List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

vibrational bands
of several molecules labelled in colour

This is a list of molecules that have been detected in the interstellar medium and circumstellar envelopes, grouped by the number of component atoms. The chemical formula is listed for each detected compound, along with any ionized form that has also been observed.

Background

linear molecule
. is the
rotational constant
of the molecule, is the rotational quantum number, is the upper level and is the lower level.

The molecules listed below were detected through

molecular bonds, producing signatures in the mid- or far-infrared. Gas-phase molecules also have quantised rotational levels, leading to transitions at microwave or radio wavelengths.[1]

Sometimes a transition can involve more than one of these types of energy level e.g.

vibronic bands by a simultaneous change in vibrational level, which in turn are split again into rotational branches.[2]

The spectrum of a particular molecule is governed by the

isotope shifts
.

Detection of a new interstellar or circumstellar molecule requires identifying a suitable astronomical object where it is likely to be present, then observing it with a

sub-mm astronomy also becoming important from the 1990s.[3]

The inventory of detected molecules is highly biased towards certain types which are easier to detect: e.g. radio astronomy is most sensitive to small linear molecules with a high

molecular hydrogen), is completely invisible to radio telescopes because it has no dipole;[3] its electronic transitions are too energetic for optical telescopes, so detection of H2 required ultraviolet observations with a sounding rocket.[5] Vibrational lines are often not specific to an individual molecule, allowing only the general class to be identified. For example, the vibrational lines of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were identified in 1984,[6] showing the class of molecules is very common in space,[7] but it took until 2021 to identify any specific PAHs through their rotational lines.[8][9]

The carbon star CW Leonis. The visible shells of circumstellar material were ejected by the central star over thousands of years.

One of the richest sources for detecting interstellar molecules is

giant molecular cloud near the centre of the Milky Way. About half of the molecules listed below were first found in Sgr B2, and many of the others have been subsequently detected there.[10] A rich source of circumstellar molecules is CW Leonis (also known as IRC +10216), a nearby carbon star, where about 50 molecules have been identified.[11]
There is no clear boundary between interstellar and circumstellar media, so both are included in the tables below.

The discipline of

molecular astrophysics
.

Molecules

The following tables list molecules that have been detected in the interstellar medium or circumstellar matter, grouped by the number of component

Deuterated molecules, which contain at least one deuterium
(2H) atom, have slightly different masses and are listed in a separate table. The total number of unique species, including distinct ionization states, is indicated in each section header.

Most of the molecules detected so far are

inorganic molecule with five or more atoms is SiH4.[14] Molecules larger than that all have at least one carbon atom, with no N−N or O−O bonds.[14]

Carbon monoxide is frequently used to trace the distribution of mass in molecular clouds.[15]

Diatomic (43)

Molecule Designation Mass Ions
AlCl Aluminium monochloride[16] 62.5 —
AlF Aluminium monofluoride[17] 46 —
AlO
Aluminium monoxide[18]
 43 —
— Argonium[19][20] 37[note 1] ArH+
C2 Diatomic carbon[21][22] 24 —
— Fluoromethylidynium 31 CF+[23]
CH Methylidyne radical[24][25] 13 CH+[26]
CN Cyano radical[25][27][28] 26 CN+,[29] CN−[30]
CO Carbon monoxide[31][32] 28 CO+[33]
CP Carbon monophosphide[28] 43 —
CS Carbon monosulfide[34] 44 —
FeO Iron(II) oxide[35] 82 —
— Helium hydride ion[36][37] 5 HeH+
H2 Molecular hydrogen[5] 2 —
HCl Hydrogen chloride[38] 36.5 HCl+[39]
HF Hydrogen fluoride[40] 20 —
HO Hydroxyl radical[34] 17 OH+[41]
KCl Potassium chloride[16] 75.5 —
NH Imidogen radical[42][43] 15 —
N2 Molecular nitrogen[44][45] 28 —
NO Nitric oxide[46] 30 NO+[29]
NS
Nitrogen sulfide[34]
 46 —
NaCl Sodium chloride[16] 58.5 —
— Magnesium monohydride cation 25.3 MgH+[29]
O2
Molecular oxygen[47]
 32 —
PN Phosphorus mononitride[48][49] 45 —
PO Phosphorus monoxide[50] 47 —
SH Sulfur monohydride[51] 33 SH+[52]
SO Sulfur monoxide[34] 48 SO+[26]
SiC Carborundum[53] 40 —
SiN –[54] 42 —
SiO Silicon monoxide[34] 44 —
SiS Silicon monosulfide[34] 60 —
TiO Titanium(II) oxide[55] 63.9 —
H+
3 cation is one of the most abundant ions in the universe. It was first detected in 1993.[56][57]

Triatomic (44)

Molecule Designation Mass Ions
AlNC Aluminium isocyanide[34] 53 —
AlOH
Aluminium hydroxide[58]
 44 —
C3 Tricarbon[59][60] 36 —
C2H Ethynyl radical[27] 25 —
CCN Cyanomethylidyne[61] 38 —
C2O Dicarbon monoxide[62] 40 —
C2S Thioxoethenylidene[63] 56 —
C2P —[64] 55 —
CO2 Carbon dioxide[65] 44 —
CaNC
Calcium isocyanide[66]
 92 —
FeCN Iron cyanide[67] 82 —
— Protonated molecular hydrogen 3 H+
3[56][57]
H2C Methylene radical[68] 14 —
— Chloronium 37.5 H2Cl+[69]
H2O Water[70] 18 H2O+[71]
HO2 Hydroperoxyl[72] 33 —
H2S Hydrogen sulfide[34] 34 —
HCN Hydrogen cyanide[27][73] 27 —
HNC Hydrogen isocyanide[74][75] 27 —
HCO
Formyl radical[76]
 29 HCO+[26][76][77]
HCP Phosphaethyne[78] 44 —
HCS Thioformyl[79] 45 HCS+[26][77]
— Diazenylium[77][26][80] 29 HN+
2
HNO Nitroxyl[81] 31 —
— Isoformyl 29 HOC+[27]
HSC Isothioformyl[79] 45 —
KCN Potassium cyanide[34] 65 —
MgCN Magnesium cyanide[34] 50 —
MgNC Magnesium isocyanide[34] 50 —
NH2
Amino radical[82]
 16 —
N2O Nitrous oxide[83] 44 —
NaCN Sodium cyanide[34] 49 —
NaOH Sodium hydroxide[84] 40 —
OCS Carbonyl sulfide[85] 60 —
O3 Ozone[86] 48 —
SO2 Sulfur dioxide[87] 64 —
c-SiC2 c-Silicon dicarbide[53] 52 —
SiCSi Disilicon carbide[88] 68 —
SiCN Silicon carbonitride[89] 54 —
SiNC [90] 54 —
TiO2 Titanium dioxide[55] 79.9 —
Formaldehyde is an organic molecule that is widely distributed in the interstellar medium.[91]

Four atoms (30)

Molecule Designation Mass Ions
CH3 Methyl radical[92] 15 CH+3[93]
l-C3H Propynylidyne[94] 37 l-C3H+[95]
c-C3H Cyclopropynylidyne[96] 37 —
C3N Cyanoethynyl[97] 50 C3N−[98]
C3O Tricarbon monoxide[94] 52 —
C3S
Tricarbon sulfide[63]
 68 —
— Hydronium 19 H3O+[99]
C2H2 Acetylene[100] 26 —
H2CN
amidogen[101]
 28 H2CN+[26]
H2NC Aminocarbyne[102] 28 —
H2CO Formaldehyde[91] 30 —
H2CS Thioformaldehyde[103] 46 —
HCCN —[104] 39 —
HCCO Ketenyl[105] 41 —
—
Protonated hydrogen cyanide
 28
HCNH+[77]
—
Protonated carbon dioxide
 45 HOCO+[106]
HCNO Fulminic acid[107] 43 —
HOCN Cyanic acid[108] 43 —
CNCN Isocyanogen[109] 52 —
HOOH Hydrogen peroxide[110] 34 —
HNCO Isocyanic acid[87] 43 —
HNCN Cyanomidyl radical[111] 41 —
HNCS Isothiocyanic acid[112] 59 —
NH3 Ammonia[113] 17 —
HSCN Thiocyanic acid[114] 59 —
SiC3 Silicon tricarbide[34]  64 —
HMgNC Hydromagnesium isocyanide[115]  51.3 —
HNO2 Nitrous acid[116] 47 —
Methane, the primary component of natural gas, has also been detected on comets and in the atmosphere of several planets in the Solar System.[117]

Five atoms (20)

Molecule Designation Mass Ions
— Ammonium ion 18 NH+
4[118][119]
CH4 Methane[120] 16 —
CH3O
Methoxy radical[121]
 31 —
c-C3H2 Cyclopropenylidene[27][122][123] 38 —
l-H2C3 Propadienylidene[123] 38 —
H2CCN Cyanomethyl[124] 40 —
H2C2O Ketene[87] 42 —
H2CNH Methylenimine[125] 29 —
HNCNH Carbodiimide[126] 42 —
—
Protonated formaldehyde
 31 H2COH+[127]
C4H Butadiynyl[34] 49 C4H−[128]
HC3N Cyanoacetylene[27][77][129][130] 51 —
HCC-NC Isocyanoacetylene[131] 51 —
HCOOH Formic acid[132][129] 46 —
NH2CN Cyanamide[133][134] 42 —
NH2OH Hydroxylamine[135] 37 —
—
Protonated cyanogen
 53 NCCNH+[136]
HC(O)CN Cyanoformaldehyde[137] 55 —
C5 Linear C5[138] 60 —
SiC4 Silicon-carbide cluster[53] 92 —
SiH4 Silane[139] 32 —
methylene to form acetamide.[140]

Six atoms (16)

Molecule Designation Mass Ions
c-H2C3O Cyclopropenone[141] 54 —
E-HNCHCN E-Cyanomethanimine[142] 54 —
C2H4 Ethylene[143] 28 —
CH3CN Acetonitrile[87][144][145] 40 —
CH3NC Methyl isocyanide[144] 40 —
CH3OH Methanol[87][146] 32 —
CH3SH Methanethiol[147] 48 —
l-H2C4 Diacetylene[148] 50 —
—
Protonated cyanoacetylene
 52 HC3NH+[77]
HCONH2 Formamide[140] 44 —
HOCOOH Carbonic acid[149] —
C5H Pentynylidyne[63] 61 —
C5N Cyanobutadiynyl radical[150] 74 —
HC2CHO
Propynal[151]
 54 —
HC4N —[34]  63 —
CH2CNH
Ketenimine[122]
 40 —
C5S —[152] 92 —
vinyl alcohol and ethylene oxide have all been detected in interstellar space.[153]

Seven atoms (13)

Molecule Designation Mass Ions
c-C2H4O Ethylene oxide[154] 44 —
CH3C2H Methylacetylene[27] 40 —
H3CNH2 Methylamine[155] 31 —
CH2CHCN Acrylonitrile[87][144] 53 —
HCCCHNH Propargylimine[156] 53 —
H2CHCOH Vinyl alcohol[153] 44 —
C6H Hexatriynyl radical[63] 73 C6H−[123][157]
HC4CN Cyanodiacetylene[87][130][144] 75 —
HC4NC Isocyanodiacetylene[158] 75 —
HC5O —[159] 77 —
CH3CHO Acetaldehyde[154] 44 —
CH3NCO Methyl isocyanate[160] 57 —
HOCH2CN Glycolonitrile[161] 57 —
The radio signature of acetic acid, a compound found in vinegar, was confirmed in 1997.[162]

Eight atoms (14)

Molecule Designation Mass
H3CC2CN Methylcyanoacetylene[163] 65
HC3H2CN Propargyl cyanide[164] 65
H2COHCHO Glycolaldehyde[165] 60
(CHOH)2
1,2-ethenediol[166]
 60
HCOOCH3 Methyl formate[87][129] 60
CH3COOH Acetic acid[162] 60
H2C6 Hexapentaenylidene[148] 74
CH2CHCHO Propenal[122] 56
CH2CCHCN Cyanoallene[122][163] 65
CH3CHNH Ethanimine[167] 43
C2H3NH2
Vinylamine[168]
 43
C7H Heptatrienyl radical[169] 85
NH2CH2CN Aminoacetonitrile[170] 56
(NH2)2CO Urea[171] 60

Nine atoms (10)

Molecule Designation Mass Ions
CH3C4H Methyldiacetylene[172] 64 —
CH3OCH3 Dimethyl ether[173] 46 —
CH3CH2CN Propionitrile[87][144] 55 —
CH3CONH2 Acetamide[122][140][134] 59 —
CH3CH2OH Ethanol[174] 46 —
C8H Octatetraynyl radical[175] 97 C8H−[176][177]
HC7N Cyanohexatriyne or Cyanotriacetylene[113][178][179] 99 —
CH3CHCH2 Propylene (propene)[180] 42 —
CH3CH2SH
Ethyl mercaptan[181]
 62 —
CH3NHCHO
N-methylformamide[134]
Diacetylene, HCCCCH
Methyldiacetylene, HCCCCCH3
Cyanotetraacetylene, HCCCCCCCCCN
A number of polyyne-derived chemicals are among the heaviest molecules found in the interstellar medium.

Ten or more atoms (22)

Atoms Molecule Designation Mass Ions
10 (CH3)2CO Acetone[87][182] 58 —
10 (CH2OH)2 Ethylene glycol[183][184] 62 —
10 CH3CH2CHO Propanal[122] 58 —
10 CH3OCH2OH Methoxymethanol[185] 62 —
10 CH3C5N Methylcyanodiacetylene[122] 89 —
10 CH3CHCH2O Propylene oxide[186] 58 —
11 NH2CH2CH2OH Ethanolamine[187] 61 —
11 HC8CN Cyanotetraacetylene[178] 123 —
11 C2H5OCHO Ethyl formate[188] 74 —
11 CH3COOCH3 Methyl acetate[189] 74 —
11 CH3C6H Methyltriacetylene[122][172] 88 —
12 C6H6 Benzene[148] 78 —
12 C3H7CN n-Propyl cyanide[188] 69 —
12 (CH3)2CHCN
iso-Propyl cyanide[190][191]
 69 —
13 CH3OCH2CH2OH
2-methoxyethanol[192]
 76 —
13 C
6H
5CN		 Benzonitrile[193] 104 —
13 HC10CN Cyanopentaacetylene[178] 147 —
17 C9H8 Indene[9] 116 —
19 C10H7CN
1-cyanonaphthalene[8]
 153 —
19 C10H7CN
2-cyanonaphthalene[8]
 153 —
27 C11H12N2O2 Tryptophan[194] —
60 C60 Buckminsterfullerene
(C60 fullerene)[195]		 720 C+
60[196][197][198]
70 C70 C70 fullerene[195] 840 —

Deuterated molecules (22)

These molecules all contain one or more deuterium atoms, a heavier isotope of hydrogen.

Atoms Molecule Designation
2 HD Hydrogen deuteride[199][200]
3 H2D+, HD+
2		 Trihydrogen cation[199][200]
3 HDO, D2O Heavy water[201][202]
3 DCN Hydrogen cyanide[203]
3 DCO Formyl radical[203]
3 DNC Hydrogen isocyanide[203]
3 N2D+ —[203] 
3 NHD, ND2
Amidogen[204]
 
4 NH2D, NHD2, ND3 Ammonia[200][205][206]
4 HDCO, D2CO Formaldehyde[200][207]
4 DNCO Isocyanic acid[208]
5 NH3D+ Ammonium ion[209][210]
6 NH
2CDO; NHDCHO		 Formamide[208]
7 CH2DCCH, CH3CCD
Methylacetylene[211][212]

Unconfirmed (13)

Evidence for the existence of the following molecules has been reported in the scientific literature, but the detections either are described as tentative by the authors, or have been challenged by other researchers. They await independent confirmation.

Atoms Molecule Designation
2 SiH
Silylidine[74]
4 PH3 Phosphine[213]
4 MgCCH Magnesium monoacetylide[152]
4 NCCP Cyanophosphaethyne[152]
5 H2NCO+ —[214]
6 SiH3CN Silyl cyanide[152]
10 H2NCH2COOH Glycine[215][216]
10 C2H5NH2 Ethylamine[168]
12 CO(CH2OH)2 Dihydroxyacetone[217][218]
12 C2H5OCH3 Ethyl methyl ether[219]
18 C
10H+
8		 Naphthalene cation[220]
24 C24 Graphene[221]
24 C14H10 Anthracene[222][223]
26 C16H10 Pyrene[222]

See also

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Notes

  1. isotope of argon is 40Ar, so ArH+ would have a mass of 41 amu. However, the interstellar detection was of the 36ArH+ isotopologue
    , which has a mass of 37 amu.

External links


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