Jalalabad: Difference between revisions
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[[File:The Amir’s Garden, Jalālābād WDL11478.png|thumb|left|The Emir's gardens, pictured in the 19th century]] |
[[File:The Amir’s Garden, Jalālābād WDL11478.png|thumb|left|The Emir's gardens, pictured in the 19th century]] |
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The region became part of the [[Ghaznavids|Ghaznavid Empire]] in the 10th century. [[Sabuktigin]] annexed the land all the way west of the [[Neelum River]] in Kashmir. "The Afghans and Khiljies who resided among the mountains having taken the oath of allegiance to Sabuktigin, many of them were enlisted in his army, after which he returned in triumph to [[Ghazni]]."<ref name=Farishta-2>{{cite web |work=[[Ferishta]], History of the Rise of Mohammedan Power in India, Volume 1: Section 15 |url=http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=06901021&ct=13 |title=AMEER NASIR-OOD-DEEN SUBOOKTUGEEN |publisher=Packard Humanities Institute |access-date=2012-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514092123/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=06901021&ct=13 |archive-date=2013-05-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Ghurids]] succeeded the Ghaznavids and expanded the Islamic empire further into Hindustan. The region around Jalalabad later became part of the [[Khalji dynasty|Khalji]] territory, followed by that of the [[Timurids]].{{ |
The region became part of the [[Ghaznavids|Ghaznavid Empire]] in the 10th century. [[Sabuktigin]] annexed the land all the way west of the [[Neelum River]] in Kashmir. "The Afghans and Khiljies who resided among the mountains having taken the oath of allegiance to Sabuktigin, many of them were enlisted in his army, after which he returned in triumph to [[Ghazni]]."<ref name=Farishta-2>{{cite web |work=[[Ferishta]], History of the Rise of Mohammedan Power in India, Volume 1: Section 15 |url=http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=06901021&ct=13 |title=AMEER NASIR-OOD-DEEN SUBOOKTUGEEN |publisher=Packard Humanities Institute |access-date=2012-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514092123/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=06901021&ct=13 |archive-date=2013-05-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Ghurids]] succeeded the Ghaznavids and expanded the Islamic empire further into Hindustan. The region around Jalalabad later became part of the [[Khalji dynasty|Khalji]] territory, followed by that of the [[Timurids]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hewitt |first1=Cooper |title=Afghanistan {{!}} Countries {{!}} Collection of Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum |url=https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/countries/23424739/ |website=collection.cooperhewitt.org |access-date=26 January 2021}}</ref> |
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It is said that the original name of Jalalabad was Adinapur.<ref>Gazetteer of the Peshawar District 1897-98 Page 55</ref> Jalalabad was named in honour of Mughal ruler Jalal-uddin in the last decade of the sixteenth century, the grandson of [[Babur]]. The modern city gained prominence during the reign of [[Babur]], founder of the [[Mughal Empire]]. Babur had chosen the site for this city which was built by his grandson [[Akbar the Great|Jalal-uddin Mohammad Akbar]] in 1560.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Adamec|first1=Ludwig W.|title=Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East : Historical Dictionary of Afghanistan|date=2011|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780810878150|page=264}}</ref> |
It is said that the original name of Jalalabad was Adinapur.<ref>Gazetteer of the Peshawar District 1897-98 Page 55</ref> Jalalabad was named in honour of Mughal ruler Jalal-uddin in the last decade of the sixteenth century, the grandson of [[Babur]]. The modern city gained prominence during the reign of [[Babur]], founder of the [[Mughal Empire]]. Babur had chosen the site for this city which was built by his grandson [[Akbar the Great|Jalal-uddin Mohammad Akbar]] in 1560.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Adamec|first1=Ludwig W.|title=Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East : Historical Dictionary of Afghanistan|date=2011|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780810878150|page=264}}</ref> |
Revision as of 19:05, 26 January 2021
Jalalabad
جلالآباد Jalalkot, Adinapur | |
---|---|
UTC+4:30 (Afghanistan Standard Time) | |
Climate | BWh |
Jalalabad (
Jalalabad is a leading center of social and trade activity because of its proximity with the
History
History of Afghanistan | |
---|---|
![]() | |
Timeline | |
410–557 | |
Nezak Huns | 484–711 |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/The_Amir%E2%80%99s_Garden%2C_Jal%C4%81l%C4%81b%C4%81d_WDL11478.png/220px-The_Amir%E2%80%99s_Garden%2C_Jal%C4%81l%C4%81b%C4%81d_WDL11478.png)
The region became part of the
It is said that the original name of Jalalabad was Adinapur.
It remained part of the Mughal Empire until around 1738 when Nader Shah and his Afsharid forces began defeating the Mughals. Nader Shah's forces were accompanied by the young Ahmad Shah Durrani and his 4,000-strong Afghan army from southern Afghanistan. In 1747, he founded the Durrani Empire (Afghan Empire) after re-conquering the area. The Afghan army has long used the city while going back and forth during their military campaigns into the Indian subcontinent.
The British-Indian forces invaded Jalalabad in 1838, during the
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Aerial_view_of_Jalalabad_in_2012.jpg/220px-Aerial_view_of_Jalalabad_in_2012.jpg)
Jalalabad is considered one of the most important cities of the
From 1978 to early 1990s, the city served as a strategic location for the
After the resignation of
The
Demographics
The city population is estimated to be 356,274 in year 2015.[1] It has six districts and a total land area of 12,796 hectares (31,620 acres). The total number of dwellings in this city is 39,586.[19]
Nearly all residents of Jalalabad are
Land use
Jalalabad is the regional hub in eastern Afghanistan, close to the border with Pakistan. Agriculture is the predominant land use at 44%, higher density of dwellings is found in Districts 1-5 and vacant plots are largely clustered in District 6. Districts 1-6 all have a grid network of roads.[19]
Climate
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Jalalabad%2C_Afghanistan_%285397994701%29.jpg/220px-Jalalabad%2C_Afghanistan_%285397994701%29.jpg)
Jalalabad's climate is
The north and southwestern parts of the city which has lower elevation are welcoming places to winds from the north and west cooling the parts in summer months. Jalalabad has the highest relative humidity in summer compared to other Afghan cities. However the moderate temperatures of winter has led to various people down the history establishing their settlements in the city.
Climate data for Jalalabad | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 25.0 (77.0) |
28.8 (83.8) |
34.5 (94.1) |
40.5 (104.9) |
45.4 (113.7) |
47.5 (117.5) |
44.7 (112.5) |
42.4 (108.3) |
41.2 (106.2) |
38.2 (100.8) |
32.4 (90.3) |
25.4 (77.7) |
47.5 (117.5) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 15.9 (60.6) |
17.9 (64.2) |
22.5 (72.5) |
28.3 (82.9) |
34.7 (94.5) |
40.4 (104.7) |
39.3 (102.7) |
38.0 (100.4) |
35.2 (95.4) |
30.5 (86.9) |
23.3 (73.9) |
17.5 (63.5) |
28.6 (83.5) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 8.5 (47.3) |
10.9 (51.6) |
16.3 (61.3) |
21.9 (71.4) |
27.7 (81.9) |
32.7 (90.9) |
32.8 (91.0) |
31.9 (89.4) |
28.1 (82.6) |
22.2 (72.0) |
14.9 (58.8) |
9.5 (49.1) |
21.5 (70.6) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 2.9 (37.2) |
5.6 (42.1) |
10.5 (50.9) |
15.3 (59.5) |
19.8 (67.6) |
24.7 (76.5) |
26.7 (80.1) |
26.2 (79.2) |
21.4 (70.5) |
14.4 (57.9) |
6.9 (44.4) |
3.5 (38.3) |
14.8 (58.7) |
Record low °C (°F) | −14.1 (6.6) |
−9.5 (14.9) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
6.1 (43.0) |
10.6 (51.1) |
13.5 (56.3) |
19.0 (66.2) |
17.5 (63.5) |
11.0 (51.8) |
2.7 (36.9) |
−4.5 (23.9) |
−5.5 (22.1) |
−14.1 (6.6) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 18.1 (0.71) |
24.3 (0.96) |
39.2 (1.54) |
36.4 (1.43) |
16.0 (0.63) |
1.4 (0.06) |
6.9 (0.27) |
7.7 (0.30) |
8.3 (0.33) |
3.2 (0.13) |
8.3 (0.33) |
12.1 (0.48) |
181.9 (7.17) |
Average rainy days | 4 | 5 | 8 | 8 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 39 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
61 | 60 | 62 | 59 | 47 | 40 | 52 | 58 | 56 | 55 | 58 | 63 | 56 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 180.9 | 182.7 | 207.1 | 227.8 | 304.8 | 339.6 | 325.9 | 299.7 | 293.6 | 277.6 | 231.0 | 185.6 | 3,056.3 |
Source: NOAA (1964-1983) [29] |
Flora and fauna
Jalalabad is home to a large number of fruits. Various types of citrus fruits like orange, tangerine, grapefruit, lemon, lime grow in gardens as well as in orchards.[25] The orange trees yield a crop only once in three years. The narindj variety of orange is the most common one which has yellow skin and its taste is a combination of orange and grapefruit. The grapefruits grown here have a diameter of eight or nine inches. Per year 1800 tonnes of pomegranates, 334 tones of grapes, and 7750 tones of mulberries are produced in Jalalabad.[30] The fruits are either sold in local markets or transported to Kabul markets from where they are exported. The second most common crop is local vatani variety of sugarcane. It contains 15% sugar by weight.[31]
Transportation
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Afghan_Air_Force_Mi-17_landing_at_Forward_Operating_Base_Fenty_in_2011.jpg/220px-Afghan_Air_Force_Mi-17_landing_at_Forward_Operating_Base_Fenty_in_2011.jpg)
The
There are proposals for the establishment of Afghanistan's rail network linking Jalalabad with Pakistan Railways, allowing for increased trade of goods, people and commerce between the two countries.[32]
Jalalabad is connected by main roads with the Afghan capital of Kabul, the city of Peshawar in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, and several nearby Afghan cities and towns. All trade between Afghanistan and Pakistan passes through this city. The highway between Jalalabad and Kabul was resurfaced in 2006, reducing the transit time between these two important cities. This highway is considered to be one of the most dangerous in the world because of the large number of accidents.[33] An improvement in the road networks between Jalalabad and Peshawar has also been proposed,[by whom?] with the intention of widening the existing road and improving security to attract more tourists and allow for safer passage of goods between to the two countries.
Places of interest
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF_Jalalabad_city-_sherendel_Medical_Plaza.jpg/220px-%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF_Jalalabad_city-_sherendel_Medical_Plaza.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Mausoleum_of_Amanullah_Khan-cropped.jpg/220px-Mausoleum_of_Amanullah_Khan-cropped.jpg)
On the southeastern fringe of Jalalabad, a modern suburb called
- Airports
Jalalabad Airport (IATA: JAA, ICAO: OAJL) is located 5 kilometres (3 mi) southeast of Jalalabad city in Afghanistan. This airport is currently being used only for military purposes and sometimes the United Nations' aircraft use this airport. It is occupied and maintained by the United States Armed Forces. They operate out of Forward Operating Base Fenty, which is adjacent to Jalalabad Airport. The Afghan Air Force (AAF) and members of the International Security Assistance Force also use the airport.
- New Jalalabad Airport
Hamidullah Qaderi, Minister of Transport and Civil Aviation of Afghanistan, announced in April 2009 the construction of a new civilian airport in the Gambiri area northwest of Jalalabad. The new airport will be constructed with financial assistance from the United States.
- Foreign consulates
India and Pakistan operate their consulate here for trade, military and political links.
- Mausoleums
- Mausoleum of King Amanullah Khan
- Mausoleum of Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan
- Mausoleum of Mohammad Gul Khan Momand
- Hospitals
Jalalabad district has three hospitals: Fatumatu Zahra, Medical Hospital of Nangarhar, and the General Hospital of Public Health. The General Hospital of Public Health is one of the largest in the country.[8] As of July 24, 2004[update], polio (NSL3) has been identified and reported in the Jalalabad district area. This specific case has been linked to others reported in the past due to the highly transient and mobile population.[9]
- Universities
Nangarhar University (Pashto: د ننګرهار پوهنتون) is a government-funded higher learning institution in Jalalabad, Afghanistan. It is the second largest university in Afghanistan.[2] It has approximately 25 faculty and 3,500 students.[3] Nangarhar University was established in 1962 as a medical college.[4] It was later merged with other local colleges to become a full-fledged university. It now houses faculties in agriculture, engineering, education, medicine, theology, pedagogy, political science and veterinary medicine.
Nangarhar consists of many faculties including engineering, political science, economics, teachers' training, veterinary, and computer science. Nangarhar Medical Faculty (NMF) is the second largest medical school in Afghanistan. They also take part in an e-learning program organized by Afghans Next Generation e-Learning.
The nearest village within walking distance of Jalalabad is Ghouchak.
Sports
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Jalalabad_stadium_in_June_2011.jpg/220px-Jalalabad_stadium_in_June_2011.jpg)
The province is represented in domestic cricket competitions by the Nangarhar province cricket team. National team member Hamid Hasan was born in the province and he currently represents Afghanistan in international cricket. The Ghazi Amanullah International Cricket Stadium is the first international standard cricket stadium in Afghanistan. It is located in the Ghazi Amanullah Town, a modern suburb on the southeastern fringe of Jalalabad in Nangarhar Province. Construction on the stadium began in March 2010 when the foundation stone was laid by Minister of Finance and president of the Afghanistan Cricket Board, Omar Zakhilwal. The project, which was developed on 30 acres of land donated by the developer constructing the Ghazi Amanullah Town, cost up the first phase of construction $1.8 million. The first phase, which took one year to complete, included the completion of the stadium itself. The remainder of the phases will see the construction of a pavilion, accommodation for players and administrative buildings. The stadium, which has a capacity of 14,000, was completed before the national team and under-19 team left for Canada and the Under-19 Cricket World Cup Qualifier in Ireland respectively. The two sides inaugurated the stadium in a Twenty20 match.[2] It is hoped that the stadium will be able to attract international teams to play Afghanistan, who currently have One Day International status until at least 2013.
- Professional sports teams from Jalalabad
Club | League | Sport | Venue | Established |
---|---|---|---|---|
Nangarhar Leopards | Afghanistan Premier League | Cricket | Sharjah Cricket Stadium | 2018 |
Spin Ghar Tigers
|
Shpageeza Cricket League | Cricket | Ghazi Amanullah International Cricket Stadium | 2013 |
De Spin Ghar Bazan F.C.
|
Afghan Premier League | Football | Ghazi Stadium | 2012 |
- Stadiums
- Ghazi Amanullah International Cricket Stadium
- Sherzai Cricket Stadium (under construction)
- National Football Stadium
International sister cities
- San Diego, California, United States[35]
Notable people
- Rashid Khan, cricketer
- Amanullah Khan, buried in the city
- Abdul Ghaffar Khan, buried in the city
- Mohammad Gul Khan Momand, buried in the city
- Tetsu Nakamura, lived and died in the city
See also
References
- ^ a b "The State of Afghan Cities report 2015". Archived from the original on 2015-10-31.
- ^ "MRRD" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-03-04. Retrieved 2013-03-13.
- ^ "The State of Afghan Cities report2015". Archived from the original on 2015-10-31.
- ^ a b "Afghan poets dream of peace in Pashtun Jalalabad | Arts & Ent , Culture | THE DAILY STAR". www.dailystar.com.lb. Retrieved 2020-12-03.
- ^ "Jalālābād". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2011-08-15.
- ^ https://afghanistan-photos.com/climate-of-afghanistan/
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-12-03.
- ISBN 978-8178243474.
- ISBN 978-0-631-19841-3.
- Ferishta, History of the Rise of Mohammedan Power in India, Volume 1: Section 15. Packard Humanities Institute. Archived from the originalon 2013-05-14. Retrieved 2012-12-31.
- ^ Hewitt, Cooper. "Afghanistan | Countries | Collection of Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum". collection.cooperhewitt.org. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
- ^ Gazetteer of the Peshawar District 1897-98 Page 55
- ISBN 9780810878150.
- ^ "Jalālābād | Afghanistan". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2019-02-18.
- ^ Rupert, James (8 July 1989). "AFGHANISTAN REBELS LOSE KEY BATTLE". Retrieved 28 January 2018 – via www.WashingtonPost.com.
- ^ https://www.hrw.org/reports/1991/afghanistan/3AFGHAN.htm
- ^ "Afghan rebels capture Jalalabad". UPI.com. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
- ^ Naadem, Bashir Ahmad (February 24, 2011). "US to open consulates in more provinces". Pajhwok Afghan News. Retrieved 2011-08-15.
- ^ a b "The State of Afghan Cities report 2015". Archived from the original on 2015-10-31. Retrieved 2015-10-21.
- ^ "'When Are You Going Back?' Afghanistan's Sikhs, Strangers In Their Own Land". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Retrieved 2020-12-03.
- ^ Kumar, Ruchi. "The decline of Afghanistan's Hindu and Sikh communities". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2020-12-03.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-12-03.
- ^ "Afghanistan - Drainage". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-12-03.
- ^ Michel, p. 29
- ^ a b c Michel, p. 30
- ^ Wright, Colin. "Jellalabad, the bastion where General Elphinstone and others were buried during the seige [sic] 1841-42". www.bl.uk. Retrieved 2020-12-03.
- ^ Latifi, Ali M. "Afghanistan halts independence festivities after wedding massacre". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2020-12-03.
- ^ http://www.island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=article-details&code_title=144825
- ^ "Jalal Abad Climate Normals 1964-1983". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved December 25, 2012.
- ^ Michel, p.32
- ^ Michel, p.33
- ^ "Work on Jalalabad railways station launched". Pajhwok Afghan News. 3 January 2013. Retrieved 2013-01-04.
- ^ Filkins, Dexter (7 February 2010). "A Highway in Afghanistan Presents Scenes of Beauty and Death". Retrieved 28 January 2018 – via NYTimes.com.
- ^ "Ghazi Amanullah Khan City". najeebzarab.af. 2009. Archived from the original on 2013-04-29. Retrieved 2011-08-15.
- ^ "San Diego Jalalabad Sister Cities". San Diego Jalalabad Sister Cities. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
Sources
- Aloys Arthur Michel. The Kabul, Kunduz, and Helmand Valleys and the National Economy of Afghanistan: A Study of Regional Resources and the Comparative Advantages of Development. National Academies.
Further reading
- Published in the 19th century
- Edward Balfour (1885), "Jalalabad", Cyclopaedia of India (3rd ed.), London: B. Quaritch
- Published in the 20th century
- "Jalalabad", The Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.), New York: Encyclopædia Britannica, 1910, OCLC 14782424
- Published in the 21st century
- Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture. Oxford University Press. 2009.
External links
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png)
- Ghazi Amanullah Khan City on YouTube
- The Silk Road Journey With Xuanzang By Sally Hovey Wriggins
- "Jalalabad". Islamic Cultural Heritage Database. Istanbul: Organization of Islamic Cooperation, Research Centre for Islamic History, Art and Culture. Archived from the original on 2013-06-15.