Engineering education: Difference between revisions
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===Malaysia=== |
===Malaysia=== |
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Activities on Engineering Education in Malaysia are spearheaded by the Society of Engineering Education Malaysia (SEEM). SEEM was established in 2007 and launched on 23 February 2009. The idea of establishing the Society of Engineering Education was initiated on April, 2005 with thecreating of a Pro-team Committee for SEEM. The objectives of this society are to contribute to the development of education in the fields of engineering educationand science and technology, including teaching and learning, counseling, research, service and public relations. |
Activities on Engineering Education in Malaysia are spearheaded by the Society of Engineering Education Malaysia (SEEM). SEEM was established in 2007 and launched on 23 February 2009. The idea of establishing the Society of Engineering Education was initiated on April, 2005 with thecreating of a Pro-team Committee for SEEM. The objectives of this society are to contribute to the development of education in the fields of engineering educationand science and technology, including teaching and learning, counseling, research, service and public relations. |
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i) Formation of the direction and responsibility of engineering education to national prosperity. |
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ii) Coordination purposes and engineering education programs in engineering educational institutions, industry and professional bodies and the public. |
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iii) Improvement of teaching materials and methods of implementation. |
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iv) Coordination of conferences, workshops and seminars in improving the quality of engineering education. |
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v) The addition of experts in the field of engineering education through publications and educational programs and research. |
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vi) Promotion of research collaboration between members of the engineering education. |
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The SEEM secretariat is currently located at [http://www.utm.my/ Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM)] in Skudai, Johor. UTM's commitment to engineering education is also recognized when [http://tree.utm.my/ RCEE (Regional Centre for Engineering Education)] was set up there. |
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Also, one of the most popular mechanical engineers of Pakistan, Abdul Razzaq, is at MMHE and is the senior engineer there. |
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===Pakistan=== |
===Pakistan=== |
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In Pakistan engineering certification is carried out by the Pakistan Engineering Council, a statutory body, constituted under the PEC Act No. V of 1976 of the constitution of Pakistan and amended vide Ordinance No.XXIII of 2006, to regulate the engineering profession in the country. It aims to achieve rapid and sustainable growth in all national, economic and social fields. The council is responsible for maintaining realistic and internationally relevant standards of professional competence and ethics for engineers in the country. PEC interacts with the Government, both at the Federal and Provincial level by participating in Commissions, Committees and Advisory Bodies. PEC is a fully representative body of the engineering community in the country. |
In Pakistan engineering certification is carried out by the Pakistan Engineering Council, a statutory body, constituted under the PEC Act No. V of 1976 of the constitution of Pakistan and amended vide Ordinance No.XXIII of 2006, to regulate the engineering profession in the country. It aims to achieve rapid and sustainable growth in all national, economic and social fields. The council is responsible for maintaining realistic and internationally relevant standards of professional competence and ethics for engineers in the country. PEC interacts with the Government, both at the Federal and Provincial level by participating in Commissions, Committees and Advisory Bodies. PEC is a fully representative body of the engineering community in the country. |
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'''Institute of Engineers Pakistan (IEP)''' |
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The Institute of Engineers Pakistan is a purely professional body that aims to: |
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* Promote and advance the science, practice, and business of engineering in all its branches throughout Pakistan. |
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* Promote efficiency in the engineering practice and profession. |
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* Regulate the professional activities and assist in maintaining high standard in the general conduct of its members. |
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* Lay down the professional code of ethics and to make it mandatory for its members in their professional conduct. |
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* Help in the acquisition and exchange of technical knowledge |
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* Promote professional interest and social welfare of its members. |
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* Encourage original research in engineering, conservation and economic utilization of the resources of the country. |
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* Foster coordination with similar institution in other countries and educational institutions in Pakistan and abroad for mutual benefits. |
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* To disseminate information and knowledge among engineers through lectures, conferences, seminars and publication of journal and papers. |
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* Cooperate with various government agencies and industrial enterprises advising them in matters concerning the profession and practice of engineering and promotion of technical education. |
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And the most popular mechanical engineer of Pakistan is Abdul Razzaq who has gone in Malaysia at MMHE and he is the senior engineerat there. |
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===Philippines=== |
===Philippines=== |
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* {{cite journal|title=Five Major Shifts in 100 Years of Engineering Education |authors=Froyd, J.E., Wankat, P.C., Smith, K.A.|journal=[[Proceedings of the IEEE]]|volume=100|issue=special centennial issue|year=2012|doi=10.1109/JPROC.2012.2190167}} |
* {{cite journal|title=Five Major Shifts in 100 Years of Engineering Education |authors=Froyd, J.E., Wankat, P.C., Smith, K.A.|journal=[[Proceedings of the IEEE]]|volume=100|issue=special centennial issue|year=2012|doi=10.1109/JPROC.2012.2190167}} |
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· Grobler, du Toit: Decades of Engineering Excellence (2013), Published by Chris van Rensburg Publications, Johannesburg, South Africa on behalf of ECSA, Johannesburg, ISBN 0-86846-116-4 |
· Grobler, du Toit: Decades of Engineering Excellence (2013), Published by Chris van Rensburg Publications, Johannesburg, South Africa on behalf of ECSA, Johannesburg, ISBN 0-86846-116-4 |
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==External links== |
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* [http://science.shiksha.com/ List of Engineering Colleges and Courses in India] |
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* [http://www.engineeringpathway.com/ep/community/eng.jhtml ABET-accredited engineering education communities] {{Dead link|date=November 2013}} |
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* [http://www.acad-eng-gen.ca/publis/edu_an.pdf Engineering Education in Canadian Universities] |
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* [http://www.acad-eng-gen.ca/publis/Evolution_a.pdf Evolution of Engineering Education in Canada] |
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* [http://www.engineeringonline.com/ An online learning centre for the Engineering Profession] |
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* [http://eehomepage.com EE HomePage.com] provides educational & career development resources for electrical engineers, educators and students |
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* [http://kmoddl.library.cornell.edu/index.php Kinematic Models for Design Digital Library (KMODDL)] - Movies and photos of hundreds of working mechanical-systems models at Cornell University. Also includes an [http://kmoddl.library.cornell.edu/e-books.php e-book library] of classic texts on mechanical design and engineering. |
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* [http://www.mymajors.com/content_major_information_pages.html Descriptions of Engineering College Majors] |
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* {{Cite Americana|wstitle=Education, Engineering|author=Ira O. Baker, C.E. |short=x}} |
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* Engineering Curriculum-Lessons & Activities: http://www.teachengineering.org |
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* Engineering Entrance Coaching Center & Consulting: http://www.appoloacademy.com |
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{{Engineering fields}} |
{{Engineering fields}} |
Revision as of 21:31, 27 April 2015
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Engineering education is the activity of teaching knowledge and principles related to the professional practice of engineering. It includes the initial education for becoming an engineer and any advanced education and specializations that follow. Engineering education is typically accompanied by additional examinations and supervised training as the requirements for a professional engineering license.
Africa
Kenya
Engineering training in Kenya is typically provided by the universities. Registration of engineers is governed by the Engineers Registration Act. A candidate stands to qualify as a registered engineer, R.Eng, if he/she is a holder of a minimum four years post-secondary Engineering Education and a minimum of three years post graduation work experience.[1]
All registrations are undertaken by the Engineers Registration Board which is a statutory body established through an Act of the Kenyan Parliament in 1969. A minor revision was done in 1992, to accommodate Technician Engineer grade. The Board has been given the responsibility of regulating the activities and conduct of Practicing Engineers in the Republic of Kenya in accordance with the functions and powers conferred upon it by the Act. Under CAP 530 of the Laws of Kenya, it is illegal for an engineer to practice or call himself an engineer if not registered with the Board. Registration with the Board is thus a license to practice engineering in Kenya.
South Africa
Engineering training in South Africa is typically provided by the universities, universities of technology and colleges for Technical and Vocational Education and Training (previously Further Education and Training).[2] The qualifications provided by these institutions must have an Engineering Council of South Africa (ECSA) accreditation for the qualification for graduates and diplomats of these institutions to be registered as Candidate Certificated Engineers,Candidate Engineers, Candidate Engineering Technologists and Candidate Engineering Technicians.
The academic training performed by the universities is typically in the form of a four-year BSc(Eng), BIng or BEng degree. For the degree to be accredited, the course material must conform to the ECSA Exit Level Outcomes (ELO).
Certified Professional Engineers (PrEng) are persons that are accredited by ECSA as an engineering professional. Legally, a Certified Professional Engineers sign off is required for any major project to be implemented, in order to ensure the safety and standards of the project.
Professional Certificated Engineers (PrCertEng) are persons that are holders of one of seven Government Certificates of Competency and who have been registered by ECSA as engineering professionals.
- See "Decades of Engineering Excellence" in further reading below.
Tanzania
Engineering training in Tanzania is typically provided by various universities and technical institutions in the country. Graduate Engineers are registered by Engineers Registration Board (ERB) after undergoing three years of practical training. A candidate stands to qualify as a professional engineer, P.Eng, if he/she is a holder of a minimum four years post-secondary Engineering Education and a minimum of three years post graduation work experience. Engineers Registration Board is a statutory body established through an Act of the Tanzanian Parliament in 1968. Minor revision was done in 1997 to address the issue of engineering professional excellence in the country.
The Board has been given the responsibility of regulating the activities and conduct of Practicing Engineers in the United Republic of Tanzania in accordance with the functions and powers conferred upon it by the Act. According to Tanzania Laws, it is illegal for an engineer to practice or call himself an engineer if not registered with the Board. Registration with the Board is thus a license to practice engineering in United Republic of Tanzania.
Asia
India
In India, there are several engineering colleges imparting undergraduate and graduate courses in engineering, applied engineering and sciences. The
Indonesia
List of engineering schools in Indonesia
- Faculty of Engineering of Ahmad Dahlan University
- Faculty of Engineering of Andalas University
- Faculty of Engineering of Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa University
- Faculty of Engineering of University of Indonesia
- Faculty of Engineering of Gadjah Mada University
- Bandung Institute of Technology
- Tenth of November Institute of Technology, Surabaya
- Faculty of Engineering of University of Lampung
- Faculty of Engineering of Diponegoro University
Malaysia
Activities on Engineering Education in Malaysia are spearheaded by the Society of Engineering Education Malaysia (SEEM). SEEM was established in 2007 and launched on 23 February 2009. The idea of establishing the Society of Engineering Education was initiated on April, 2005 with thecreating of a Pro-team Committee for SEEM. The objectives of this society are to contribute to the development of education in the fields of engineering educationand science and technology, including teaching and learning, counseling, research, service and public relations.
Pakistan
In Pakistan engineering certification is carried out by the Pakistan Engineering Council, a statutory body, constituted under the PEC Act No. V of 1976 of the constitution of Pakistan and amended vide Ordinance No.XXIII of 2006, to regulate the engineering profession in the country. It aims to achieve rapid and sustainable growth in all national, economic and social fields. The council is responsible for maintaining realistic and internationally relevant standards of professional competence and ethics for engineers in the country. PEC interacts with the Government, both at the Federal and Provincial level by participating in Commissions, Committees and Advisory Bodies. PEC is a fully representative body of the engineering community in the country.
Philippines
The Professional Regulation Commission is the regulating body for engineers in the Philippines.[citation needed]
Taiwan
Engineering is one of the most popular majors among
Europe
Austria
In
A lower engineering degree is offered by Höheren Technische Lehranstalten, (HTL, Higher Technical Institute), a form of secondary college which reaches from grade 9 to 13. There are disciplines like civil engineering, electronics, information technology, etc.
In the 5th year of HTL, as in other secondary schools in Austria, there is a final exam, called Matura. Graduates obtain an Ingenieur engineering degree after three years of work in the studied field.
Denmark
In Denmark, the engineering degree is delivered by either Universities or Engineering Colleges (e.g. Engineering College of Aarhus).
Students receive first a
The quality of Danish engineering expertise has long been much vaunted. Danish engineers especially from Engineering Colleges have also been praised at being very practical (i.e. skilled at physical work related to their discipline), ascribed to the high quality of the apprenticeship courses many Danish engineers go through as part of their education.
Finland
Finland's system is derived from Germany's system. Two kinds of schools are recognized, the universities and the
Universities award typically 'Bachelor of Science in Technology' and 'Master of Science in Technology' degrees. Bachelor's degree is a three-year degree as Master's degree is equivalent for two-year full-time studies.
The AMK's are municipally administered schools that traditionally award 3.5-, to 4.5-year vocational degrees called
France
In France, the engineering degree is mainly delivered by "
Inside a French company the title of Ingénieur refers to a rank in qualification and is not restricted. Therefore you can find sometimes Ingénieurs des Ventes (Sales Engineers), Ingénieur Marketing, Ingénieur Bancaire (Banking Engineer), Ingénieur Recherche & Développement (R&D Engineer), etc.
Germany
In Germany, the engineering degree is either delivered by Universities, and specialized Polytechnic Universities or Fachhochschulen.
Students receive first a
The quality of German engineering expertise has long been much vaunted, especially in the field of mechanical engineering. This is supported by the degree to which the various theories governing aerodynamics and structural mechanics are named after German scientists and engineers such as Ludwig Prandtl. German engineers have also been praised at being very practical (i.e. skilled at physical work related to their discipline), ascribed to the high quality of the apprenticeship courses many German engineers go through as part of their education.[9]
Italy
In Italy, the engineering degree and "engineer" title is delivered by Polytechnic Universities upon completion of 5 years of studies. Additional master degree (2 years) and doctorate programs (5 years) provide the title of "Dottore in ingegneria". Students that started studies in Polytechnic Universities before 2005 (when Italy adopted the Bologna declaration) need to complete a 5 years program to get the engineer title. In this case the master degree is obtained after 1 year of studies. Only people with an engineer title can be employed as "engineers". Still, some with competence and experience in an engineering field that do not have such a title, can still be employed to perform engineering tasks as "specialist", "assistant", "technologist" or "technician". But, only engineers can take legal responsibility and provide guarantee upon the work done by a team in their area of expertise. Sometimes a company working in this area, which temporarily does not have any employees with an engineer title must pay for an external service of an engineering audit to provide legal guarantee for their products or services.
The Netherlands
In the
This changed in 2002 when the
In this system the professional schools award a bachelor degree and the title BEng or ing. after four years study. The universities with engineering programs award a bachelor's degree and the title BSc after the third year. A university bachelor is expected to continue his education for one or two more years to earn his master's degree and the title MSc or ir. A vocational bachelor may be admitted to a university master degree program although often they are required to take additional courses. The higher vocational technical schools have started to develop master degree programs specifically for their students. This slightly awkward situation is expected to disappear due to the European harmonization process.
Poland
In
Portugal
In Portugal, there are two paths to study engineering: the polytechnic and the university paths. In theory, but many times not so much in practice, the polytechnic path is more practical oriented, the university path being more research oriented.
In this system, the polytechnic institutes award a licenciatura (bachelor) in engineering degree after three years of study, that can be complemented by a mestrado (master) in engineering after two plus years of study.
Regarding the universities, they offer both engineering programs similar to those of the polytechnics (three years licenciatura plus two years mestrado) as mestrado integrados (integrated masters) in engineering programs. The mestrado integrado programs take five years of study to complete, awarding a licenciatura degree in engineering sciences after the first three years and a mestrado degree in engineering after the whole five years. Further, the universities also offer doutoramento (Ph.D.) programs in engineering.
Being an holder of an academic degree in engineering is not enough to practice the profession of engineer and to have the legal right of the use of the title engenheiro (engineer) in Portugal. For that, it is necessary to be admitted and be a member of the Ordem dos Engenheiros (Portuguese institution of engineers). At the Ordem dos Engenheiros, an engineer is classified as an E1, E2 or E3 grade engineer, accordingly with the higher engineer degree he or she holds (respectively doutoramento, mestrado or licenciatura). Holders of the ancient pre-Bologna declaration five years licenciatura degrees in engineering are also classified as E2 engineers.
Alternatively, holders of engineering licenciatura degrees may choose to practice the profession of engenheiro técnico (
Russia
Students in Soviet engineering institutes did not major in mechanical or electrical engineering... but instead of one of hundreds of subspecialties... [for example] The Commissariat of Heavy Industry insisted on separate engineers for oil-based paints and non-oil-based paints.
Loren Graham, Proceedings, American Philosophical Society (vol. 140, No. 2, 1996) [10]
Moscow School of Mathematics and Navigation was a first Russian educational institution founded by Peter the Great in 1701. It provided Russians with technical education for the first time and much of its curriculum was devoted to producing sailors, engineers, cartographers and bombardiers to support Russian expanding navy and army. Then in 1810, the Saint Petersburg
Romania
In Romania, the engineering degree and "engineer" title is delivered by Polytechnic Universities upon completion of 4 years of studies. Additional master degree (2 years) and doctorate programs (4–5 years) provide the title of "doctor inginer". Students that started studies in Polytechnic Universities before 2005 (when Romania adopted the Bologna declaration) need to complete a 5 years program to get the engineer title. In this case the master degree is obtained after 1 year of studies. Only people with an engineer title can be employed as "engineers". Still, some with competence and experience in an engineering field that do not have such a title, can still be employed to perform engineering tasks as "specialist", "assistant", "technologist" or "technician". But, only engineers can take legal responsibility and provide guarantee upon the work done by a team in their area of expertise. Sometimes a company working in this area, which temporarily does not have any employees with an engineer title must pay for an external service of an engineering audit to provide legal guarantee for their products or services.
Slovakia
In Slovakia, an engineer (inžinier) is considered to be a person holding master degree in technical sciences or economics. Several technical and economic universities offer 4-5-year master study in the fields of chemistry, agriculture, material technology, computer science, electrical and mechanical engineering, nuclear physics and technology or economics. A bachelor degree in similar field is prerequisite. Absolvents are awarded with the Ing. title always put in front of one's name; eventual follow-up doctoral study is offered both by universities and some institutes of the Slovak Academy of Sciences.
Spain
In Spain, the engineering degree is delivered by Universities in Engineering Schools, called "Escuelas de Ingeniería". Like with any other degree in Spain, students need to pass a series of examinations based on Bachillerato's subjects (Selectividad), select their bachelor's degree, and their marks determine whether they are access the degree they want or not.
Students receive first a grado degree (4 years of studies) followed by a Master's degree (1–2 years of studies) according to the principles of the Bologna declaration, though traditionally, the degree received after completing an engineering education is the Spanish title of "Ingeniero". Using the title "Ingeniero" is legally regulated and limited to the according academic graduates.
Sweden
An institution offering engineering education is called "teknisk
Turkey
In Turkey, engineering degrees range from a Bachelor's Degree in engineering (for a 4-year period), to a Master's Degree (adding 2 years), and to a Doctoral Degree (usually 4 – 5 years).
The title is limited by law to people with an engineering degree, and the use of the title by others (even persons with much more work experience) is illegal.
The Union of Chambers of Turkish Engineers and Architects (UCTEA) was established in 1954 and separates engineers and architects to professional branches, with the condition of being within the framework of laws and regulations and in accordance with the present conditions, requirements and possibilities and to also establishes new Chambers for the group of engineers and architects, whose professional or working areas are similar or the same.
UCTEA is maintaining its activities with its 23 Chambers, 194 branches of its Chambers and 39 Provincial Coordination Councils. Approximately, graduates of 70 related academic disciplines in engineering, architecture and city planning are members of the Chambers of UCTEA.
United Kingdom
In the UK, like in United States and
etc. Some of these institutions have previously invested heavily in engineering subjects and have become globally renowned.The degree then counts in part to qualifying as a Chartered Engineer after a period (usually 4–8 years beyond the first degree) of structured professional practice, professional practice peer review and, if required, further exams to then become a corporate member of the relevant professional body. The term 'Chartered Engineer' is regulated by Royal Assent its use is restricted only to those registered; the awarding of this status is devolved to the professional institutions by the Engineering Council.
In the UK, most engineering courses take 3 years for an undergraduate bachelors (BEng) and a 4-year period for an
BEng graduates may be registered as an "Incorporated Engineer" by the Engineering Council after a period of structured professional practice, professional practice peer review and, if required, further exams to then become a member of the relevant professional body. The term 'Incorporated Engineer' is regulated by Royal Assent its use is restricted only to those registered; the awarding of this status is devolved to the professional institutions by the Engineering Council.
In the UK, the term "engineer" is applied to non-degree vocations such as technologists, technicians, draftsmen, machinists, mechanics, plumbers, electricians, repair people, semi-skilled and even unskilled occupations. [citation needed]
In recent developments by government and industry, to addressing the growing skills deficit in many fields of UK engineering, there has been a strong emphasis placed on dealing with Engineering in school and providing students with positive role models from a young age.[14]
North America
Canada
In
United States
Some of the first engineers designed irrigation canals, buildings, dams, and many other things to satisfy the needs of the people. Early engineers during war time designed weapons and war machines. Engineering education has changed since the times of the early engineers. "By the middle of the 20th century there were almost 1 million engineers in the United States."[17]
The first professional degree in engineering is a bachelor’s degree with few exceptions. This being said, interest in engineering has grown since 1999; the number of bachelor’s degrees issued has increased by 20%.[17]
Most
By the end of the first year an engineering student should be looking to decide what specialization they would like to study. Specializations could include the following:
After formal education, the engineer will often enter an
Two types of doctorate are available also, the traditional
After graduation, continuing education courses may be needed to keep a government-issued engineering certificate valid, to keep skills fresh, to expand skills, or to keep up with new technology.
See also
- List of engineering schools
- Education and training of electrical and electronics engineers
- Education for Chemical Engineers
- Engineer's degree
- Global Engineering Education
- Industrial visit
- Problem-based learning
- Project-based learning
- Engineering education research
Notes
- ^ Engineers Registration Board of Kenya. Registration of Engineers in Kenya, Engineers Registration Board of Kenya website.
- ^ Engineering Council Of South Africa. Registration Process, Engineering Council Of South Africa website, Bruma, Johannesburg, South Africa, 2008.
- ^ http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings-articles/brics-rankings/top-universities-india
- ^ http://www.businessinsider.com/the-worlds-best-engineering-schools-2012-6?IR=T#41-university-of-mumbai-10
- ^ "AICTE". Aicte-india.org. Archived from the original on 21 April 2012. Retrieved 15 February 2013.
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suggested) (help) - ^ "Aalto University studies-pages". Retrieved 15 February 2013.
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suggested) (help) - ^ http://highereducation.frenchculture.org/news/accord-historique-pour-les-ingenieurs-francais-aux-etats-unis
- ^ German Article
- ^ Human Resource Management - Biswajeet Pattanayak, 3rd Edition, Page 41
- ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=J0kLAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA175&lpg=PA175&dq=gulag+archipelago+palchinsky&source=bl&ots=-_d29G19Wg&sig=eDhk7nROR56yllzBUTcy79NPDKI&hl=en&sa=X&ei=-_C8VOv7I8GDNoTTg5AM&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=gulag%20archipelago%20palchinsky&f=false
- ^ Teaching of engineers in Russia in XIX
- ^ "Prospective", Edinburgh university
- ^ "Sandwich degree", University of Sunderland
- ^ http://www.georgededwards.co.uk/policy/the-need-for-role-models-in-british-engineering
- ^ a b "Engineers Canada Accreditation". http://www.engineerscanada.ca. Retrieved 24 July 2014.
{{cite web}}
: External link in
(help)|website=
- ^ Canadian Engineering Accreditation Board Approved Schools Retrieved on 13 October 2009
- ^ a b c Reyes-Guerra, D. R. (2011). Engineering. In J. M. Castagno, P. Barrows, L. Brearley, & K. Fairchild (Eds.), Grolier online. Retrieved from http://0-ea.grolier.com.libweb.dmacc.edu/article?id=0143510-00
- ^ Wulf, W. A., Smith, R., Winston, S. B., Lotas, A., Marcum, K., Beale, K., Sherman, W. (2007, 23 February). Engineering education in the 21st century [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_oaIhzlpENY
References
- Douglas, Josh; Iversen, Eric; Kalyandurg, Chitra (November 2004), Engineering in the K-12 classroom: An analysis of current practices & guidelines for the future (PDF), Washington, D.C.: American Society for Engineering Education, pp. 1–23
- Dym, C.L.; Agogino, A.M; Eris, O.; Frey, D.D.; Leifer, L.J. (2005), "Engineering Design Thinking, Teaching, and Learning" (PDF), Journal of Engineering Education, 94 (1): 103–120
- Wankat, Phillip C.; Oreovicz, Frank S. (1993), Teaching Engineering, New York: McGraw-Hill, ISBN 978-0-07-068154-5
Further reading
- "Five Major Shifts in 100 Years of Engineering Education". )
· Grobler, du Toit: Decades of Engineering Excellence (2013), Published by Chris van Rensburg Publications, Johannesburg, South Africa on behalf of ECSA, Johannesburg, ISBN 0-86846-116-4