Exploration of Jupiter

This is a good article. Click here for more information.
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Artist's depiction of Pioneer 10, the first spacecraft to visit Jupiter

The exploration of Jupiter has been conducted via close observations by

outer planets as all missions to the outer Solar System have used Jupiter flybys. On 5 July 2016, spacecraft Juno
arrived and entered the planet's orbit—the second craft ever to do so. Sending a craft to Jupiter is difficult, mostly due to large fuel requirements and the effects of the planet's harsh radiation environment.

The first spacecraft to visit Jupiter was Pioneer 10 in 1973, followed a year later by Pioneer 11. Aside from taking the first close-up pictures of the planet, the probes discovered its magnetosphere and its largely fluid interior. The Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 probes visited the planet in 1979, and studied its moons and the ring system, discovering the volcanic activity of Io and the presence of water ice on the surface of Europa. Ulysses further studied Jupiter's magnetosphere in 1992 and then again in 2004. The Cassini probe approached the planet in 2000 and took very detailed images of its atmosphere. The New Horizons spacecraft passed by Jupiter in 2007 and made improved measurements of its and its satellites' parameters.

The

Galileo spacecraft was the first to have entered orbit around Jupiter, arriving in 1995 and studying the planet until 2003. During this period Galileo gathered a large amount of information about the Jovian system, making close approaches to all of the four large Galilean moons and finding evidence for thin atmospheres on three of them, as well as the possibility of liquid water beneath their surfaces. It also discovered a magnetic field around Ganymede. As it approached Jupiter, it also witnessed the impact of Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9
. In December 1995, it sent an atmospheric probe into the Jovian atmosphere, so far the only craft to do so.

In July 2016, the Juno spacecraft, launched in 2011, completed its orbital insertion maneuver successfully, and is now in orbit around Jupiter with its science programme ongoing.

The

JUICE mission in 2012 as part of its Cosmic Vision programme[1][2] to explore three of Jupiter's Galilean moons, with a possible Ganymede lander provided by Roscosmos.[3] JUICE was launched on April 14, 2023.[4] The Russian lander did not materialize in the end.[5]

NASA plans to launch a spacecraft, Europa Clipper, to study the moon Europa in 2024.

The

Tianwen-4 around 2029 to explore the planet and Callisto.[8]

A list of previous and upcoming missions to the outer Solar System (including Jupiter) can be found at the List of missions to the outer planets article.

Technical requirements

Jupiter as seen by the space probe Cassini

Flights from Earth to other planets in the

Gravity assists through planetary flybys (such as by Earth or Venus) can be used to reduce the energetic requirement (i.e. the fuel) at launch, at the cost of a significantly longer flight duration to reach a target such as Jupiter when compared to the direct trajectory.[11] Ion thrusters capable of a delta-v of more than 10 km/s were used on the Dawn spacecraft. This is more than enough delta-v to do a Jupiter fly-by mission from a solar orbit of the same radius as that of Earth without gravity assist.[12]

A major problem in sending space probes to Jupiter is that the planet has no solid surface on which to land, as there is a smooth transition between the planet's atmosphere and its fluid interior. Any probes descending into the atmosphere are eventually crushed by the immense pressures within Jupiter.[13]

Another major issue is the amount of

safe mode, which led to total loss of the data from the 16th, 18th and 33rd orbits. The radiation also caused phase shifts in Galileo's ultra-stable quartz oscillator.[16]

Flyby missions

Cassini; 2000)
South pole (Juno; 2017)[17]

Pioneer program (1973 and 1974)

See also: Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11
Animation of Pioneer 11's trajectory around Jupiter from 30 November 1974 to 5 December 1974
   Pioneer 11 ·   Jupiter ·   Io ·   Europa  ·   Ganymede  ·   Callisto
Pioneer 10 was the first spacecraft to visit Jupiter.

The first spacecraft to explore Jupiter was Pioneer 10, which flew past the planet in December 1973, followed by Pioneer 11 twelve months later. Pioneer 10 obtained the first close-up images of Jupiter and its

Galilean moons; the spacecraft studied the planet's atmosphere, detected its magnetic field, observed its radiation belts and determined that Jupiter is mainly fluid.[18][19] Pioneer 11 made its closest approach, within some 43,000 km of Jupiter's cloud tops, on December 3, 1974. It obtained dramatic images of the Great Red Spot, made the first observation of Jupiter's immense polar regions, and determined the mass of Jupiter's moon Callisto. The information gathered by these two spacecraft helped astronomers and engineers improve the design of future probes to cope more effectively with the environment around the giant planet.[15][20]

Voyager program (1979)

Time-lapse sequence from the approach of Voyager 1 to Jupiter
See also: Voyager program, Voyager 1, and Voyager 2

Voyager 1 began photographing Jupiter in January 1979 and made its closest approach on March 5, 1979, at a distance of 349,000 km from Jupiter's center.[21] This close approach allowed for greater image resolution, though the flyby's short duration meant that most observations of Jupiter's moons, rings, magnetic field, and radiation environment were made in the 48-hour period bracketing the approach, even though Voyager 1 continued photographing the planet until April. It was soon followed by Voyager 2, which made its closest approach on July 9, 1979,[22] 576,000 km away from the planet's cloud tops.[23][24] The probe discovered Jupiter's ring, observed intricate vortices in its atmosphere, observed active volcanoes on Io, a process analogous to plate tectonics on Ganymede, and numerous craters on Callisto.[25]

The Voyager missions vastly improved our understanding of the Galilean moons, and also discovered Jupiter's rings. They also took the first close-up images of the planet's atmosphere, revealing the Great Red Spot as a complex storm moving in a counter-clockwise direction. Other smaller storms and eddies were found throughout the banded clouds (see animation on the right).[22] Two new, small satellites, Adrastea and Metis, were discovered orbiting just outside the ring, making them the first of Jupiter's moons to be identified by a spacecraft.[26][27] A third new satellite, Thebe, was discovered between the orbits of Amalthea and Io.[28]

The discovery of volcanic activity on the moon Io was the greatest unexpected finding of the mission, as it was the first time an active volcano was observed on a celestial body other than Earth. Together, the Voyagers recorded the eruption of nine volcanoes on Io, as well as evidence for other eruptions occurring between the Voyager encounters.[29]

ice floes on Earth, and that Europa might have a liquid water interior.[30] Europa may be internally active due to tidal heating at a level about one-tenth that of Io, and as a result, the moon is thought to have a thin crust less than 30 kilometers (19 mi) thick of water ice, possibly floating on a 50-kilometer-deep (31 mi) ocean.[31]

Ulysses (1992, 2004)

See also: Ulysses (spacecraft)

On February 8, 1992, the Ulysses solar probe flew past Jupiter's north pole at a distance of 451,000 km.

AU (Jupiter's distance from the Sun), while its perihelion lay somewhat beyond 1 AU (Earth's distance from the Sun). During its Jupiter encounter, the probe made measurements of the planet's magnetosphere.[33] Since the probe had no cameras, no images were taken. In February 2004, the probe arrived again at the vicinity of Jupiter. This time the distance from the planet was much greater—about 120 million km (0.8 AU)—but it made further observations of Jupiter.[33][34][35]

Cassini (2000)

See also: Cassini–Huygens

In 2000, the Cassini probe, en route to Saturn, flew by Jupiter and provided some of the highest-resolution images ever taken of the planet. It made its closest approach on December 30, 2000, and made many scientific measurements. About 26,000 images of Jupiter were taken during the months-long flyby. It produced the most detailed global color portrait of Jupiter yet, in which the smallest visible features are approximately 60 km (37 mi) across.[36]

A major finding of the flyby, announced on March 5, 2003, was of Jupiter's atmospheric circulation. Dark belts alternate with light zones in the atmosphere, and the zones, with their pale clouds, had previously been considered by scientists to be areas of upwelling air, partly because on Earth clouds tend to be formed by rising air. Analysis of Cassini imagery showed that the dark belts contain individual storm cells of upwelling bright-white clouds, too small to see from Earth. Anthony Del Genio of NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies said that "the belts must be the areas of net-rising atmospheric motion on Jupiter, [so] the net motion in the zones has to be sinking".[37]

Other atmospheric observations included a swirling dark oval of high atmospheric-haze, about the size of the

rings. Light scattering by particles in the rings showed the particles were irregularly shaped (rather than spherical) and likely originated as ejecta from micrometeorite impacts on Jupiter's moons, probably on Metis and Adrastea. On December 19, 2000, the Cassini spacecraft captured a very-low-resolution image of the moon Himalia, but it was too distant to show any surface details.[36]

New Horizons (2007)

Video of volcanic plumes on Io, as recorded by New Horizons in 2008
See also: New Horizons

The New Horizons probe, en route to Pluto, flew by Jupiter for a gravity assist and was the first probe launched directly towards Jupiter since the Ulysses in 1990. Its Long Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI) took its first photographs of Jupiter on September 4, 2006.[38] The spacecraft began further study of the Jovian system in December 2006, and made its closest approach on February 28, 2007.[39][40][41]

Although close to Jupiter, New Horizons' instruments made refined measurements of the orbits of Jupiter's inner moons, particularly

Little Red Spot and the planet's magnetosphere and tenuous ring system.[43]

On March 19, 2007, the Command and Data Handling computer experienced an uncorrectable memory error and rebooted itself, causing the spacecraft to go into safe mode. The craft fully recovered within two days, with some data loss on Jupiter's magnetotail. No other data loss events were associated with the encounter. Due to the immense size of the Jupiter system and the relative closeness of the Jovian system to Earth in comparison to the closeness of Pluto to Earth, New Horizons sent back more data to Earth from the Jupiter encounter than the Pluto encounter.

Orbiter missions

Galileo (1995–2003)

Main articles: Galileo project and Galileo (spacecraft)
Animation of Galileo's trajectory around Jupiter from 1 August 1995 to 30 September 2003
   Galileo ·   Jupiter ·   Io ·   Europa ·   Ganymede ·   Callisto

The first spacecraft to orbit Jupiter was the Galileo orbiter, which went into orbit around Jupiter on December 7, 1995. It orbited the planet for over seven years, making 35 orbits before it was destroyed during a controlled impact with Jupiter on September 21, 2003.

high-gain radio transmitting antenna failed.[45] The major events during the eight-year study included multiple flybys of all of the Galilean moons, as well as Amalthea (the first probe to do so).[46] It also witnessed the impact of Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 as it approached Jupiter in 1994 and released an atmospheric probe into the Jovian atmosphere in December 1995.[47]

Galileo
images taken several seconds apart shows the appearance of the fireball appearing on the dark side of Jupiter from one of the fragments of Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 hitting the planet.

Cameras on the Galileo spacecraft observed fragments of

kilometres per second. This was the first direct observation of an extraterrestrial collision of Solar System objects.[48] While the impacts took place on the side of Jupiter hidden from Earth, Galileo, then at a distance of 1.6 AU from the planet, was able to see the impacts as they occurred. Its instruments detected a fireball that reached a peak temperature of about 24,000 K, compared to the typical Jovian cloudtop temperature of about 130 K (−143 °C), with the plume from the fireball reaching a height of over 3,000 km.[49]

An atmospheric probe was released from the spacecraft in July 1995, entering the planet's atmosphere on December 7, 1995. After a high-g descent into the Jovian atmosphere, the probe discarded the remains of its heat shield, and it parachuted through 150 km of the atmosphere, collecting data for 57.6 minutes, before being crushed by the pressure and temperature to which it was subjected (about 22 times Earth normal, at a temperature of 153 °C).[50] It would have melted thereafter, and possibly vaporized. The Galileo orbiter itself experienced a more rapid version of the same fate when it was deliberately steered into the planet on September 21, 2003, at a speed of over 50 km/s,[45] in order to avoid any possibility of it crashing into and contaminating Europa.[51]

Major scientific results of the Galileo mission include:[52][53][54][55][56]

  • the first observation of ammonia clouds in another planet's atmosphere—the atmosphere creates ammonia ice particles from material coming up from lower depths;
  • confirmation of extensive volcanic activity on Io—which is 100 times greater than that found on Earth; the heat and frequency of eruptions are reminiscent of early Earth;
  • observation of complex plasma interactions in Io's atmosphere which create immense electrical currents that couple to Jupiter's atmosphere;
  • providing evidence for supporting the theory that liquid oceans exist under Europa's icy surface;
  • first detection of a substantial magnetic field around a satellite (Ganymede);
  • magnetic data evidence suggesting that Europa, Ganymede and Callisto have a liquid-saltwater layer under the visible surface;
  • evidence for a thin atmospheric layer on Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto known as a 'surface-bound exosphere';
  • understanding of the formation of the
    four small inner moons) and observation of two outer rings and the possibility of a separate ring along Amalthea
    's orbit;
  • identification of the global structure and dynamics of a giant planet's magnetosphere.

On December 11, 2013, NASA reported, based on results from the

organic materials, on the icy crust of Europa, moon of Jupiter.[57] The presence of the minerals may have been the result of a collision with an asteroid or comet according to the scientists.[57]

Juno (since 2016)

Main article: Juno (spacecraft)
Animation of Juno's trajectory around Jupiter from 1 June 2016 to 21 October 2025
   Juno ·   Jupiter

NASA launched

polar magnetosphere. Juno is also searching for clues about how Jupiter formed, including whether the planet has a rocky core, the amount of water present within the deep atmosphere, and how the mass is distributed within the planet. Juno also studies Jupiter's deep winds,[58][59]
which can reach speeds of 600 km/h.[60][61]

Among early results, Juno gathered information about Jovian lightning that revised earlier theories.[62] Juno provided the first views of Jupiter's north pole, as well as insights about Jupiter's aurorae, magnetic field, and atmosphere.[63]

Juno made many discoveries that are challenging existing theories about Jupiter's formation. When it flew over the poles of Jupiter it imaged clusters of stable cyclones that exist at the poles.[64] It found that the magnetosphere of Jupiter is uneven and chaotic. Using its Microwave Radiometer Juno found that the red and white bands that can be seen on Jupiter extend hundreds of kilometers into the Jovian atmosphere, yet the interior of Jupiter isn't evenly mixed. This has resulted in the theory that Jupiter doesn't have a solid core as previously thought, but a "fuzzy" core made of pieces of rock and metallic hydrogen. This peculiar core may be a result of a collision that happened early on in Jupiter's formation.[65]

Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (en route)

Main article: Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer

ESA's Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (JUICE) has been selected as part of ESA's Cosmic Vision science program. It was launched on 14 April 2023 and, after a series of flybys in the inner Solar System, arrives in Jupiter in 2031.[4][66] In 2012, the European Space Agency's selected the JUICE as its first Large mission, replacing its contribution to EJSM, the Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter (JGO).[67] The partnership for the Europa Jupiter System Mission has since ended, but NASA will continue to contribute the European mission with hardware and an instrument.[68]

Proposed missions

The Europa Clipper is a planned NASA mission that will focus on studying Jupiter's moon Europa.[69] It is currently scheduled to launch on 10 October 2024,[70] and will reach Europa after a 6.5 year cruise. The spacecraft would fly by the moon 32 times to minimize radiation damage.[69]

China's

Tianwen-4 mission to Jupiter around 2030 which will enter orbit around Callisto.[71][72][8]

India's

ISRO announced plans to launch an Indian mission to Jupiter in the 2020s.[73]

Canceled missions

Because of the possibility of subsurface liquid oceans on Jupiter's moons Europa, Ganymede and Callisto, there has been great interest in studying the icy moons in detail. Funding difficulties have delayed progress. The Europa Orbiter[74] was a planned NASA mission to Europa, which was canceled in 2002.[75] Its main objectives included determining the presence or absence of a subsurface ocean and identifying candidate sites for future lander missions. NASA's JIMO (Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter), which was canceled in 2005,[76] and a European Jovian Europa Orbiter mission were also studied,[77] but were superseded by the Europa Jupiter System Mission.

The Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM) was a joint

JUICE spacecraft and the NASA Europa Clipper
spacecraft, which grew out of the cancelled EJSM, were built later.

Human exploration

While scientists require further evidence to determine the extent of a rocky core on Jupiter, its Galilean moons provide the potential opportunity for future human exploration.

Particular targets are Europa, due to its potential for life, and Callisto, due to its relatively low radiation dose.[85][86] In 2003, NASA proposed a program called Human Outer Planets Exploration (HOPE) that involved sending astronauts to explore the Galilean moons.[87] NASA has projected a possible attempt some time in the 2040s.[88] In the Vision for Space Exploration policy announced in January 2004, NASA discussed missions beyond Mars, mentioning that a "human research presence" may be desirable on Jupiter's moons.[89] Before the JIMO mission was cancelled, NASA administrator Sean O'Keefe stated that "human explorers will follow."[90]

Potential for colonization

See also: Space colonization § Moons of outer planets

NASA has speculated on the feasibility of

Sv (3600 rem) per day to unshielded colonists at Io and about 5.4 Sv (540 rems) per day to unshielded colonists at Europa,[94] which is a decisive aspect due to the fact that already an exposure to about 0.75 Sv over a period of a few days is enough to cause radiation poisoning, and about 5 Sv over a few days is fatal.[94][95]

Jovian radiation
Moon
rem
/day
Io 3600[94]
Europa 540[94]
Ganymede 8[94]
Callisto 0.01[94]
Earth (Max) 0.07
Earth (Avg) 0.0007

Ramsar
hot springs at about 0.26 Sv per year.

One of the main targets chosen by the HOPE study was Callisto. The possibility of building a surface base on Callisto was proposed, because of the low radiation levels at its distance from Jupiter and its geological stability. Callisto is the only Galilean satellite on which human settlement is feasible. The levels of ionizing radiation on Io, Europa and long-term on Ganymede, are hostile to human life, and adequate protective measures have yet to be devised.[87][96]

It could be possible to build a surface base that would produce fuel for further exploration of the Solar System. In 1997, the Artemis Project designed a plan to colonize Europa.[86] According to this plan, explorers would drill down into the Europan ice crust, entering the postulated subsurface ocean, where they would inhabit artificial air pockets.[97]

See also

References

  1. ^ "JUICE is Europe's next large science mission". European Space Agency. May 2, 2012. Archived from the original on December 20, 2014. Retrieved April 21, 2015.
  2. ^ "JUICE mission gets green light for next stage of development". European Space Agency. November 27, 2014. Archived from the original on May 1, 2019. Retrieved April 21, 2015.
  3. ^ "International Colloquium and Workshop—"Ganymede Lander: scientific goals and experiments"". Russia Space Research Institute (IKI). Roscosmos. November 2012. Archived from the original on November 23, 2018. Retrieved November 20, 2012.
  4. ^
    ESA
    . November 8, 2021. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
  5. ^ Zak, Anatoly (July 22, 2017). "Russian plan to land on Jupiter's moon Ganymede". Russianspaceweb.com. Retrieved April 19, 2023.
  6. ^ a b Bergan, Brad (February 22, 2022). "China and NASA are developing next-gen Voyager-like spacecraft. But whose is better?". interestingengineering.com. Retrieved April 17, 2023.
  7. ^ a b O'Callaghan, Jonathan. "U.S. and Chinese Scientists Propose Bold New Missions beyond the Solar System". Scientific American. Retrieved April 17, 2023.
  8. ^ a b Andrew Jones published (September 22, 2022). "China wants to probe Uranus and Jupiter with 2 spacecraft on one rocket". Space.com. Retrieved April 17, 2023.
  9. ^ Wong, Al (May 28, 1998). "Galileo FAQ – Navigation". NASA. Archived from the original on January 5, 1997. Retrieved November 28, 2006.
  10. doi:10.2514/1.16244. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 29, 2009.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  11. ^ Fischer, 1999, p. 44
  12. ^ CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 64th EDITION, (C) 1983, page F-141
  13. S2CID 19024073. Archived
    from the original on October 20, 2019. Retrieved September 27, 2018.
  14. ISBN 978-0-309-09050-6
    .
  15. ^ a b "The Pioneer missions". NASA. 2007. Archived from the original on January 30, 2006. Retrieved June 28, 2009.
  16. doi:10.1109/TNS.2002.805386
    .
  17. ^ Chang, Kenneth (May 25, 2017). "NASA's Jupiter Mission Reveals the 'Brand-New and Unexpected'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 16, 2018. Retrieved May 27, 2017.
  18. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(78)90058-1
    .
  19. ^ Michael Mewhinney (2003). "Pioneer spacecraft sends last signal". NASA. Archived from the original on June 28, 2012. Retrieved June 28, 2009.
  20. ^ "Pioneer 11". NASA. Archived from the original on June 13, 2017. Retrieved June 28, 2009.
  21. S2CID 44517302
    .
  22. ^ a b "Jupiter". NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. January 14, 2003. Archived from the original on June 28, 2012. Retrieved November 28, 2006.
  23. ^ "First Close-up Image of Jupiter from Voyager 1 (NASA Voyager Jupiter Encounter Images)". Ciclops.org. Archived from the original on February 15, 2012. Retrieved May 20, 2009.
  24. S2CID 46470902
    .
  25. S2CID 33147728
    .
  26. ^ Brian G. Marsden (August 26, 1980). "Satellites of Jupiter". IAU Circular. 3507. Archived from the original on March 6, 2020. Retrieved June 5, 2009.(discovery)
  27. PMID 17746259
    .
  28. Bibcode:2004jpsm.book..241B. Archived
    (PDF) from the original on May 12, 2006. Retrieved May 20, 2009.
  29. S2CID 8798702
    .
  30. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(89)90109-7
    .
  31. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(83)90053-2
    .
  32. S2CID 19307704. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on March 3, 2019.
  33. ^ a b c K. Chan; E. S. Paredes; M. S. Ryne (2004). "Ulysses Attitude and Orbit Operations: 13+ Years of International Cooperation" (PDF). American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 14, 2005. Retrieved November 28, 2006.
  34. doi:10.1016/j.pss.2006.01.007
    .
  35. ^ "Ulysses – Science – Jupiter Distant Encounter Selected References". NNASA. Archived from the original on September 23, 2008. Retrieved October 21, 2008.
  36. ^
    doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2004.06.018
    .
  37. ^ "Cassini-Huygens: News-Press Releases-2003". NASA. Archived from the original on November 21, 2007. Retrieved October 21, 2008.
  38. ^ Alexander, Amir (September 27, 2006). "New Horizons Snaps First Picture of Jupiter". The Planetary Society. Archived from the original on February 21, 2007. Retrieved December 19, 2006.
  39. ^ "Jupiter, Ahoy!". New Horizons Web Site. Johns Hopkins University. Archived from the original on September 7, 2008. Retrieved November 2, 2008.
  40. S2CID 119197398
    .
  41. ^ "NASA Spacecraft Gets Boost From Jupiter for Pluto Encounter". The America's Intelligence Wire. February 28, 2007. Archived from the original on July 5, 2009. Retrieved March 23, 2014.
  42. S2CID 118330150
    .
  43. ^ "Fantastic Flyby". NASA. May 1, 2007. Archived from the original on July 25, 2009. Retrieved July 2, 2009.
  44. ^ "Galileo Mission to Jupiter" (PDF). NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 10, 2012. Retrieved July 9, 2009.
  45. ^ a b McConnell, Shannon (April 14, 2003). "Galileo: Journey to Jupiter". NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Archived from the original on January 5, 1997. Retrieved November 28, 2006.
  46. doi:10.1006/icar.1998.5976
    .
  47. National Space Science Data Center. Archived
    from the original on October 24, 2008. Retrieved August 25, 2008.
  48. ^ "Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 Collision with Jupiter". National Space Science Date Center, NASA. February 2005. Archived from the original on February 19, 2013. Retrieved August 26, 2008.
  49. Bibcode:1996DPS....28.0814M
    .
  50. ^ "Galileo Mission to Jupiter" (PDF). NASA. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 10, 2012. Retrieved November 1, 2008.
  51. ^ "BBC News | SCI/TECH | Crash plan for Galileo spaceprobe". 212.58.226.17:8080. March 3, 2000. Archived from the original on July 5, 2009. Retrieved May 20, 2009.
  52. ISBN 978-3-540-34681-4
    .
  53. ISBN 978-0-387-40212-3
    .
  54. ^ "Galileo Project Information". Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on May 27, 2009. Retrieved May 24, 2009.
  55. ^ "Solar System Exploration: Galileo Legacy Site: Discovery Highlights". Solarsystem.nasa.gov. August 9, 2007. Archived from the original on November 2, 2004. Retrieved May 24, 2009.
  56. ISBN 978-0-387-98764-4
    .
  57. ^ a b Cook, Jia-Rui c. (December 11, 2013). "Clay-Like Minerals Found on Icy Crust of Europa". NASA. Archived from the original on January 30, 2020. Retrieved December 11, 2013.
  58. ^ NASA Selects New Frontiers Concept Study: Juno Mission to Jupiter | Jupiter Today – Your Daily Source of Jupiter News
  59. ^ "Juno – NASA's Second New Frontiers Mission to Jupiter". Archived from the original on February 3, 2019. Retrieved October 24, 2007.
  60. ^ Buckley, M. (May 20, 2008). "Storm Winds Blow in Jupiter's Little Red Spot". Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory. Archived from the original on March 4, 2012. Retrieved October 16, 2008.
  61. ^ Steigerwald, Bill (October 10, 2006). "Jupiter's Little Red Spot Growing Stronger". NASA Goddard Space Center. Archived from the original on April 5, 2012. Retrieved October 16, 2008.
  62. S2CID 46952214
    .
  63. ^ "Overview | Juno". NASA. Archived from the original on May 19, 2021. Retrieved May 19, 2021.
  64. ^ "NASA's Juno Navigators Enable Jupiter Cyclone Discovery". NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). Retrieved May 14, 2022.
  65. ^ Crockett, Christopher (June 8, 2020). "What has the Juno spacecraft taught us about Jupiter?". Astronomy.com. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
  66. doi:10.5194/epsc2021-358. Archived
    from the original on August 28, 2021. Retrieved August 28, 2021.
  67. ^ Amos, Jonathan (May 2, 2012). "Esa selects 1bn-euro Juice probe to Jupiter". BBC News Online. Archived from the original on May 11, 2020. Retrieved December 14, 2013.
  68. JPL. February 21, 2013. Archived
    from the original on December 15, 2013. Retrieved December 14, 2013.
  69. ^ a b "Europa Clipper". Jet Propulsion Laboratory. NASA. November 2013. Archived from the original on December 13, 2013. Retrieved December 14, 2013.
  70. ^ Foust, Jeff (February 10, 2021). "NASA to use commercial launch vehicle for Europa Clipper". SpaceNews. Retrieved February 10, 2021.
  71. ^ Theresa, Deena (September 23, 2022). "China's Tianwen 4 to target Jupiter and Uranus with two spacecraft on one rocket". interestingengineering.com. Retrieved April 17, 2023.
  72. ^ "China Unveils Plans to Send Spacecraft to Jupiter and Uranus". Time. September 23, 2022. Retrieved April 17, 2023.
  73. ^ "After Mars, ISRO targeting missions to Venus and Jupiter". @businessline. January 4, 2017. Archived from the original on August 22, 2019. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
  74. ^ "The Europa Orbiter Mission Design". Archived from the original on February 23, 2012. Retrieved May 20, 2009.
  75. ^ "NASA Kills Europa Orbiter". Space.com. February 4, 2002. Archived from the original on February 10, 2002. Retrieved May 20, 2009.
  76. ^ Berger, Brian (February 7, 2005). "White House scales back space plans". NBC News. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved January 2, 2007.
  77. ^ Atzei, Alessandro (April 27, 2007). "Jovian Minisat Explorer". ESA. Archived from the original on February 29, 2012. Retrieved May 8, 2008.
  78. ^ Talevi, Monica; Brown, Dwayne (February 18, 2009). "NASA and ESA Prioritize Outer Planet Missions". Archived from the original on August 25, 2011. Retrieved February 18, 2009.
  79. ^ Rincon, Paul (February 18, 2009). "Jupiter in space agencies' sights". BBC News. Archived from the original on February 21, 2009. Retrieved February 28, 2009.
  80. ^ Tim Brice. "Outer Planet Flagship Mission: Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter (JGO) Concept". Opfm.jpl.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on February 17, 2012. Retrieved May 24, 2009.
  81. ^ OPF Study Team (August 28, 2008). "Outer Planet Flagship Mission: Briefing to the OPAG Steering Committee" (PDF). Outer Planets Assessment Group. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 11, 2012. Retrieved October 14, 2008.
  82. ^ "Laplace: A mission to Europa & Jupiter system". ESA. Archived from the original on July 14, 2012. Retrieved January 23, 2009.
  83. ^ Volonte, Sergio (July 10, 2007). "Cosmic Vision 2015–2025 Proposals". ESA. Archived from the original on September 2, 2011. Retrieved February 18, 2009.
  84. ^ "Executive Survey (Visions and Voyages for Planetary Science 2013 – 2022)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 4, 2013. Retrieved December 15, 2013.
  85. ^ Artemis Society International Archived August 20, 2011, at the Wayback Machine official website
  86. ^ a b Kokh, Peter; Kaehny, Mark; Armstrong, Doug; Burnside, Ken (November 1997). "Europa II Workshop Report". Moon Miner's Manifesto (110). Archived from the original on June 7, 2019. Retrieved June 26, 2009.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  87. ^
    S2CID 109235313.
    Pat Troutman; Kristen Bethke (February 3, 2003). Revolutionary Concepts for Human Outer Planet Exploration (HOPE) (PDF). SPACE TECHNOLOGY & APPLICATIONS INTERNATIONAL "Expanding the Frontiers of Space" FORUM (STAIF - 2003) February 2–6, 2003 Albuquerque, New Mexico. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on January 19, 2012. Retrieved July 2, 2009.
  88. ^ Melissa L. McGuire; James Gilland (2003). "High Power MPD Nuclear Electric Propulsion (NEP) for Artificial Gravity HOPE Missions to Callisto" (PDF). NASA. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 5, 2012. Retrieved June 30, 2009.
  89. ^ "Vision for Space Exploration" (PDF). NASA. 2003. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 4, 2016. Retrieved July 2, 2009.
  90. ^ "NASA plans to send new robot to Jupiter". SpaceDaily. 2004. Archived from the original on September 5, 2012. Retrieved June 30, 2009.
  91. ISBN 1-58542-036-0
  92. ^ Jeffrey Van Cleve; Carl Grillmair; Mark Hanna. Helium-3 Mining Aerostats in the Atmosphere of Uranus (PDF). Abstract for Space Resources Roundtable (Report). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 30, 2006. Retrieved May 10, 2006.
  93. ^ Bryan Palaszewski (October 2006). "Atmospheric Mining in the Outer Solar System" (PDF). Glenn Research Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 27, 2009. Retrieved July 2, 2009.
  94. ^ a b c d e f g h Frederick A. Ringwald (February 28, 2000). "SPS 1020 (Introduction to Space Sciences)". California State University, Fresno. Archived from the original on July 25, 2008. Retrieved July 4, 2009.
  95. ISBN 1-58542-036-0
    .
  96. ^ Avanish Sharma (January 13, 2019). "Earlier Missions Exploring Jupiter". Technology on Science. Archived from the original on November 4, 2019. Retrieved November 30, 2019.
  97. ^ "Humans on Europa: A Plan for Colonies on the Icy Moon". Space.com. June 6, 2001. Archived from the original on July 20, 2010. Retrieved May 10, 2006.

External links

Library resources about
Exploration of Jupiter
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exploration_of_Jupiter&oldid=1217418320"