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{{CongBio|T000322}} Retrieved on 2008-02-08
{{CongBio|T000322}} Retrieved on 2008-02-08
*[http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/ftoss Handbook of Texas article on John Tower]
*[http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/ftoss Handbook of Texas article on John Tower]
*[http://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/johnson/archives.hom/oralhistory.hom/Tower/Tower.asp Oral History Interviews with John Tower, from the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library]
*[http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011116140659/http://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/johnson/archives.hom/oralhistory.hom/tower/tower.asp Oral History Interviews with John Tower, from the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library]
*{{C-SPAN|John Tower}}
*{{C-SPAN|John Tower}}
*{{Find a Grave|8812|accessdate=2008-02-08}}
*{{Find a Grave|8812|accessdate=2008-02-08}}

Revision as of 02:04, 29 November 2017

Not to be confused with John Towers (disambiguation).
John Tower
Anne Armstrong
Succeeded byBobby Inman (Acting)
Chair of the Senate Armed Services Committee
In office
January 3, 1981 – January 3, 1985
Preceded byJohn Stennis
Succeeded byBarry Goldwater
United States Senator
from Texas
In office
June 15, 1961 – January 3, 1985
Preceded byBill Blakley
Succeeded byPhil Gramm
Personal details
Born
John Goodwin Tower

(1925-09-29)September 29, 1925
Houston, Texas, U.S.
DiedApril 5, 1991(1991-04-05) (aged 65)
Brunswick, Georgia, U.S.
Political partyDemocratic (before 1951)
Republican (1951–1991)
Spouse(s)Joza Bullington (1952–1976)
Lilla Cummings (1977–1987)
Children3
EducationSouthwestern University (BA)
Southern Methodist University (MA)
London School of Economics
Military service
Allegiance United States
Branch/service United States Navy
Years of service1943–1989
Rank Master chief petty officer
UnitU.S. Naval Reserve
Battles/warsWorld War II
 • Pacific Theater

John Goodwin Tower (September 29, 1925 – April 5, 1991) was the first

Iran-Contra Affair
.

Born in

1960 presidential election, Johnson vacated his Senate seat to become Vice President of the United States. In the 1961 special election to fill the vacancy caused by Johnson's resignation, Tower narrowly defeated Democrat William A. Blakley
. He won re-election in 1966, 1972, and 1978.

Upon joining the Senate, Tower became the only Republican Senator representing the South until Strom Thurmond switched parties in 1964. Tower staunchly opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Starting in 1976, Tower began to alienate many conservatives. He supported Gerald Ford rather than Ronald Reagan in the 1976 Republican primaries, supported legalized abortion, and opposed President Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative.

Tower retired from the Senate in 1985. After leaving Congress, he served as chief negotiator of the Strategic Arms Reduction Talks with the Soviet Union and led the Tower Commission. The commission's report was highly critical of the Reagan administration's relations with Iran and the Contras. In 1989, incoming President George H. W. Bush chose Tower as his nominee for Secretary of Defense, but his nomination was rejected by the Senate. After the defeat, Tower chaired the President's Intelligence Advisory Board. Tower died in the 1991 Atlantic Southeast Airlines Flight 2311 crash.

Early life, education, and military service

Tower was born in

public schools in East Texas and graduated in Beaumont, the seat of Jefferson County
, in southeast Texas in the spring of 1942.

Tower was active in politics as a child; at the age of thirteen, he passed out handbills for the campaign of

Lyndon Johnson
on a campus visit while Johnson was the local congressman.

Tower left college in the summer of 1943 to serve in the Pacific Theater during World War II on an LCS(L) amphibious gunboat. He returned to Texas after the war in 1946, discharged as a seaman first class, and completed his undergraduate courses at Southwestern University, graduating in 1948 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science. While at Southwestern, Tower was a member of the Iota chapter of the Kappa Sigma Fraternity, and would later serve the organization in significant alumnus volunteer roles.[1] Tower worked as a radio announcer for a Country music station in Taylor, northeast of Austin, during college and for some time afterward. Tower remained in the Naval Reserve and achieved the rank of Master Chief Petty Officer, having retired from the military in 1989.[2]

In 1949, he moved to Dallas to take graduate courses at

Miriam Ferguson and a leader of the Robert A. Taft forces in Texas in 1952. Orville Bullington was also an uncle by marriage of the Midland Republican figure Frank Kell Cahoon, a Wichita Falls native who was the only Republican in the Texas House of Representatives in the 1965 legislative session. At that time, Cahoon and Tower were the only Republican legislators in the whole state of Texas.[3]

Family life in Wichita Falls, Texas

John and Lou Tower had three children during their years in Wichita Falls born in three consecutive years: Penny (1954), Marian (1955–1991), and Jeanne (1956). The couple divorced in 1976.

During his time in Wichita Falls, Tower established his core political relationships, including Pierce Langford, III, a key figure in the financing of the British offshore pirate radio stations created between 1964 and 1967 by Don Pierson of Eastland, Texas. While at the London School of Economics, Tower put in an appearance at the offices of Swinging Radio England on Curzon Street.

Following his divorce from Lou, who remained single for the rest of her life, Tower married Lilla Burt Cummings in 1977. The couple separated in 1985 and divorced on July 2, 1986.

Rise to the Senate

Although raised as a

special election in 1957, and Bruce Alger, the only Republican congressman from Texas at the time, were both uninterested.[4]

Johnson, the incumbent senator and famous nationwide as the

runoff
. Tower polled 927,653 votes (41.1 percent) to Johnson's 1,306,605 votes (58 percent), better than Republicans usually fared in Texas at that time.

Johnson became Vice President, and Governor

conservative Democrat, had also been appointed by Daniel in 1957 to succeed Daniel in the Senate when Daniel was elected governor. Considerable numbers of liberal Texas Democrats opposed the conservative Blakley and did not vote. The conservative vote was divided. Texas conservatives, traditionally "yellow dog Democrats", had already voted for Republicans in the 1950s, when Democratic Governor Allan Shivers had aligned with Eisenhower, rather than the national Democratic candidate Adlai E. Stevenson, in a movement that was jokingly called "Shivercrats". [citation needed
]

In his second Senate campaign in a matter of months, Tower charged that the national Democratic Party, represented by Kennedy and Johnson, was far to the

Henry B. Gonzalez
, also of San Antonio, 97,659 (9.2 percent). There were some sixty-five other candidates, enticed by a filing fee at the time of only $50 for special elections, who polled a total of 4.2 percent of the vote.

With help from his friend

Peter O'Donnell
, the Dallas County Republican chairman and later the state party chairman during most of the 1960s, Tower won the runoff election against Blakley. His election was historic:

The final total was 448,217 votes (50.6 percent) for Tower and 437,872 (49.4 percent) for Blakely, a margin of 10,343 ballots.

United States Senate

During his first term, Tower was the only Republican Senator from the South until the defection in 1964 of Strom Thurmond of South Carolina. Tower was a leading opponent of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.[6]

In the Senate, Tower was assigned to two major committees: the Labor and Public Welfare Committee and the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs. Tower left the Labor and Public Welfare Committee in 1964, although in 1965 he was named to the

Senate Armed Services Committee, in which he served until his retirement. He was chairman of the Armed Services Committee from 1981 to 1984. Tower also served on the Joint Committee on Defense Production from 1963 until 1977 and on the Senate Republican Policy Committee in 1962 and from 1969 until 1984. Tower served as chairman of the latter from 1973 until his retirement from the Senate. As a member and later chairman of the Armed Services Committee, Tower was a strong proponent of modernizing the armed forces. In the Banking and Currency Committee, he was a champion of small businesses and worked to improve the national infrastructure and financial institutions. Tower supported Texas economic interests, working to improve the business environment of the energy, agricultural, and fishing and maritime sectors. [citation needed
]

Quarrels with conservatives

Tower quarreled with State Senator Henry Grover of Houston, the 1972 Republican gubernatorial nominee, to such an extent that the intraparty divisions may have contributed to Grover's 100,000-vote defeat by Democrat Dolph Briscoe of Uvalde, even as Tower was winning a third Senate term by nearly 311,000 votes.

Once considered a solid

Wallace leaders, made a concerted and obviously successful effort to get the Wallace vote in the Republican primary. In addition, some section of Ford's defense and foreign policy alienated some voters who may otherwise have cast their ballot for the president."[8]

By virtue of their primary defeat, the Texas Ford supporters were shut out of the national convention in Kansas City. Angelo recalls Tower as having "begged" for a delegate slot because he was a U.S. senator and was supposed to be the Ford floor leader at the convention. Angelo said that Tower could have been a delegate if he were to support Reagan, an impossible condition for Tower because of his early commitment to President Ford. Tower hence was not a delegate to the 1976 convention because Angelo was mindful that a close convention showdown could have been decided by a handful of delegate votes. Angelo said that he always personally liked and admired Tower though they disagreed on some issues: "John was the best extemporaneous speaker and solid as a rock on most issues." Tower had campaigned for Angelo in the latter's unsuccessful race in 1968 for the Texas State Senate. As time passed though, Tower alienated the conservative wing of his party with his support for legalised abortion and opposition to Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative.[9] Barbara Staff, the Reagan co-chairman for Dallas County and North Texas, recalls that Tower spent much of his time at the convention with the closely divided Mississippi delegation and did not address the phalanx of Reagan backers in his own state's delegation. Among the Reagan backers was Betty Andujar of Fort Worth, the first Republican woman to serve in the State Senate.[10]

Tower developed a close relationship with

Navy liaison to the Senate. Tower was instrumental in helping McCain win his first election to the U.S. House by raising money and obtaining support from Arizona Republicans.[11]
However, the two were never Senate colleagues; Tower left the Senate two years before McCain entered the upper chamber.

Subsequent elections

John Tower in 1983

Tower was reelected three times – in 1966, 1972, and 1978, all of which were good years for Republican candidates. In 1966, Tower defeated Democratic Attorney General

Preston Smith of Lubbock. [citation needed
]

In 1972, Tower defeated

George S. McGovern in the state. Tower tried to tie Sanders to former United States Attorney General Ramsey Clark, who donated $2,000 to the Sanders campaign."[12]

In 1974, Tower supported the Republican former

party primary but was then crushed by incumbent Governor Dolph Briscoe. It was a disastrous Republican year, both nationally and in Texas. [citation needed
]

In 1978, Tower ran in a close campaign. He edged out Democratic Congressman

New Braunfels in Comal County in the Hill Country, 1,151,376 (50.3% of two-party vote) to 1,139,149 (49.7% of two-party vote). Tower's plurality over Krueger was 12,227 votes, but because there were another 22,015 votes cast for other nominal contenders, Tower prevailed with less than 50% of the total vote. This was the campaign in which Tower refused to shake Krueger's hand at a candidate forum on grounds that his opponent had spread untruths about Tower's personal life. (Krueger later served in the Senate on an interim appointment from Governor Ann Richards from January to June 1993.) [citation needed
]

Post-senate career

Tower delivers the Tower Report to President Reagan in the White House Cabinet Room, Edmund Muskie at right, 1987.

Tower retired from the Senate after nearly twenty-four years in office. He continued to be involved in national politics, advising the campaigns of Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush. Two weeks after his leaving office, Tower was named chief United States negotiator at the

Geneva, Switzerland. Tower resigned from this office in 1987, and for a time was a professor at Southern Methodist University. He became a consultant with Tower, Eggers, and Greene Consulting from 1987 until his death in 1991.[citation needed
]

In November 1986, President Reagan asked Tower to chair the President's Special Review Board to study the action of the

Contras
.

In 1989, Tower was President George H. W. Bush's choice to become Secretary of Defense. In a stunning move, particularly since Tower was himself a former Senate colleague, the Senate rejected his nomination. The largest factors were concern about possible conflicts of interest and Tower's personal life, in particular allegations of alcohol abuse and womanizing.[13][14] The Senate vote was 47–53,[15] and it marked the first time that the Senate had rejected a Cabinet nominee of a newly elected president.[16]

As The New York Times reported in his obituary, "Mr. Tower's repudiation by his former colleagues, who rejected him as President Bush's nominee for Secretary of Defense after public allegations of womanizing and heavy drinking, left a bitterness that could not be assuaged. In the normally clubby Senate, Mr. Tower was regarded by some colleagues as a gut fighter who did not suffer fools gladly, and some lawmakers indicated that they were only too pleased to rebuke him."[14]

In response to the alcohol allegations, Tower told The New York Times in 1990: "Have I ever drunk to excess? Yes. Am I alcohol-dependent? No. Have I always been a good boy? Of course not. But I've never done anything disqualifying. That's the point."[14]

After Tower's defeat, he was instead named chairman of the

House Minority Whip
, was later confirmed as Secretary of Defense.

Death

John Tower cenotaph at the Texas State Cemetery in Austin, Texas

On April 5, 1991, Tower was aboard Atlantic Southeast Airlines Flight 2311 when it crashed while on approach for landing at Brunswick, Georgia. The crash immediately killed everyone on board, including Tower and his middle daughter, Marian, the astronaut Sonny Carter, and twenty others.[17] An investigation determined that the crash resulted from failure of the plane's propeller control unit, but was a very mysterious and still unsolved plane crash which caused the pilots to lose control of the aircraft.[18]

Tower and his daughter are buried together at the family plot of the Sparkman-Hillcrest Memorial Park Cemetery in Dallas. A cenotaph in Tower's honor was erected at the Texas State Cemetery in Austin. Tower's personal and political life are chronicled in his autobiography, Consequences: A Personal and Political Memoir, published a few months before his death. He donated his papers to his alma mater, Southwestern University.[19]

See also

References

  1. ^ John G. Tower Award Winners, p14 Archived 2014-06-28 at the Wayback Machine
  2. ^ Biographical Sketch of John Goodwin Tower, Southwestern University (retrieved on September 25, 2008)
  3. ^ Sue Watkins, The Alcade, 1965. books.google.com. May 1965. Retrieved March 13, 2011.
  4. ^ Rupert Norval Richardson, Ernest Wallace, and Adrian N. Anderson, Texas: The Lone Star State (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1970) p. 369.
  5. ^ Knaggs, John R. (1986). Two-Party Texas: The John Tower Era, 1961–1984. Eakin Press.[page needed]
  6. ISBN 9780691025391
    .
  7. ^ Billy Hathorn, "Mayor Ernest Angelo, Jr. of Midland and the 96-0 Reagan Sweep of Texas, May 1, 1976," West Texas Historical Association Yearbook Vol. 86 (2010), p. 85
  8. ^ Laredo Morning Times, May 2, 1976
  9. ^ Hathorn, "Mayor Ernest Angelo", pg. 86
  10. Dallas Morning News
    , August 19, 1976, pg. 6A
  11. ^ Kirkpatrick, David D. (May 29, 2008). "Taste of Senate Set Capt. McCain on a New Path". The New York Times. Retrieved May 7, 2010.
  12. ^ John G. Tower, Consequendes: A Personal and Political Memoir, Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1990, pg. 208
  13. ^ Oreskes, Michael (10 March 1989). "SENATE REJECTS TOWER, 53-47; FIRST CABINET VETO SINCE '59; BUSH CONFERS ON NEW CHOICE". New York Times. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
  14. ^ a b c Tolchin, Martin (April 6, 1991). "John G. Tower, 65, Longtime Senator From Texas". The New York Times.
  15. ^ "U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 101st Congress – 1st Session". United States Senate. 1989-03-09. Retrieved 2012-11-15.
  16. ^ "US Senate Nominations". www.senate.gov. United States Senate. Retrieved 19 January 2017.
    Though not stated specifically, we can check by process of elimination that this is correct.
  17. ^ Schneider, Keith (April 7, 1991). "Inquiry Begins Into Georgia Plane Crash". New York Times. Retrieved 2007-12-18.
  18. ^ "Atlantic Southeast Airlines, Inc., Flight 2311, Uncontrolled Collision With Terrain, an Embraer EMB-120, N270AS, Brunswick, Georgia, April 5, 1991" (PDF). National Transportation Safety Board. April 28, 1992. Retrieved February 5, 2016. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  19. ^ "John G. Tower Papers". Southwestern University. Retrieved 2012-11-15.

General

  • Cunningham, Sean P. (2010). Cowboy Conservatism: Texas and the Rise of the Modern Right.
  • Finley, Keith (2008). Delaying the Dream: Southern Senators Fight against Civil Rights, 1938–1965. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.
  • Bennetts, Leslie (September 1991). "Remember the Alamo." Vanity Fair. p. 114-

External links

Party political offices
Preceded by
1978
 Succeeded by
Preceded by
Dick Poff, Chuck Percy, Al Quie, Charlotte Reid, Hugh Scott, Bill Steiger
 		Vacant
Title next held by
John McCormack, Patsy Mink, Ed Muskie, Bill Proxmire
Preceded by Chair of the National Republican Senatorial Committee
1969–1971 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
Gordon Allott
 Chair of the
Senate Republican Policy Committee

1973–1985 		Succeeded by
U.S. Senate
Preceded by
U.S. Senator (Class 2) from Texas
1961–1985
Served alongside: Ralph Yarborough, Lloyd Bentsen
 Succeeded by
Preceded by Chair of the Senate Armed Services Committee
1981–1985 		Succeeded by
Honorary titles
Preceded by Baby of the Senate
1961–1962 		Succeeded by
Government offices
Preceded by
Anne Armstrong
 Chair of the President's Intelligence Advisory Board
1990–1991 		Succeeded by
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Tower&oldid=812649668"