Rashid Ali al-Gaylani

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This article is about Rashid Ali al-Gaylani. For other uses, see Rashid Ali (disambiguation).
Jamil al-Midfai
Personal details
Born1892
Baghdad, Ottoman Iraq
Died28 August 1965(1965-08-28) (aged 72–73)
Beirut, Lebanon
Political partyParty of National Brotherhood

Rashid Ali al-Gaylani

Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Iraq on three occasions: from March to November 1933, from March 1940 to February 1941 and from April to May 1941. He is chiefly remembered as an ardent Arab nationalist who attempted to remove the British influence from Iraq by starting a coup against the government in 1941. During his brief tenures as prime minister in 1940 and 1941, he attempted to negotiate settlements with the Axis powers during World War II
in order to counter British influence in Iraq.

Early life

Rashid Ali was the son of Sayyid Abdul Wahhab al-Gaylani and born into the prominent Baghdad-based Gaylani family. He also had origins in the Circassian governors of the Ottoman Vilayet. Members of the Gaylani family were known as sayed, as the family's ancestry can be traced back to the Islamic prophet Muhammad.[1] Rashid Ali enrolled in law school in Baghdad and was a lawyer until his political career.[2]

Political career

In 1924, Rashid Ali al-Gaylani began his career in politics in the first government led by

Nuri as-Said in 1930. They formed the Party of National Brotherhood to promote nationalist aims. Gaylani served as prime minister for the first time in 1933 but held office for less than eight months. In 1938 he was seized and exiled to 'Ana for his suspected role in the Baghdad bomb-throwing of November and the general political upheaval.[3]

He was elected as the president of the Chamber of Deputies in 1925 and 1926.[4]

During the Hashimi government, Gaylani served as Minister of Interior with the additional benefit of the lucrative trusteeship of the Qadiri Awqaf. Later, as prime minister, he would retain the interior portfolio as public works projects progressed, including the laying of the foundations for a mosque to be named the Faysal Mosque.[5]

On 31 March 1940, when Gaylani was again appointed Prime Minister,

Mohammad Amin al-Husayni, the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, expressing a desire for a treaty of friendship and collaboration.[6] Baghdad was the early base for Nazi Middle East intelligence operations during World War II.[7]

1941 Iraqi coup d'état

Main article: 1941 Iraqi coup d'état
Haj Amin al-Husseini
, speaking at the anniversary of the 1941 Iraqi coup in Berlin

Britain responded with severe economic sanctions against Iraq. Meanwhile, news of British victories against Italian forces in North Africa weakened support for Gaylani. On 31 January 1941, under pressure from Regent Abdul-Illah, he resigned as Prime Minister. This only exacerbated his mistrust of Britain and its supporters in the government. Together with the members of the Golden Square, Gaylani made plans to assassinate Regent Abdul-Illah and seize power. On 31 March, Abdul-Illah discovered the plot to assassinate him and fled the country.

On April 1, the Golden Square executed their coup d'état; on April 3, the "National Defence Government" replaced the government of the Regent with Gaylani as Prime Minister. As one of his first acts, Gaylani sent an Iraqi artillery force to confront the RAF base in Habbaniya. By the end of April, Iraqi forces held in strong positions on the escarpment above the base, and a siege began.

Iraq had been a major supplier of

Archibald Wavell to protect the air base at Habbaniya. On 18 April, British forces from India landed in Basra, Sabine Force. In the Mandatory Palestine, another force was created to enter Iraq from the west and relieve RAF Habbaniya, Habbaniya Force
.

Anglo-Iraqi War

Main article: Anglo-Iraqi War

At Habbaniya, the besieging Iraqis demanded the cessation of all training activities and of all flights in and out of the base. On 2 May, the commander at RAF Habbaniya,

Air Vice-Marshal Harry George Smart, responded to the Iraqi demands by launching a pre-emptive strike against the Iraqi forces overlooking the air base. This action initiated the Anglo-Iraqi War. Within a week, the Iraqis abandoned the escarpment. By mid-May, British forces consisting mainly of Assyrian levies from Habbaniya had moved on to Fallujah and, after overcoming Iraqi resistance there, moved on to Baghdad. On 30 May, as British troops were closing in on his position, Gaylani fled to Iran.[8] Before he left Baghdad, Gaylani contacted Mulla Effendi and informed him that he had chosen his house as a safe haven for the royal family to stay until the conflict ended.[citation needed
]

On 31 May, an armistice between the British and the Iraqis was signed. On 1 June, the Regent returned to Baghdad and his government was restored. Immediately afterwards, the Farhud, a violent pogrom against Jews, took place in Baghdad.

Iran, Italy, Germany and Saudi Arabia

Al-Gaylani with Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser in Cairo, August 1958

Gaylani was not to stay long in Iran. On 25 August 1941 the

government in exile. Upon the defeat of Germany, Gaylani again fled and found refuge, this time in Saudi Arabia
.

Later life and death

Gaylani did not return from exile until after the

Abdul Karim Kassem
's government. The revolt was foiled and Gaylani was sentenced to death. However he was pardoned in July 1961, allowing him to live in Lebanon until 1965 when he died at the age of 72.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ in Arab standard pronunciation Rashid Aali al-Kaylani; also transliterated as Sayyid Rashid Aali al-Gillani, Sayyid Rashid Ali al-Gailani or sometimes Sayyad Rashid Ali el Keilany ("Sayyad" serves to address higher standing male persons)

References

  1. ^ Makiya, p. 216
  2. ^ Cleveland, p. 212
  3. ^ Longrigg, 1953, p. 274
  4. ISBN 9780231142014
    – via Google Books.
  5. ^ Longrigg, 1953, pp. 248, 283
  6. ^ Aboul-Enein and Aboul-Enein, 2013, pp. 51-52
  7. ^ Lewis, 2003, pp. 69-70
  8. ^ "19. Iraq (1932-present)". uca.edu. Retrieved 2023-07-28.
  9. ^ "Preachers of Hate: Islam and the War on America" p. 106

Bibliography

External links

Political offices
Preceded by Prime Minister of Iraq
March 20, 1933 — October 29, 1933 		Succeeded by
Jamil al-Midfai
Preceded by
Nuri as-Said
 Prime Minister of Iraq
March 31, 1940 — January 31, 1941 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Prime Minister of Iraq
April 3, 1941 — May 29, 1941 		Succeeded by
Jamil al-Midfai
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