moons
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
Naming
The modern names for Saturnian moons were suggested by
As Saturn devoured his children, his family could not be assembled around him, so that the choice lay among his brothers and sister, the Titans and Titanesses. The name Iapetus seemed indicated by the obscurity and remoteness of the exterior satellite, Titan by the superior size of the Huyghenian, while the three female appellations [Rhea, Dione, and Tethys] class together the three intermediate Cassinian satellites. The minute interior ones seemed appropriately characterized by a return to male appellations [Enceladus and Mimas] chosen from a younger and inferior (though still superhuman) brood. ["Results of the Astronomical Observations made...at the Cape of Good Hope," p. 415]
In 1848, Lassell proposed that the eighth satellite of Saturn be named Hyperion after another Titan.
Some
Physical characteristics
Saturn's satellite system is very lopsided: one moon, Titan, comprises more than 96% of the mass in orbit around the planet. The six other
Name |
Diameter (km)[43] |
Mass (kg)[44] |
Orbital radius (km)[45] |
Orbital period (days)[45] |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mimas |
396 (0.12 D☾) |
4×1019 (0.0005 M☾) |
185,539 (0.48 a☾) |
0.9 (0.03 T☾) |
Enceladus | 504 (0.14 D☾) |
1.1×1020 (0.002 M☾) |
237,948 (0.62 a☾) |
1.4 (0.05 T☾) |
Tethys | 1,062 (0.30 D☾) |
6.2×1020 (0.008 M☾) |
294,619 (0.77 a☾) |
1.9 (0.07 T☾) |
Dione | 1,123 (0.32 D☾) |
1.1×1021 (0.015 M☾) |
377,396 (0.98 a☾) |
2.7 (0.10 T☾) |
Rhea | 1,527 (0.44 D☾) |
2.3×1021 (0.03 M☾) |
527,108 (1.37 a☾) |
4.5 (0.20 T☾) |
Titan | 5,149 (1.48 D☾) (0.75 D♂) |
1.35×1023 (1.80 M☾) (0.21 M♂) |
1,221,870 (3.18 a☾) |
16 (0.60 T☾) |
Iapetus | 1,470 (0.42 D☾) |
1.8×1021 (0.025 M☾) |
3,560,820 (9.26 a☾) |
79 (2.90 T☾) |
Orbital groups
Although the boundaries may be somewhat vague, Saturn's moons can be divided into ten groups according to their orbital characteristics. Many of them, such as Pan and Daphnis, orbit within Saturn's ring system and have orbital periods only slightly longer than the planet's rotation period.[46] The innermost moons and most regular satellites all have mean orbital inclinations ranging from less than a degree to about 1.5 degrees (except Iapetus, which has an inclination of 7.57 degrees) and small orbital eccentricities.[3] On the other hand, irregular satellites in the outermost regions of Saturn's moon system, in particular the Norse group, have orbital radii of millions of kilometers and orbital periods lasting several years. The moons of the Norse group also orbit in the opposite direction to Saturn's rotation.[42]
Inner moons
Ring moonlets
During late July 2009, a
In 2006, four tiny moonlets were found in Cassini images of the A Ring.[48] Before this discovery only two larger moons had been known within gaps in the A Ring: Pan and Daphnis. These are large enough to clear continuous gaps in the ring.[48] In contrast, a moonlet is only massive enough to clear two small—about 10 km across—partial gaps in the immediate vicinity of the moonlet itself creating a structure shaped like an airplane propeller.[49] The moonlets themselves are tiny, ranging from about 40 to 500 meters in diameter, and are too small to be seen directly.[4]
In 2007, the discovery of 150 more moonlets revealed that they (with the exception of two that have been seen outside the
Similar moonlets may reside in the
One recently discovered moon, Aegaeon, resides within the bright arc of G Ring and is trapped in the 7:6 mean-motion resonance with Mimas.[27] This means that it makes exactly seven revolutions around Saturn while Mimas makes exactly six. The moon is the largest among the population of bodies that are sources of dust in this ring.[51]
Ring shepherds
Janus and Epimetheus are
Other inner moons
Other inner moons that are neither ring shepherds nor ring moonlets include Atlas and Pandora.
Inner large
The innermost large moons of Saturn orbit within its tenuous E Ring, along with three smaller moons of the Alkyonides group.
- Mimas is the smallest and least massive of the inner round moons,[44] although its mass is sufficient to alter the orbit of Methone.[52] It is noticeably ovoid-shaped, having been made shorter at the poles and longer at the equator (by about 20 km) by the effects of Saturn's gravity.[53] Mimas has a large impact crater one-third its diameter, Herschel, situated on its leading hemisphere[54] Mimas has no known past or present geologic activity and its surface is dominated by impact craters, though it does have a water ocean 20-30 km beneath the surface.[55] The only tectonic features known are a few arcuate and linear troughs, which probably formed when Mimas was shattered by the Herschel impact.[54]
- geometrical albedo is more than 140%.[56]
- Tethys is the third largest of Saturn's inner moons.[44] Its most prominent features are a large (400 km diameter) impact crater named Odysseus on its leading hemisphere and a vast canyon system named Ithaca Chasma extending at least 270° around Tethys.[54] The Ithaca Chasma is concentric with Odysseus, and these two features may be related. Tethys appears to have no current geological activity. A heavily cratered hilly terrain occupies the majority of its surface, while a smaller and smoother plains region lies on the hemisphere opposite to that of Odysseus.[54] The plains contain fewer craters and are apparently younger. A sharp boundary separates them from the cratered terrain. There is also a system of extensional troughs radiating away from Odysseus.[54] The density of Tethys (0.985 g/cm3) is less than that of water, indicating that it is made mainly of water ice with only a small fraction of rock.[43]
- tectonic activity.[58] The troughs and lineaments are especially prominent on the trailing hemisphere, where several intersecting sets of fractures form what is called "wispy terrain".[58] The cratered plains have a few large impact craters reaching 250 km in diameter.[54] Smooth plains with low impact-crater counts are also present on a small fraction of its surface.[59] They were probably tectonically resurfaced relatively later in the geological history of Dione. At two locations within smooth plains strange landforms (depressions) resembling oblong impact craters have been identified, both of which lie at the centers of radiating networks of cracks and troughs;[59] these features may be cryovolcanic in origin. Dione may be geologically active even now, although on a scale much smaller than the cryovolcanism of Enceladus. This follows from Cassini magnetic measurements that show Dione is a net source of plasma in the magnetosphere of Saturn, much like Enceladus.[59]
Alkyonides
Three small moons orbit between Mimas and Enceladus:
Trojan
Trojan moons are a unique feature only known from the Saturnian system. A trojan body orbits at either the leading L4 or trailing L5
Outer large
These moons all orbit beyond the E Ring. They are:
- Uranus.[53] In 2005, Cassini detected a depletion of electrons in the plasma wake of Rhea, which forms when the co-rotating plasma of Saturn's magnetosphere is absorbed by the moon.[26] The depletion was hypothesized to be caused by the presence of dust-sized particles concentrated in a few faint equatorial rings.[26] Such a ring system would make Rhea the only moon in the Solar System known to have rings.[26] Subsequent targeted observations of the putative ring plane from several angles by Cassini's narrow-angle camera turned up no evidence of the expected ring material, leaving the origin of the plasma observations unresolved.[63] Otherwise Rhea has rather a typical heavily cratered surface,[54] with the exceptions of a few large Dione-type fractures (wispy terrain) on the trailing hemisphere[64] and a very faint "line" of material at the equator that may have been deposited by material deorbiting from present or former rings.[65] Rhea also has two very large impact basins on its anti-Saturnian hemisphere, which are about 400 and 500 km across.[64] The first, Tirawa, is roughly comparable to the Odysseus basin on Tethys.[54] There is also a 48 km-diameter impact crater called Inktomi[66][c] at 112°W that is prominent because of an extended system of bright rays,[67] which may be one of the youngest craters on the inner moons of Saturn.[64] No evidence of any endogenic activity has been discovered on the surface of Rhea.[64]
- comets, and not from the materials that formed Saturn in earlier times.[71] The surface of Titan, which is difficult to observe due to persistent atmospheric haze, shows only a few impact craters and is probably very young.[69] It contains a pattern of light and dark regions, flow channels and possibly cryovolcanos.[69][72] Some dark regions are covered by longitudinal dune fields shaped by tidal winds, where sand is made of frozen water or hydrocarbons.[73] Titan is the only body in the Solar System beside Earth with bodies of liquid on its surface, in the form of methane–ethane lakes in Titan's north and south polar regions.[74] The largest lake, Kraken Mare, is larger than the Caspian Sea.[75] Like Europa and Ganymede, it is believed that Titan has a subsurface ocean made of water mixed with ammonia, which can erupt to the surface of the moon and lead to cryovolcanism.[72] On July 2, 2014, NASA reported the ocean inside Titan may be "as salty as the Earth's Dead Sea".[76][77]
- Hyperion is Titan's nearest neighbor in the Saturn system. The two moons are locked in a 4:3 mean-motion resonance with each other, meaning that while Titan makes four revolutions around Saturn, Hyperion makes exactly three.[44] With an average diameter of about 270 km, Hyperion is smaller and lighter than Mimas.[78] It has an extremely irregular shape, and a very odd, tan-colored icy surface resembling a sponge, though its interior may be partially porous as well.[78] The average density of about 0.55 g/cm3[78] indicates that the porosity exceeds 40% even assuming it has a purely icy composition. The surface of Hyperion is covered with numerous impact craters—those with diameters 2–10 km are especially abundant.[78] It is the only moon besides the small moons of Pluto known to have a chaotic rotation, which means Hyperion has no well-defined poles or equator. While on short timescales the satellite approximately rotates around its long axis at a rate of 72–75° per day, on longer timescales its axis of rotation (spin vector) wanders chaotically across the sky.[78] This makes the rotational behavior of Hyperion essentially unpredictable.[79]
- sublimation from warmer regions and deposition of water vapor onto colder regions ensued. Iapetus's present two-toned appearance results from the contrast between the bright, primarily ice-coated areas and regions of dark lag, the residue left behind after the loss of surface ice.[82][83]
Irregular
Inuit
The Inuit group includes twelve
Gallic
The Gallic group includes seven prograde outer moons that are similar enough in their distance from the planet (200–300 radii of Saturn), their orbital inclination (35–40°) and their color that they can be considered a group.[31][42] They are Albiorix, Bebhionn, Erriapus, Tarvos,[42] Saturn LX,[86] S/2007 S 8, and S/2020 S 4.[84] The largest of these moons is Albiorix with an estimated size of about 32 km.[85]
Norse
All 100
- centaur that originated in the Kuiper belt.[30] It also serves as a source of material for the largest known ring of Saturn, which darkens the leading hemisphere of Iapetus (see above).[81]
Outlier prograde satellites
Three prograde moons of Saturn do not definitively belong to either the Inuit or Gallic groups.[1] S/2004 S 24 and S/2006 S 12 have similar orbital inclinations as the Gallic group, but have much more distant orbits with semi-major axes of ~400 Saturn radii and ~340 Saturn radii, respectively.[84][13][1] Whether S/2019 S 6 is in the Gallic group or Inuit group is disputed.[e]
List
Confirmed
The Saturnian moons are listed here by orbital period (or semi-major axis), from shortest to longest. Moons massive enough for their surfaces to have collapsed into a spheroid are highlighted in bold and marked with a blue background, while the irregular moons are listed in red, orange, green, and gray background. The orbits and mean distances of the irregular moons are strongly variable over short timescales due to frequent planetary and solar perturbations, so the orbital elements of irregular moons listed here are averaged over a 5,000-year numerical integration by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. These may sometimes strongly differ from the osculating orbital elements provided by other sources.[84][86] Their orbital elements are all based on a reference epoch of 1 January 2000.[84]
Key | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Small regular moons |
♠ Major moons |
♦ Inuit group |
♣ Gallic group |
‡ Norse group |
§ Outlier prograde irregular moons |
Label [f] |
Name | Pronunciation | Image | Abs. magn.[g] |
Diameter (km)[h] |
Orbital period (d)[j][k] | Inclination (°)[j][l] |
Eccentricity[j] | Position | Discovery year[95] |
Year announced | Discoverer[41][95] | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S/2009 S 1 | — | — | 0.3 | ≈ 0.0000071 | 116900 | 0.47150 | ≈ 0.0 | ≈ 0.000 | outer B Ring | 2009 | 2009 | Cassini[28] | ||
(moonlets) | — | — | 0.04–0.4 | < 0.000017 | ≈ 130000 | ≈ 0.55 | ≈ 0.0 | ≈ 0.000 | Three 1,000 km bands within A Ring[4] | 2006 | — | Cassini | ||
XVIII | Pan | /ˈpæn/ | 9.2 | 27.4 (34.6 × 28.2 × 21.0) |
4.30 | 133600 | +0.57505 | 0.0 | 0.000 | in Encke Division | 1990 | 1990 | Showalter
| |
XXXV | Daphnis | /ˈdæfnəs/ | — | 7.8 (9.8 × 8.4 × 5.6) |
0.068 | 136500 | +0.59408 | 0.0 | 0.000 | in Keeler Gap | 2005 | 2005 | Cassini | |
XV | Atlas | /ˈætləs/ | 8.5 | 29.8 (40.8 × 35.4 × 18.6) |
5.490 | 137700 | +0.60460 | 0.0 | 0.001 | 1980 | 1980 | Voyager 1 | ||
XVI | Prometheus | /proʊˈmiːθiəs/ | 6.7 | 85.6 (137 × 81 × 56) |
159.72 | 139400 | +0.61588 | 0.0 | 0.002 | F Ring shepherd | 1980 | 1980 | Voyager 1 | |
XVII | Pandora | /pænˈdɔːrə/ | 6.5 | 80.0 (103 × 79 × 63) |
135.7 | 141700 | +0.63137 | 0.0 | 0.004 | 1980 | 1980 | Voyager 1 | ||
XI | Epimetheus | /ɛpəˈmiːθiəs/ | 5.5 | 117.2 (130 × 116 × 107) |
525.607 | 151400 | +0.69701 | 0.3 | 0.020 | co-orbital with Janus | 1966 | 1967 | Fountain & Larson | |
X | Janus | /ˈdʒeɪnəs/ | 4.5 | 178.0 (203 × 186 × 149) |
1893.88 | 151500 | +0.69735 | 0.2 | 0.007 | co-orbital with Epimetheus | 1966 | 1967 | Dollfus | |
LIII | Aegaeon | /iːˈdʒiːɒn/ | — | 0.66 (1.4 × 0.5 × 0.4) |
0.0000782 | 167500 | +0.80812 | 0.0 | 0.000 | G Ring moonlet | 2008 | 2009 | Cassini | |
I | ♠Mimas | /ˈmaɪməs/ | 3.2 | 396.4 (416 × 393 × 381) |
37509.4 | 186000 | +0.94242 | 1.6 | 0.020 | 1789 | 1789 | Herschel | ||
XXXII | Methone | /məˈθoʊniː/ | — | 2.90 (3.88 × 2.58 × 2.42) |
0.00392 | 194700 | +1.00955 | 0.0 | 0.002 | Alkyonides | 2004 | 2004 | Cassini | |
XLIX | Anthe | /ˈænθiː/ | — | 1.8 | ≈ 0.0015 | 198100 | +1.03890 | 0.0 | 0.002 | Alkyonides | 2007 | 2007 | Cassini | |
XXXIII | Pallene | /pəˈliːniː/ | — | 4.46 (5.76 × 4.16 × 3.68) |
≈ 0.023 | 212300 | +1.15606 | 0.2 | 0.004 | Alkyonides | 2004 | 2004 | Cassini | |
II | ♠Enceladus | /ɛnˈsɛlədəs/ | 2.1 | 504.2 (513 × 503 × 497) |
108031.8 | 238400 | +1.37022 | 0.0 | 0.005 | Generates the E ring | 1789 | 1789 | Herschel | |
III | ♠Tethys | /ˈtiːθəs/ | 0.7 | 1062.2 (1077 × 1057 × 1053) |
617495.9 | 295000 | +1.88780 | 1.1 | 0.001 | 1684 | 1684 | Cassini | ||
XIII | Telesto | /təˈlɛstoʊ/ | 8.7 | 24.6 (33.2 × 23.4 × 19.2) |
≈ 3.9 | 295000 | +1.88780 | 1.2 | 0.001 | leading Tethys trojan (L4) | 1980 | 1980 | Smith et al. | |
XIV | Calypso | /kəˈlɪpsoʊ/ | 9.2 | 19.0 (29.4 × 18.6 × 12.8) |
≈ 1.8 | 295000 | +1.88780 | 1.5 | 0.001 | trailing Tethys trojan (L5) | 1980 | 1980 | Pascu et al. | |
XII | Helene | /ˈhɛləniː/ | 8.2 | 36.2 (45.2 × 39.2 × 26.6) |
7.1 | 377600 | +2.73692 | 0.2 | 0.007 | leading Dione trojan (L4) | 1980 | 1980 | Laques & Lecacheux | |
XXXIV | Polydeuces | /pɒliˈdjuːsiːz/ | — | 3.06 (3.50 × 3.10 × 2.62) |
≈ 0.0075 | 377600 | +2.73692 | 0.2 | 0.019 | trailing Dione trojan (L5) | 2004 | 2004 | Cassini | |
IV | ♠Dione | /daɪˈoʊniː/ | 0.8 | 1122.8 (1128 × 1123 × 1119) |
1095486.8 | 377700 | +2.73692 | 0.0 | 0.002 | 1684 | 1684 | Cassini | ||
V | ♠Rhea | /ˈreɪə/ | 0.1 | 1527.6 (1530 × 1526 × 1525) |
2306485.4 | 527200 | +4.51750 | 0.3 | 0.001 | 1672 | 1673 | Cassini | ||
VI | ♠Titan | /ˈtaɪtən/ | –1.3 | 5149.46 (5149 × 5149 × 5150) |
134518035.4 | 1221900 | +15.9454 | 0.3 | 0.029 | 1655 | 1656 | Huygens | ||
VII | Hyperion | /haɪˈpɪəriən/ | 4.8 | 270.0 (360 × 266 × 205) |
5551.0 | 1481500 | +21.2767 | 0.6 | 0.105 | in 4:3 resonance with Titan | 1848 | 1848 | Bond & Lassell | |
VIII | ♠Iapetus | /aɪˈæpətəs/ | 1.2 | 1468.6 (1491 × 1491 × 1424) |
1805659.1 | 3561700 | +79.3310 | 7.6 | 0.028 | 1671 | 1673 | Cassini | ||
♦S/2019 S 1 | — | 15.3 | ≈ 6 | ≈ 0.11 | 11245400 | +445.51 | 49.5 | 0.384 | Inuit group (Kiviuq) | 2019 | 2021 | Ashton et al. | ||
XXIV | ♦Kiviuq | /ˈkɪviək/ | 12.7 | ≈ 19 | ≈ 3.6 | 11307300 | +449.13 | 48.9 | 0.182 | Inuit group (Kiviuq) | 2000 | 2000 | Gladman et al. | |
♦S/2005 S 4 | — | 15.7 | ≈ 5 | ≈ 0.065 | 11324500 | +450.22 | 48.0 | 0.315 | Inuit group (Kiviuq) | 2005 | 2023 | Sheppard et al. | ||
♦S/2020 S 1 | — | 15.9 | ≈ 4 | ≈ 0.034 | 11338700 | +451.10 | 48.2 | 0.337 | Inuit group (Kiviuq) | 2020 | 2023 | Ashton et al. | ||
XXII | ♦Ijiraq | /ˈiːɪrɒk/ | 13.3 | ≈ 15 | ≈ 1.8 | 11344600 | +451.46 | 49.2 | 0.353 | Inuit group (Kiviuq) | 2000 | 2000 | Gladman et al. | |
IX | ‡Phoebe | /ˈfiːbi/ | 6.7 | 213.0 (219 × 217 × 204) |
8312.3 | 12929400 | −550.30 | 175.2 | 0.164 | Norse group (Phoebe) | 1898 | 1899 | Pickering | |
‡S/2006 S 20 | — | 15.7 | ≈ 5 | ≈ 0.065 | 13193800 | −567.27 | 173.1 | 0.206 | Norse group (Phoebe) | 2006 | 2023 | Sheppard et al. | ||
‡S/2006 S 9 | — | 16.5 | ≈ 3 | ≈ 0.014 | 14406600 | −647.89 | 173.0 | 0.248 | Norse group (Phoebe) | 2006 | 2023 | Sheppard et al. | ||
XX | ♦Paaliaq | /ˈpɑːliɒk/ | 11.7 | ≈ 30 | ≈ 14 | 14997300 | +687.08 | 47.1 | 0.384 | Inuit group (Paaliaq) | 2000 | 2000 | Gladman et al. | |
XXVII | ‡Skathi | /ˈskɑːði/ | 14.4 | ≈ 9 | ≈ 0.38 | 15575100 | −728.10 | 149.7 | 0.265 | Norse group | 2000 | 2000 | Gladman et al. | |
‡S/2007 S 5 | — | 16.2 | ≈ 4 | ≈ 0.034 | 15835700 | −746.88 | 158.4 | 0.104 | Norse group | 2007 | 2023 | Sheppard et al. | ||
‡S/2007 S 7 | — | 16.2 | ≈ 4 | ≈ 0.034 | 15931700 | −754.29 | 169.2 | 0.217 | Norse group | 2007 | 2023 | Sheppard et al. | ||
‡S/2007 S 2 | — | 15.6 | ≈ 5 | ≈ 0.065 | 15939100 | −754.90 | 174.1 | 0.232 | Norse group | 2007 | 2007 | Sheppard et al. | ||
‡S/2004 S 37 | — | 15.9 | ≈ 4 | ≈ 0.034 | 15940400 | −754.48 | 158.2 | 0.447 | Norse group | 2004 | 2019 | Sheppard et al. | ||
‡S/2004 S 47 | — | 16.3 | ≈ 4 | ≈ 0.034 | 16050600 | −762.49 | 160.9 | 0.291 | Norse group | 2004 | 2023 | Sheppard et al. | ||
‡S/2004 S 40 | — | 16.3 | ≈ 4 | ≈ 0.034 | 16075600 | −764.60 | 169.2 | 0.297 | Norse group | 2004 | 2023 | Sheppard et al. | ||
XXVI | ♣Albiorix | /ˌælbiˈɒrɪks/ | 11.2 | 28.6 | ≈ 12 | 16329100 | +783.49 | 38.9 | 0.470 | Gallic group | 2000 | 2000 | Holman | |
‡S/2019 S 2 | — | 16.5 | ≈ 3 | ≈ 0.014 | 16559900 | −799.82 | 173.3 | 0.279 | Norse group | 2019 | 2023 | Ashton et al. | ||
XXXVII | ♣Bebhionn | /ˈbeɪvɪn/ | 15.0 | ≈ 7 | ≈ 0.18 | 17028900 | +834.94 | 37.4 | 0.482 | Gallic group | 2004 | 2005 | Sheppard et al. | |
♣S/2007 S 8 | — | 16.0 | ≈ 4 | ≈ 0.034 | 17049000 | +836.90 | 36.2 | 0.490 | Gallic group | 2007 | 2023 | Sheppard et al. | ||
LX | ♣ S/2004 S 29 |
— | 15.8 | ≈ 5 | ≈ 0.065 | 17063900 | +837.78 | 38.6 | 0.485 | Gallic group | 2004 | 2019 | Sheppard et al. | |
‡S/2019 S 3 | — | 16.2 | ≈ 4 | ≈ 0.034 | 17077200 | −837.74 | 166.9 | 0.249 | Norse group | 2019 | 2023 | Ashton et al. | ||
‡S/2020 S 7 | — | 16.8 | ≈ 3 | ≈ 0.014 | 17400000 | −861.70 | 161.5 | 0.500 | Norse group | 2020 | 2023 | Ashton et al. | ||
♦S/2004 S 31 | — | 15.6 | ≈ 5 | ≈ 0.065 | 17497300 | +866.10 | 48.1 | 0.159 | Inuit group (Siarnaq) | 2004 | 2019 | Sheppard et al. | ||
XXVIII | ♣Erriapus | /ɛriˈæpəs/ | 13.7 | ≈ 12 | ≈ 0.95 | 17507200 | +871.10 | 38.7 | 0.462 | Gallic group | 2000 | 2000 | Gladman et al. | |
XLVII | ‡Skoll | /ˈskɒl/ | 15.4 | ≈ 6 | ≈ 0.11 | 17625700 | −878.44 | 158.4 | 0.470 | Norse group | 2006 | 2006 | Sheppard et al. | |
LII | ♦Tarqeq | /ˈtɑːrkeɪk/ | 14.8 | ≈ 7 | ≈ 0.18 | 17748200 | +884.98 | 49.7 | 0.119 | Inuit group (Siarnaq) | 2007 | 2007 | Sheppard et al. | |
♦S/2019 S 14 | — | 16.3 | ≈ 4 | ≈ 0.034 | 17853000 | +893.14 | 46.2 | 0.172 | Inuit group (Siarnaq) | 2019 | 2023 | Ashton et al. | ||
‡S/2020 S 2 | — | 16.9 | ≈ 3 | ≈ 0.014 | 17869300 | −897.60 | 170.7 | 0.152 | Norse group | 2020 | 2023 | Ashton et al. | ||
XXIX | ♦Siarnaq | /ˈsiːɑːrnək/ | 10.6 | 39.3 | ≈ 32 | 17880800 | +895.87 | 48.2 | 0.311 | Inuit group (Siarnaq) | 2000 | 2000 | Gladman et al. | |
‡S/2019 S 4 | — | 16.5 | ≈ 3 | ≈ 0.014 | 17956700 | −904.26 | 170.1 | 0.409 | Norse group | 2019 | 2023 | Ashton et al. | ||
♦S/2020 S 3 | — | 16.4 | ≈ 3 | ≈ 0.014 | 18054700 | +907.99 | 46.1 | 0.144 | Inuit group (Siarnaq) | 2020 | 2023 | Ashton et al. | ||
‡S/2004 S 41 | — | 16.3 | ≈ 4 | ≈ 0.034 | 18095000 | −914.61 | 165.7 | 0.300 | Norse group | 2004 | 2023 | Sheppard et al. | ||
XXI | ♣Tarvos | /ˈtɑːrvəs/ | 13.1 | ≈ 16 | ≈ 2.1 | 18215100 | +926.37 | 38.6 | 0.528 | Gallic group | 2000 | 2000 | Gladman et al. | |
♣S/2020 S 4 | — | 17.0 | ≈ 3 | ≈ 0.014 | 18235500 | +926.92 | 40.1 | 0.495 | Gallic group | 2020 | 2023 | Ashton et al. | ||
‡S/2004 S 42 | — | 16.1 | ≈ 4 | ≈ 0.034 | 18240800 | −925.91 | 165.7 | 0.158 | Norse group | 2004 | 2023 | Sheppard et al. | ||
XLIV | ‡Hyrrokkin | /hɪˈrɒkən/ | 14.3 | ≈ 9 | ≈ 0.38 | 18342600 | −931.89 | 150.3 | 0.331 | Norse group | 2004 | 2005 | Sheppard et al. | |
LI | ‡Greip | /ˈɡreɪp/ | 15.3 | ≈ 6 | ≈ 0.11 | 18380400 | −936.98 | 173.4 | 0.317 | Norse group | 2006 | 2006 | Sheppard et al. | |
♦S/2020 S 5 | — | 16.6 | ≈ 3 | ≈ 0.014 | 18391300 | +933.88 | 48.2 | 0.220 | Inuit group (Siarnaq) | 2020 | 2023 | Ashton et al. | ||
‡S/2004 S 13 | — | 16.3 | ≈ 4 | ≈ 0.034 | 18453300 | −942.57 | 169.0 | 0.265 | Norse group | 2004 | 2005 | Sheppard et al. | ||
‡S/2007 S 6 | — | 16.4 | ≈ 3 | ≈ 0.014 | 18544900 | −949.50 | 166.5 | 0.169 | Norse group | 2007 | 2023 | Sheppard et al. | ||
XXV | ‡Mundilfari | /mʊndəlˈværi/ | 14.6 | ≈ 8 | ≈ 0.27 | 18590300 | −952.95 | 168.4 | 0.210 | Norse group | 2000 | 2000 | Gladman et al. | |
‡S/2006 S 1 | — | 15.6 | ≈ 5 | ≈ 0.065 | 18745000 | −964.14 | 156.0 | 0.105 | Norse group | 2006 | 2006 | Sheppard et al. | ||
‡S/2004 S 43 | — | 16.3 | ≈ 4 | ≈ 0.034 | 18935000 | −980.08 | 171.1 | 0.432 | Norse group | 2004 | 2023 | Sheppard et al. | ||
‡S/2006 S 10 | — | 16.4 | ≈ 3 | ≈ 0.014 | 18979900 | −983.14 | 161.6 | 0.151 | Norse group | 2006 | 2023 | Sheppard et al. | ||
‡S/2019 S 5 | — | 16.6 | ≈ 3 | ≈ 0.014 | 19076900 | −990.38 | 158.8 | 0.215 | Norse group | 2019 | 2023 | Ashton et al. | ||
LIV | ‡Gridr | /ˈɡriːðər/ | 15.8 | ≈ 5 | ≈ 0.065 | 19250700 | −1004.75 | 163.9 | 0.187 | Norse group | 2004 | 2019 | Sheppard et al. | |
XXXVIII | ‡Bergelmir | /bɛərˈjɛlmɪər/ | 15.2 | ≈ 6 | ≈ 0.11 | 19269100 | −1005.58 | 158.7 | 0.144 | Norse group | 2004 | 2005 | Sheppard et al. | |
L | ‡Jarnsaxa | /jɑːrnˈsæksə/ | 15.6 | ≈ 5 | ≈ 0.065 | 19279700 | −1006.92 | 163.0 | 0.219 | Norse group | 2006 | 2006 | Sheppard et al. | |
XXXI | ‡Narvi | /ˈnɑːrvi/ | 14.5 | ≈ 8 | ≈ 0.27 | 19286500 | −1003.84 | 143.7 | 0.449 | Norse group | 2003 | 2003 | Sheppard et al. | |
XXIII | ‡Suttungr | /ˈsʊtʊŋɡər/ | 14.6 | ≈ 8 | ≈ 0.27 | 19391700 | −1016.71 | 175.0 | 0.116 | Norse group | 2000 | 2000 | Gladman et al. | |
‡S/2007 S 3 | — | 15.7 | ≈ 5 | ≈ 0.065 | 19513700 | −1026.35 | 175.6 | 0.162 | Norse group | 2007 | 2007 | Sheppard et al. | ||
‡S/2004 S 44 | — | 15.8 | ≈ 5 | ≈ 0.065 | 19515400 | −1026.16 | 167.7 | 0.129 | Norse group | 2004 | 2023 | Sheppard et al. | ||
§S/2006 S 12 | — | 16.2 | ≈ 4 | ≈ 0.034 | 19569800 | +1035.05 | 38.6 | 0.542 | Gallic group?[m] | 2006 | 2023 | Sheppard et al. | ||
‡S/2004 S 45 | — | 16.0 | ≈ 4 | ≈ 0.034 | 19693600 | −1038.70 | 154.0 | 0.551 | Norse group | 2004 | 2023 | Sheppard et al. | ||
XLIII | ‡Hati | /ˈhɑːti/ | 15.4 | ≈ 6 | ≈ 0.11 | 19697100 | −1040.29 | 164.1 | 0.375 | Norse group | 2004 | 2005 | Sheppard et al. | |
‡S/2004 S 17 | — | 16.0 | ≈ 4 | ≈ 0.034 | 19699300 | −1040.86 | 167.9 | 0.162 | Norse group | 2004 | 2005 | Sheppard et al. | ||
‡S/2006 S 11 | — | 16.5 | ≈ 3 | ≈ 0.014 | 19711900 | −1042.28 | 174.1 | 0.144 | Norse group | 2004 | 2023 | Sheppard et al. | ||
‡S/2004 S 12 | — | 15.9 | ≈ 4 | ≈ 0.034 | 19801200 | −1048.57 | 164.7 | 0.337 | Norse group | 2004 | 2005 | Sheppard et al. | ||
LIX | ‡Eggther | /ˈɛɡθɛər/ | 15.4 | ≈ 6 | ≈ 0.11 | 19844700 | −1052.33 | 165.0 | 0.157 | Norse group | 2004 | 2019 | Sheppard et al. | |
‡S/2006 S 13 | — | 16.1 | ≈ 4 | ≈ 0.034 | 19953800 | −1060.63 | 162.0 | 0.313 | Norse group | 2006 | 2023 | Sheppard et al. | ||
§S/2019 S 6 | — | 16.1 | ≈ 4 | ≈ 0.034 | 20048600 | +1066.40 | 41.3 | 0.259 | Inuit/Gallic group[e] | 2019 | 2023 | Ashton et al. | ||
‡S/2007 S 9 | — | 16.1 | ≈ 4 | ≈ 0.034 | 20174600 | −1078.07 | 159.3 | 0.360 | Norse group | 2007 | 2023 | Sheppard et al. | ||
‡S/2019 S 7 | — | 16.3 | ≈ 4 | ≈ 0.034 | 20181300 | −1080.29 | 174.2 | 0.232 | Norse group | 2019 | 2023 | Ashton et al. | ||
‡S/2019 S 8 | — | 16.3 | ≈ 4 | ≈ 0.034 | 20284400 | −1088.68 | 172.8 | 0.311 | Norse group | 2019 | 2023 | Ashton et al. | ||
XL | ‡Farbauti | /fɑːrˈbaʊti/ | 15.8 | ≈ 5 | ≈ 0.065 | 20292500 | −1087.29 | 157.7 | 0.248 | Norse group | 2004 | 2005 | Sheppard et al. | |
XXX | ‡Thrymr | /ˈθrɪmər/ | 14.3 | ≈ 9 | ≈ 0.38 | 20326500 | −1091.84 | 174.8 | 0.467 | Norse group | 2000 | 2000 | Gladman et al. | |
XXXIX | ‡Bestla | /ˈbɛstlə/ | 14.6 | ≈ 8 | ≈ 0.27 | 20337900 | −1087.46 | 136.3 | 0.461 | Norse group | 2004 | 2005 | Sheppard et al. | |
‡S/2019 S 9 | — | 16.3 | ≈ 4 | ≈ 0.034 | 20359000 | −1093.11 | 159.5 | 0.433 | Norse group | 2019 | 2023 | Ashton et al. | ||
‡S/2004 S 46 | — | 16.4 | ≈ 3 | ≈ 0.014 | 20513000 | −1107.58 | 177.2 | 0.249 | Norse group | 2004 | 2023 | Sheppard et al. | ||
LV | ‡Angrboda | /ˈɑːŋɡərboʊðə/ | 16.2 | ≈ 4 | ≈ 0.034 | 20591000 | −1114.05 | 177.4 | 0.216 | Norse group | 2004 | 2019 | Sheppard et al. | |
‡S/2019 S 11 | — | 16.2 | ≈ 4 | ≈ 0.034 | 20663700 | −1115.00 | 144.6 | 0.513 | Norse group | 2019 | 2023 | Ashton et al. | ||
XXXVI | ‡Aegir | /ˈaɪ.ɪər/ | 15.5 | ≈ 5 | ≈ 0.065 | 20664600 | −1119.33 | 166.9 | 0.255 | Norse group | 2004 | 2005 | Sheppard et al. | |
LXI | ‡Beli | /ˈbiːli/ | 16.1 | ≈ 4 | ≈ 0.034 | 20703800 | −1121.76 | 158.9 | 0.087 | Norse group | 2004 | 2019 | Sheppard et al. | |
‡S/2019 S 10 | — | 16.7 | ≈ 3 | ≈ 0.014 | 20713400 | −1123.04 | 163.9 | 0.249 | Norse group | 2019 | 2023 | Ashton et al. | ||
‡S/2019 S 12 | — | 16.3 | ≈ 4 | ≈ 0.034 | 20904500 | −1138.85 | 167.1 | 0.476 | Norse group | 2019 | 2023 | Ashton et al. | ||
LVII | ‡Gerd | /ˈjɛərð/ | 15.9 | ≈ 4 | ≈ 0.034 | 20947500 | −1142.97 | 174.4 | 0.517 | Norse group | 2004 | 2019 | Sheppard et al. | |
‡S/2019 S 13 | — | 16.7 | ≈ 3 | ≈ 0.014 | 20965800 | −1144.92 | 177.3 | 0.318 | Norse group | 2019 | 2023 | Ashton et al. | ||
‡S/2006 S 14 | — | 16.5 | ≈ 3 | ≈ 0.014 | 21062100 | −1152.68 | 166.7 | 0.060 | Norse group | 2006 | 2023 | Sheppard et al. | ||
LXII | ‡Gunnlod | /ˈɡʊnlɒð/ | 15.6 | ≈ 5 | ≈ 0.065 | 21141900 | −1157.98 | 160.4 | 0.251 | Norse group | 2004 | 2019 | Sheppard et al. | |
‡S/2019 S 15 | — | 16.6 | ≈ 3 | ≈ 0.014 | 21189700 | −1161.54 | 157.7 | 0.257 | Norse group | 2019 | 2023 | Ashton et al. | ||
‡S/2020 S 6 | — | 16.6 | ≈ 3 | ≈ 0.014 | 21265300 | −1168.86 | 166.9 | 0.481 | Norse group | 2020 | 2023 | Ashton et al. | ||
‡S/2004 S 7 | — | 15.6 | ≈ 5 | ≈ 0.065 | 21328200 | −1173.93 | 164.9 | 0.511 | Norse group | 2004 | 2005 | Sheppard et al. | ||
‡S/2006 S 3 | — | 15.6 | ≈ 5 | ≈ 0.065 | 21353000 | −1174.76 | 156.1 | 0.432 | Norse group | 2006 | 2006 | Sheppard et al. | ||
‡S/2005 S 5 | — | 16.4 | ≈ 3 | ≈ 0.014 | 21366200 | −1177.82 | 169.5 | 0.588 | Norse group | 2005 | 2023 | Sheppard et al. | ||
LVI | ‡Skrymir | /ˈskrɪmɪər/ | 15.6 | ≈ 5 | ≈ 0.065 | 21448000 | −1185.15 | 175.6 | 0.437 | Norse group | 2004 | 2019 | Sheppard et al. | |
‡S/2006 S 16 | — | 16.5 | ≈ 3 | ≈ 0.014 | 21720700 | −1207.52 | 164.1 | 0.204 | Norse group | 2006 | 2023 | Sheppard et al. | ||
‡S/2006 S 15 | — | 16.2 | ≈ 4 | ≈ 0.034 | 21799400 | −1213.96 | 161.1 | 0.117 | Norse group | 2006 | 2023 | Sheppard et al. | ||
‡S/2004 S 28 | — | 15.8 | ≈ 5 | ≈ 0.065 | 21865900 | −1220.68 | 167.9 | 0.159 | Norse group | 2004 | 2019 | Sheppard et al. | ||
‡S/2020 S 8 | — | 16.4 | ≈ 3 | ≈ 0.014 | 21966700 | −1228.12 | 161.8 | 0.252 | Norse group | 2020 | 2023 | Ashton et al. | ||
LXV | ‡Alvaldi | /ɔːlˈvɔːldi/ | 15.6 | ≈ 5 | ≈ 0.065 | 21995600 | −1232.19 | 177.4 | 0.238 | Norse group | 2004 | 2019 | Sheppard et al. | |
XLV | ‡Kari | /ˈkɑːri/ | 14.5 | ≈ 8 | ≈ 0.27 | 22029700 | −1231.01 | 153.0 | 0.482 | Norse group | 2006 | 2006 | Sheppard et al. | |
‡S/2004 S 48 | — | 16.0 | ≈ 4 | ≈ 0.034 | 22136700 | −1242.40 | 161.9 | 0.374 | Norse group | 2004 | 2023 | Sheppard et al. | ||
LXVI | ‡Geirrod | /ˈjeɪrɒd/ | 15.9 | ≈ 4 | ≈ 0.034 | 22259500 | −1251.14 | 154.4 | 0.539 | Norse group | 2004 | 2019 | Sheppard et al. | |
XLI | ‡Fenrir | /ˈfɛnrɪər/ | 15.9 | ≈ 4 | ≈ 0.034 | 22331800 | −1260.25 | 164.3 | 0.136 | Norse group | 2004 | 2005 | Sheppard et al. | |
‡S/2004 S 50 | — | 16.4 | ≈ 3 | ≈ 0.014 | 22346000 | −1260.44 | 164.0 | 0.450 | Norse group | 2004 | 2023 | Sheppard et al. | ||
‡S/2006 S 17 | — | 16.0 | ≈ 4 | ≈ 0.034 | 22384900 | −1264.58 | 168.7 | 0.425 | Norse group | 2006 | 2023 | Sheppard et al. | ||
‡S/2004 S 49 | — | 16.0 | ≈ 4 | ≈ 0.034 | 22399700 | −1264.25 | 159.7 | 0.453 | Norse group | 2004 | 2023 | Sheppard et al. | ||
‡S/2019 S 17 | — | 15.9 | ≈ 4 | ≈ 0.034 | 22724100 | −1291.39 | 155.5 | 0.546 | Norse group | 2019 | 2023 | Ashton et al. | ||
XLVIII | ‡Surtur | /ˈsɜːrtər/ | 15.8 | ≈ 5 | ≈ 0.065 | 22753800 | −1296.49 | 168.3 | 0.449 | Norse group | 2006 | 2006 | Sheppard et al. | |
‡S/2006 S 18 | — | 16.1 | ≈ 4 | ≈ 0.034 | 22760700 | −1298.40 | 169.5 | 0.131 | Norse group | 2006 | 2023 | Sheppard et al. | ||
XLVI | ‡Loge | /ˈlɔɪ.eɪ/ | 15.4 | ≈ 6 | ≈ 0.11 | 22918300 | −1311.83 | 166.9 | 0.192 | Norse group | 2006 | 2006 | Sheppard et al. | |
XIX | ‡Ymir | /ˈiːmɪər/ | 12.4 | ≈ 22 | ≈ 5.6 | 22957100 | −1315.16 | 173.1 | 0.337 | Norse group | 2000 | 2000 | Gladman et al. | |
‡S/2019 S 19 | — | 16.5 | ≈ 3 | ≈ 0.014 | 23047200 | −1318.05 | 151.8 | 0.458 | Norse group | 2019 | 2023 | Ashton et al. | ||
‡S/2004 S 21 | — | 16.2 | ≈ 4 | ≈ 0.034 | 23123500 | −1325.43 | 153.2 | 0.394 | Norse group | 2004 | 2019 | Sheppard et al. | ||
‡S/2019 S 18 | — | 16.6 | ≈ 3 | ≈ 0.014 | 23140700 | −1327.06 | 154.6 | 0.509 | Norse group | 2019 | 2023 | Ashton et al. | ||
‡S/2004 S 39 | — | 16.1 | ≈ 4 | ≈ 0.034 | 23195400 | −1336.17 | 165.9 | 0.101 | Norse group | 2004 | 2019 | Sheppard et al. | ||
‡S/2019 S 16 | — | 16.7 | ≈ 3 | ≈ 0.014 | 23266700 | −1341.17 | 162.0 | 0.250 | Norse group | 2019 | 2023 | Ashton et al. | ||
‡S/2004 S 53 | — | 16.2 | ≈ 4 | ≈ 0.034 | 23279800 | −1342.44 | 162.6 | 0.240 | Norse group | 2004 | 2023 | Sheppard et al. | ||
§S/2004 S 24 | — | 16.0 | ≈ 4 | ≈ 0.034 | 23338900 | +1341.33 | 37.4 | 0.071 | Gallic group?[m] | 2004 | 2019 | Sheppard et al. | ||
‡S/2004 S 36 | — | 16.1 | ≈ 4 | ≈ 0.034 | 23430300 | −1352.93 | 153.3 | 0.625 | Norse group | 2004 | 2019 | Sheppard et al. | ||
LXIII | ‡Thiazzi | /θiˈætsi/ | 15.9 | ≈ 4 | ≈ 0.034 | 23577500 | −1366.68 | 158.8 | 0.511 | Norse group | 2004 | 2019 | Sheppard et al. | |
‡S/2019 S 20 | — | 16.7 | ≈ 3 | ≈ 0.014 | 23678600 | −1375.45 | 156.1 | 0.354 | Norse group | 2019 | 2023 | Ashton et al. | ||
‡S/2006 S 19 | — | 16.1 | ≈ 4 | ≈ 0.034 | 23801100 | −1389.33 | 175.5 | 0.467 | Norse group | 2006 | 2023 | Sheppard et al. | ||
LXIV | ‡ S/2004 S 34 |
— | 16.2 | ≈ 4 | ≈ 0.034 | 24145500 | −1420.77 | 168.3 | 0.279 | Norse group | 2004 | 2019 | Sheppard et al. | |
XLII | ‡Fornjot | /ˈfɔːrnjɒt/ | 15.1 | ≈ 6 | ≈ 0.11 | 24937300 | −1494.03 | 169.5 | 0.214 | Norse group | 2004 | 2005 | Sheppard et al. | |
‡S/2004 S 51 | — | 16.1 | ≈ 4 | ≈ 0.034 | 25208200 | −1519.43 | 171.2 | 0.201 | Norse group | 2004 | 2023 | Sheppard et al. | ||
‡S/2020 S 10 | — | 16.9 | ≈ 3 | ≈ 0.014 | 25314800 | −1527.22 | 165.6 | 0.295 | Norse group | 2020 | 2023 | Ashton et al. | ||
‡S/2020 S 9 | — | 16.0 | ≈ 4 | ≈ 0.034 | 25434100 | −1534.97 | 161.4 | 0.531 | Norse group | 2020 | 2023 | Ashton et al. | ||
LVIII | ‡ S/2004 S 26 |
— | 15.7 | ≈ 5 | ≈ 0.065 | 26097100 | −1603.95 | 172.9 | 0.148 | Norse group | 2004 | 2019 | Sheppard et al. | |
‡S/2019 S 21 | — | 16.2 | ≈ 4 | ≈ 0.034 | 26439000 | −1636.32 | 171.9 | 0.155 | Norse group | 2019 | 2023 | Ashton et al. | ||
‡S/2004 S 52 | — | 16.5 | ≈ 3 | ≈ 0.014 | 26448100 | −1633.98 | 165.3 | 0.292 | Norse group | 2004 | 2023 | Sheppard et al. |
Unconfirmed
These F Ring moonlets listed in the following table (observed by Cassini) have not been confirmed as solid bodies. It is not yet clear if these are real satellites or merely persistent clumps within the F Ring.[23]
Name | Image | Diameter (km) | Semi-major axis (km)[52] |
Orbital period (d)[52] |
Position | Discovery year | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S/2004 S 3 and S 4[n] | ≈ 3–5 | ≈ 140300 | ≈ +0.619 | uncertain objects around the F Ring | 2004 | Were undetected in thorough imaging of the region in November 2004, making their existence improbable | |
S/2004 S 6 | ≈ 3–5 | ≈ 140130 | +0.61801 | 2004 | Consistently detected into 2005, may be surrounded by fine dust and have a very small physical core |
Spurious
Two moons were claimed to be discovered by different astronomers but never seen again. Both moons were said to orbit between Titan and Hyperion.[96]
- Chiron which was supposedly sighted by Hermann Goldschmidt in 1861, but never observed by anyone else.[96]
- Themis was allegedly discovered in 1905 by astronomer William Pickering, but never seen again. Nevertheless, it was included in numerous almanacs and astronomy books until the 1960s.[96]
Hypothetical
In 2022, scientists of the
Temporary
Much like Jupiter, asteroids and comets will infrequently make close approaches to Saturn, even more infrequently becoming captured into orbit of the planet. The comet P/2020 F1 (Leonard) is calculated to have made a close approach of 978000±65000 km (608000±40000 mi) to Saturn on 8 May 1936, closer than the orbit of Titan to the planet, with an orbital eccentricity of only 1.098±0.007. The comet may have been orbiting Saturn prior to this as a temporary satellite, but difficulty modelling the non-gravitational forces makes whether or not it was indeed a temporary satellite uncertain.[99]
Other comets and asteroids may have temporarily orbited Saturn at some point, but none are presently known to have.
Formation
It is thought that the Saturnian system of Titan, mid-sized moons, and rings developed from a set-up closer to the
See also
Notes
- ^ 62 moons were announced 3–16 May, 2023: S/2020 S 1, S/2006 S 9, S/2007 S 5, S/2004 S 40, S/2019 S 2, S/2019 S 3, S/2020 S 2, S/2020 S 3, S/2019 S 4, S/2004 S 41, S/2020 S 4, S/2020 S 5, S/2007 S 6, S/2004 S 42, S/2006 S 10, S/2019 S 5, S/2004 S 43, S/2004 S 44, S/2004 S 45, S/2006 S 11, S/2006 S 12, S/2019 S 6, S/2006 S 13, S/2019 S 7, S/2019 S 8, S/2019 S 9, S/2004 S 46, S/2019 S 10, S/2004 S 47, S/2019 S 11, S/2006 S 14, S/2019 S 12, S/2020 S 6, S/2019 S 13, S/2005 S 4, S/2007 S 7, S/2007 S 8, S/2020 S 7, S/2019 S 14, S/2019 S 15, S/2005 S 5, S/2006 S 15, S/2006 S 16, S/2006 S 17, S/2004 S 48, S/2020 S 8, S/2004 S 49, S/2004 S 50, S/2006 S 18, S/2019 S 16, S/2019 S 17, S/2019 S 18, S/2019 S 19, S/2019 S 20, S/2006 S 19, S/2004 S 51, S/2020 S 9, S/2004 S 52, S/2007 S 9, S/2004 S 53, S/2020 S 10, and S/2019 S 21 which were published in MPECs 2023-J21 to 2023-K05. One more moon, S/2006 S 20, was announced on 23 May 2023, which brings the final count to 146.[2][1]
- ^ The mass of the rings is about the mass of Mimas,[11] whereas the combined mass of Janus, Hyperion and Phoebe—the most massive of the remaining moons—is about one-third of that. The total mass of the rings and small moons is around 5.5×1019 kg.
- ^ Inktomi was once known as "The Splat".[67]
- ^ The photometric color may be used as a proxy for the chemical composition of satellites' surfaces.
- ^ a b JPL's mean orbital elements suggest an inclination that is similar to those of the Gallic group; however other sources say it belongs to the Inuit group.
- Roman numeral.[41]The eight moons that were known before 1850 are numbered in order of their distance from Saturn; the rest are numbered in the order by which they received their permanent designations. Many small moons have not yet received a permanent designation.
- ^ Absolute magnitudes of regular satellites are calculated from their mean diameters and geometric albedos given in NASA's Saturnian Satellite Fact Sheet.[45] Absolute magnitude estimates for some small inner moons are not available as they do not have measured geometric albedos. Absolute magnitudes of irregular satellites were taken from the Minor Planet Center's Natural Satellites Ephemeris Service.[90] Calculations were made with NASA/JPL's Asteroid Size Estimator.[91]
- ^ The diameters and dimensions of the small inner moons, from Pan to Helene, are taken from Thomas et al., 2020, Table 1.[92] Diameters and dimensions of Mimas, Enceladus, Tethys, Dione, Rhea, Iapetus, and Phoebe are from Thomas 2010, Table 1.[43] Diameters of Siarnaq and Albiorix are from Grav et al., 2015, Table 3.[85] The approximate sizes of all other irregular satellites are calculated from their absolute magnitudes with an assumed geometric albedo of 0.04,[91] which is the average value for that population.[85]
- ^ Masses of the large round moons, including Hyperion, Phoebe, and Helene, were taken from Jacobson et al., 2022, Table 5.[93] Masses of Atlas, Prometheus, Pandora, Epimetheus, and Janus were taken from Lainey et al., 2023, Table 1.[94] Masses of Pan, Daphnis, Aegaeon, Methone, and Pallene were taken from Thomas et al., 2020, Table 2.[92] Masses of other regular satellites were calculated by multiplying their volumes with an assumed density of 500 kg/m3 (0.5 g/cm3), while masses of irregular satellites were calculated with an assumed density of 1000 kg/m3 (1.0 g/cm3).
- ^ a b c d Time-averaged orbital elements of all satellites were taken from JPL Solar System Dynamics.[84]
- retrograde orbitaround Saturn (opposite to the planet's rotation). Orbital periods of irregular satellites may not directly correlate with their semi-major axes due to perturbations.
- ^ Orbital inclinations of regular satellites and Phoebe are with respect to the Laplace plane. Orbital inclinations of irregular satellites are with respect to the ecliptic.[84]
- ^ a b May be part of the Gallic group because it has a similar inclination; however, it has a more distant semi-major axis.[1]
- ^ S/2004 S 4 was most likely a transient clump—it has not been recovered since the first sighting.[23]
References
- ^ . 100.
- ^ a b c "MPEC 2023-K118 : S/2006 S 20". Minor Planet Electronic Circulars. Minor Planet Center. 23 May 2023. Retrieved 23 May 2023.
- ^ a b c Sheppard, Scott S. "Moons of Saturn". Earth & Planets Laboratory. Carnegie Institution for Science. Retrieved 21 August 2022.
- ^ S2CID 28620198.
- ^ S2CID 236974160.
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External links
- Scott S. Sheppard: Saturn Moons
- "Simulation showing the position of Saturn's Moon". Archived from the original on 23 August 2011. Retrieved 26 May 2010.
- "Saturn's Rings". NASA's Solar System Exploration. Archived from the original on 27 May 2010. Retrieved 26 May 2010.
- "Saturn's Moons". Astronomy Cast episode No. 61, includes full transcript. Retrieved 26 May 2010.
- Carolyn Porco. Fly me to the moons of Saturn. Retrieved 26 May 2010.
- Rotate and Spin Maps of 7 Moons at The New York Times
- Planetary Society blog post (2017-05-17) by Emily Lakdawallawith images giving comparative sizes of the moons
- Tilmann Denk: Outer Moons of Saturn