Mutation breeding
Mutation breeding, sometimes referred to as "variation breeding", is the process of exposing seeds to
From 1930 to 2014 more than 3200 mutagenic plant varieties were released[3][4] that have been derived either as direct mutants (70%) or from their progeny (30%).[5] Crop plants account for 75% of released mutagenic species with the remaining 25% ornamentals or decorative plants.[6] However, although the FAO/IAEA reported in 2014 that over 1,000 mutant varieties of major staple crops were being grown worldwide,[3] it is unclear how many of these varieties are currently used in agriculture or horticulture around the world, as these seeds are not always identified or labeled as having a mutagenic provenance.[7]
History
According to garden historian Paige Johnson:
After WWII, there was a concerted effort to find 'peaceful' uses for atomic energy. One of the ideas was to bombard plants with radiation and produce lots of mutations, some of which, it was hoped, would lead to plants that bore more heavily or were disease or cold-resistant or just had unusual colors. The experiments were mostly conducted in giant gamma gardens on the grounds of national laboratories in the US but also in Europe and countries of the [then-]USSR.[8]
Processes
There are different kinds of mutagenic breeding such as using chemical mutagens like
Radiation
Exposing plants to radiation is sometimes called radiation breeding and is a sub class of mutagenic breeding. Radiation breeding was discovered in the 1920s when Lewis Stadler of the University of Missouri used X-rays on maize and barley. In the case of barley, the resulting plants were white, yellow, pale yellow and some had white stripes.[10] In 1928, Stadler first published his findings on radiation-induced mutagenesis in plants.[11] During the period 1930–2004, radiation-induced mutant varieties were developed primarily using gamma rays (64%) and X-rays (22%).[6]: 187
Radiation breeding may take place in atomic gardens;[11] and seeds have been sent into orbit in order to expose them to more cosmic radiation.[12]
Chemicals
High rates of chromosome aberrations resulting from ionizing radiation and the accompanied detrimental effects made researchers look for alternate sources for inducing mutations. As a result, an array of chemical mutagens has been discovered. The most widely used chemical mutagens are
Restriction endonucleases
Interest in the use of bacterial
Space-breeding
The ability of plants to develop and thrive is dependent on conditions such as
Ion beam technology
Mature pollen treated with gamma radiation
Comparison to other techniques
In the
Unlike genetically modified crops, which typically involve the insertion of one or two target genes, plants developed via mutagenic processes with random, multiple and unspecific genetic changes[25] have been discussed as a concern[26] but are not prohibited by any nation's organic standards. Reports from the US National Academy of Sciences state that there is no scientific justification for regulating genetic engineered crops while not doing so for mutation breeding crops.[7]
Several organic food and seed companies promote and sell certified organic products that were developed using both chemical and nuclear mutagenesis.[27] Several certified organic brands, whose companies support strict labeling or outright bans on GMO-crops, market their use of branded wheat and other varietal strains which were derived from mutagenic processes without any reference to this genetic manipulation.[27] These organic products range from mutagenic barley and wheat ingredient used in organic beers[28] to mutagenic varieties of grapefruits sold directly to consumers as organic.[29]
Release by nation
As of 2011 the percentage of all mutagenic varieties released globally, by country, were:[6]: 187 [30]
- (25.2%) People's Republic of China
- (15.0%) Japan
- (11.5%) India
- (6.7%) Russia
- (5.5%) Netherlands
- (5.3%) Germany
- (4.3%) United States
- (2.4%) Bulgaria
- (1.7%) Vietnam
- (1.4%) Bangladesh
Notable varieties per country include:
- Colorado Irradiado groundnut (mutant created with X-rays; high fat content and yield, 80% of groundnuts grown in Argentina in the 1980s was Colorado Irradiado)[31]
- Puita INTA-CL rice mutant (herbicide resistance and good yield; also grown in Bolivia, Brazil, Costa Rica and Paraguay)[31]
- Amaroo rice mutant variety (60–70% of rice grown in Australia was Amaroo in 2001)[31]
- Maybel tomato mutant (excellent drought resistance)[31]
- GINES rice mutant (created using proton radiation; grows well in salty conditions)[31]
- Henong series soybean mutants[31]
- Jiahezazhan and Jiafuzhan rice (mutations obtained by pollen irradiation; high yield and quality, very adaptable, resistant to plant hopper and blast)[31]
- Lumian Number 1 cotton[32]
- Purple Orchard 3 Sweet potato[33]
- Tiefeng 18 soybean[31]
- Yangdao Number 6 rice[32]
- Yangmai 156 wheat[32]
- Zhefu 802 rice mutant (irradiated with gamma rays; resistant to rice blast, good yield even in poor conditions, the most planted rice variety between 1986–1994)[34]
- 26Zhaizao indica rice mutant (created with gamma rays)[34]
- Giza 176 and Sakha 101 high yield rice mutants[31]
- Balder J barley mutant (better drought resistance, yield and sprouting)[31]
- Puhti and Ryhti stiff straw oat mutants[31]
- High oleic sunflowers (covering more than 50 % of the sunflower acreage)
- Trumpf barley[31]
- Co-4, Pant Mung-2, and TAP mung bean mutants[31]
- MA-9 cotton – the world's first mutant cotton, released in 1948 (X-ray radiation; drought tolerance, high yielding)[31]
- PNR-381 Rice[6]: 189
- Pusa 408 (Ajay), Pusa 413 (Atul), Pusa 417 (Girnar), and Pusa 547 chickpea mutants (resistant to Ascochyta blight and wilt diseases, and have high yields)[31]
- Sharbati Sonora wheat[6]: 189
- Tau-1,blackgram (YMC, (Yellow mosaic virus) resistance)[6]: 189
- TG24 and TG37 groundnut mutants[32]
- Osa Gold Pear (disease resistance)[38]
- Most rice varieties grown in Japan have the sd1 mutant allele from the Reimei rice variety[32]
- Shwewartun rice mutant (created by irradiating IR5 rice to give better yield, grain quality and earlier maturity)[31]
- Basmati 370 short height rice mutant[34]
- NIAB-78 cotton mutant (high yielding, heat tolerant, early maturing)[34]
- CM-72 chickpea mutant (created with 150Gy of gamma rays; high yielding, blight resistant)[39]
- NM-28 mungbean mutant (short height, uniform and early maturing, high seed yield)[39]
- NIAB Masoor 2006 lentil mutant (created with 200Gy of radiation; early maturing, high yield, resistant to disease)[39]
- UNA La Molina 95 barley mutant (developed in 1995 for growing above 3,000 m)[40]
- Centenario Amarinth "kiwicha" mutant (high quality grain and exported as a certified organic product)[40]
- Centenario II barley mutant (developed for growing in the Andean highlands with high yield, high quality flour and tolerance to hail)[40]
- Albeely banana mutant (better quality, high yield and better stand)[31]
- RD15 and RD6 aromatic indica rice mutants (created with gamma rays and released in 1977-8; RD 15 is early ripening, RD6 has a valuable glutinous endosperm). Thailand is the biggest exporter of aromatic rice in the world[31]
- Golden Promise barley (semi-dwarf, salt tolerant mutant created with gamma rays)[41] Is used to make beer and whisky[42]
- Calrose 76 gamma rays)[6]: 189
- Luther and Pennrad barley (high yield mutant varieties; Pennrad also resistant to winter)[31]
- Murray Mitcham Peppermint (Verticillium wilt tolerance)[6]: 189
- Sanilac bean (X-ray radiation; high yielding mutant – also the Gratiot and Sea-way bean varieties were cross-bred from Sanilac)[31]
- Stadler wheat (high yield mutant with resistance to loose smut and leaf rust and earlier maturity)[31]
- Star Ruby and Rio red varieties of the Rio Star Grapefruit (created using thermal neutron techniques)[6]: 189
- Todd's Mitcham Peppermint (Verticillium wilt tolerance)[6]: 189
- VND 95-20, VND-99-1 and VN121 rice mutants (increased yield, improved quality, resistance to disease and pests)[43][44]
- DT84, DT96, DT99 and DT 2008 soybean mutants (developed using gamma rays to grow three crops a year, tolerance to heat and cold and resistance to disease)[44]
In 2014, it was reported that 17 rice mutant varieties, 10 soybean, two maize and one chrysanthemum mutant varieties had been officially released to Vietnamese farmers. 15% of rice and 50% of soybean was produced from mutant varieties.[45]
See also
References
- ^ S2CID 73471425.
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- ^ a b (2014) Plant Breeding and Genetics Archived 2018-07-27 at the Wayback Machine Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Retrieved 31 July 2014
- PMID 18273413.
- ^ M.K. Maluszynsk; K. Nichterlein; L. van Zanten; B.S. Ahloowalia (2000). "Officially released mutant varieties – the FAO/IAEA Database". Mutation Breeding Review (12): 1–84.
- ^ S2CID 34494057. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
- ^ a b Kaskey, Jack (21 November 2013) The Scariest Veggies of Them All Bloomberg Business Week, Retrieved 31 July 2014
- ^ Johnson, Paige. "Atomic Gardens". Retrieved 20 April 2011.
- ^ "New Citrus Variety Released by UC Riverside is Very Sweet, Juicy and Low-seeded".
- ^ a b Broad, William J. (28 August 2007). "Useful Mutants, Bred With Radiation". New York Times. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
- ^ a b Atomic Gardens: Public Perceptions & Public Policy Archived 2013-06-30 at the Wayback Machine, Life Sciences Foundation Magazine, Spring 2012.
- ^ Smith, Peter (2011-04-12). "How Radiation is Changing the Foods that You Eat". GOOD. GOOD Worldwide, Inc. Retrieved 2011-07-16.
- S2CID 49615444.
- ^ Pathirana, R. Plant Mutation Breeding in Agriculture. CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources. 2011 6 No 032
- ^ Stoilov, L.; Gecheff, K. (2009). Shu, Q.Y. (ed.). "Restriction Endonucleases as a Tool for In Vivo Induction of Chromosomal and DNA Damage in Barley Genome" (PDF). Induced Plant Mutations in the Genomics Era – via Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
- ^ Liu, L.X.; Guo, H.J.; Zhao, L.S.; Wang, J.; Zhao, S.R. (2009). Shu, Q.Y. (ed.). "Achievements and Perspectives of Crop Space Breeding in China" (PDF). Induced Plant Mutations in the Genomics Era – via Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
- ^ "Mutant Lotus Bred in Space on Display in Chongqing, China".
- ^ Tanaka, A. (2009). Shu, Q.Y. (ed.). "Establishment of Ion Beam Technology for Breeding" (PDF). Induced Plant Mutations in the Genomics Era – via Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
- ^ Wang, H.; Qiu, S.; Zheng, J.; Jiang, L.; Huang, H.; Huang, Y. (2009). Shu, Q.Y. (ed.). "Generation of New Rice Cultivars from Mature Pollen Treated with Gamma-Radiation" (PDF). Induced Plant Mutations in the Genomics Era – via Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
- ^ UK Government Science Review First Report, Prepared by the GM Science Review panel (July 2003). Chairman Professor Sir David King, Chief Scientific Advisor to the UK Government, P 9: "...it is necessary to produce about 100 GM plants to obtain one that has the desirable characters for its use as a basis of a new GM crop variety. ... Most of these so-called conventional plant breeding methods (such as gene transfer by pollination, mutation breeding, cell selection and induced polyploidy) have a substantially greater discard rate. Mutation breeding, for instance, involves the production of unpredictable and undirected genetic changes and many thousands, even millions, of undesirable plants are discarded in order to identify plants with suitable qualities for further breeding."
- ^ The Canadian regulatory system is based on whether a product has novel features regardless of method of origin. In other words, a product is regulated as genetically modified if it carries some trait not previously found in the species whether it was generated using mutation breeding or genetic engineering (or any other method including selective breeding).
- ^ Evans, Brent and Lupescu, Mihai (15 July 2012) Canada – Agricultural Biotechnology Annual – 2012 Archived 2013-12-15 at the Wayback Machine GAIN (Global Agricultural Information Network) report CA12029, United States Department of Agriculture, Foreifn Agricultural Service, Retrieved 7 August 2014
- ISBN 978-0198506744.
- ISBN 978-92-5-106324-8.
- ^ Useful Mutants, Bred With Radiation, by William J. Broad, New York Times, August 28, 2007.
- ^ Discussion Document Excluded Methods Terminology Archived 2013-06-24 at the Wayback Machine, National Organic Standards Board GMO ad hoc Subcommittee paper, U.S. Agricultural Marketing Service, published February 6, 2013.
- ^ a b Mendel in the Kitchen: A Scientist's View of Genetically Modified Foods, By Nina V. Fedoroff and Nancy Marie Brow, pg. 17, Joseph Henry Press, 2004.
- ^ Golden Promise Organic Ale
- ^ Wasatch Organic Rio Red Grapefruit
- ^ Pathirana, Ranjith (September 6, 2011) Plant mutation breeding in agriculture CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources (CAB International); 20116 (032): 1 – 20; doi:10.1079/PAVSNNR20116032; ISSN 1749-8848; Retrieved August 6, 2014
- ^ ISBN 9789251063248.
- ^ ISBN 978-1780640853.
- ^ "Lift-off for Chinese space potato". BBC News. 12 February 2007.
- ^ S2CID 36088943.
- ^ Lipavsky, J. Petr, J. and Hradecká, D, (2002) "Production Process in Old and Modern Spring Barley Varieties" Die Bodenkultur, 53 (1) 2, Page 19
- ^ Rossi, Luigi (2010). "Il miglioramento genetico del grano duro in Casaccia. Il caso CRESO" [Genetic Improvement of Durum Wheat in Casaccia. The Creso Case] (PDF). Energia, Ambiente e Innovazione. ENEA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-11-30. Retrieved 2016-11-29.
- ISBN 978-0521470742.
- ^ Kotobuki, Kazuo. "Japanese pear tree named 'Osa Gold'". Retrieved 20 April 2011.
- ^ a b c (2008) NIAB – Plant Breeding & Genetics Division, Achievements Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology, Faisalabad, Pakistan, Retrieved 16 May 2013
- ^ a b c (2012) Improved barley varieties – Feeding people from the equator to the arctic Archived 2014-08-29 at the Wayback Machine Joint FAO/IAEAProgramme, Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Retrieved 25 October 2013
- S2CID 22320510.
- ^ Broad, William (2007-08-28). "Useful Mutants, Bred With Radiation". New York Times. Retrieved 2013-06-19.
- ^ (2012) Successful Mutation Breeding Programmes in Vietnam Archived 2013-10-29 at the Wayback Machine Joint FAO/IAEAProgramme, Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Retrieved 25 October 2013
- ^ a b Vinh, M.Q. et al (2009) Current Status and Research Directions of Induced Mutation Application to Seeds Program in Vietnam in Induced Plant Mutations in the Genomics Era, FAO of the UN, Rome, Pp 341–345, Web page version retrieved 25 October 2013
- ^ (2014) Successful Mutation Breeding Programmes in Vietnam Archived 2013-10-29 at the Wayback Machine Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Retrieved 31 July 2014
External links
- "Institute of Radiation Breeding". 農研機構 | 国立研究開発法人農業・食品産業技術総合研究機構 [National Agriculture and Food Research Organization] (in Japanese). 2013-03-13. Retrieved 2021-08-08.
- The Joint FAO/IAEA Mutant Variety Database (MVD)
- "Mutation breeding". International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). 2016-04-13. Retrieved 2021-08-08.