Jim Inhofe

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Jim Inhofe
Official portrait, 2018
United States Senator
from Oklahoma
In office
November 17, 1994 – January 3, 2023
Preceded byDavid Boren
Succeeded byMarkwayne Mullin
Chair of the Senate Armed Services Committee
In office
September 6, 2018[a] – February 3, 2021
Preceded byJohn McCain
Succeeded byJack Reed
Chair of the Senate Environment Committee
In office
January 3, 2015 – January 3, 2017
Preceded byBarbara Boxer
Succeeded byJohn Barrasso
In office
January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2007
Preceded byJim Jeffords
Succeeded byBarbara Boxer
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Oklahoma's 1st district
In office
January 3, 1987 – November 15, 1994
Preceded byJames R. Jones
Succeeded bySteve Largent
32nd Mayor of Tulsa
In office
May 2, 1978 – May 8, 1984
Preceded byRobert LaFortune
Succeeded byTerry Young
Minority Leader of the Oklahoma Senate
In office
January 1975 – February 1976
Preceded byDonald Ferrell
Succeeded byStephen Wolfe
Member of the Oklahoma Senate
from the 35th district
In office
January 7, 1969 – January 4, 1977
Preceded byBeauchamp Selman
Succeeded byWarren Green
Member of the Oklahoma House of Representatives
from the 70th district
In office
December 29, 1966 – January 7, 1969
Preceded byJoseph McGraw
Succeeded byRichard Hancock
Personal details
Born
James Mountain Inhofe

(1934-11-17) November 17, 1934 (age 89)
Des Moines, Iowa, U.S.
Political partyRepublican
Spouse
Kay Kirkpatrick
​
(m. 1959)​
Children4, including Molly Rapert
EducationUniversity of Tulsa (BA)
Military service
AllegianceUnited States
Branch/serviceUnited States Army
Years of service1957–1958
RankSpecialist 4
Jim Inhofe's voice
Inhofe discusses amendments to S.14, the Energy Policy Act of 2003
Recorded June 5, 2003

James Mountain Inhofe (/ˈɪnhɒf/; INN-hoff; born November 17, 1934) is an American retired politician who served as a United States senator from Oklahoma from 1994 to 2023. A member of the Republican Party, he is the longest serving U.S. senator from Oklahoma. He served in various elected offices in the state of Oklahoma for nearly sixty years, between 1966 and 2023.

Born in Des Moines, Iowa, in 1934, Inhofe moved with his parents to Tulsa, Oklahoma, in 1942. His father, Perry Inhofe, was an owner of insurance companies and his mother, Blanche Inhofe (née Mountain), was a Tulsa socialite. Jim was a high school track star and graduated from Central High School. He went on to briefly attend the University of Colorado before finishing his college degree at the University of Tulsa. He was drafted to the United States Army in 1956 and served between 1957 and 1958. He became vice-president of his father's insurance company in 1961 and president after his father's death in 1970.

Inhofe was an elected official representing the Tulsa area for nearly three decades. He represented parts of Tulsa in the

Mayor of Tulsa, serving between 1978 and 1984. He served in the United States House of Representatives representing Oklahoma's 1st congressional district from 1987 to 1994; he resigned after his election to the United States Senate
.

Inhofe chaired the U.S. Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works (EPW) from 2003 to 2007 and again from 2015 to 2017. Inhofe served as acting chairman of the Armed Services Committee between December 2017 and September 6, 2018, while John McCain fought cancer. After McCain's death, he became chairman and served until February 3, 2021. From February 3, 2021, to January 3, 2023, he served as Ranking Member of the Senate Armed Services Committee. During his Senate career he was known for his rejection of climate science, his support of constitutional amendments to ban same-sex marriage, and the Inhofe Amendment to make English the national language of the United States.

Family, early life, and education

James Mountain Inhofe was born in

Chamber of Commerce and YMCA;[4] and he was the official sponsor of Miss Tulsa and Miss Oklahoma winner Louise O'Brien in 1950.[6] His mother was a Tulsa socialite and hosted guests such as Johnston Murray.[7]

Inhofe's family had been involved in Oklahoma politics since the 1950's. His father, Perry Inhofe, had served on the executive committee for Democratic Governor Raymond D. Gary's successful 1954 campaign.[8] In 1958, his brother, Perry Jr., ran an unsuccessful campaign for the Oklahoma House of Representatives as a Democrat.[9][10]

Education, military and business careers

Inhofe started

Tulsa at Barnard Elementary School. As a teenager, he would "hire Indians to pick wild blackberries" and then sell them in his neighborhood. He went on to attend Woodrow Wilson Junior High and Tulsa Central High School, where he was a member of his high school's track team.[11] In 1952, his mile relay quartet team broke a school record with a 3:32.6 time.[12] In January 1953, he was elected treasurer of the Brones social club;[13] he graduated from Central High School later that year.[14] He attended the University of Colorado for three months and worked as a bartender.[11]

In 1956, he received a

Fort Lee, Virginia.[11] In 1961, his father formed a new life insurance company, Quaker Insurance, and Inhofe was appointed vice president.[16] On June 17, 1970, Perry Inhofe died of a heart attack;[17] Inhofe became president of Quaker Life Insurance and vice president of Mid-Continental Casualty Co. and Oklahoma Surety Co., while his brother Perry Jr. became president of Mid-Continental and Surety and vice president of Quaker Life.[18]

College graduation scandal

Inhofe received a B.A. in economics from the University of Tulsa in 1973.[19] Until his 1994 campaign for the U.S. Senate, his official biographies and news articles about him indicated that he had graduated in 1959.[19] Inhofe initially denied the stories that uncovered the discrepancy,[19] but later acknowledged them.[20] After admitting that the stories were true, Inhofe explained that he had been allowed to take part in graduation ceremonies in 1959 though he was a few credits short of completing his degree, and did not finish his coursework until 1973.[20]

State legislative career

Oklahoma House of Representatives

In February 1966, Inhofe launched his first campaign for office as a

Dewey Bartlett's former state senate seat, triggering a special election. Inhofe was the first to announced his campaign for McGraw's former house seat.[24] He won the Republican primary and the general election.[25][26] He was sworn in December 29, 1966.[27] During his time in the State House, Inhofe formed a close friendship with Democratic Representative David Boren.[11]

In the Oklahoma House, Inhofe's first successful measure was a bill to allow for

personalized license plates in Oklahoma that passed during his first legislative session.[28] During his first term, he spoke against federal regulation at the United States House Committee on Public Works Sub-committee on Roads and voted in favor of an abortion liberalization law.[29][30] In 1968, he served as the vice-chair of the rules committee for the Oklahoma Republican Party state convention.[31] That May, he announced he would not seek re-election to the Oklahoma House of Representatives and instead would challenge Democrat state senator Beauchamp Selman for his seat in the next election.[32]

Oklahoma Senate

Election, first term, and USS Batfish

See also: USS Batfish (SS-310) § Museum ship
The USS Batfish museum ship in Muskogee, Oklahoma in 2013.

After Inhofe had already announced his campaign for the

U.S. Senate candidate.[38]

In 1969, he was the chairman of the Tulsa County Republican Convention and he supported efforts to liberalize

Dewey Bartlett created the Oklahoma Narcotics and Drug Abuse Council and appointed Inhofe as an inaugural member.[42] That November, he was elected minority caucus chair of the Oklahoma Senate for the 33rd Oklahoma Legislature.[43] In 1971, Inhofe served as the chairman of the Oklahoma Republican Party's State Convention.[44] While Inhofe had initially filed a resolution for Oklahoma to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment in 1972, he retracted his support later that year.[45][46]

In 1969, Inhofe sponsored a successful bill to bring a retired

State of Oklahoma. The ship was unofficially opened to the public July 4, 1972, with its official opening on Memorial Day 1973.[47]

1972 campaigning and second term

In 1972, Inhofe was appointed to serve as co-chair for

Dewey Bartlett's campaign as the co-chair for Oklahoma's 1st congressional district.[51] In his own district, Inhofe faced no Republican primary challenge and faced Democratic nominee Happy Miles in the general election.[52] He won the general election by over 7,000 votes;[53] afterward, he was elected by fellow Republican state senators to serve as the assistant floor leader in the 34th Oklahoma Legislature.[54] He was elected minority leader of the Oklahoma Senate for the 35th Oklahoma Legislature to succeed Donald Ferrell who had lost re-election.[55] In April 1975, he appointed the first blind page in Oklahoma history: 15 year-old Angela Keele.[56] Later that year, Inhofe and Charles Ford wrote an article criticizing David Boren and spending by the Democratic Party in a party newspaper. Newspapers in the state responded by pointing out Inhofe had supported just as much spending;[57] the article was syndicated by the Associated Press and Inhofe responded by publishing a Tulsa World op-ed arguing he had tried to amend bills to remove wasteful spending and was consistently critical of spending.[58][59] He did not seek a third term to the Oklahoma Legislature and was succeeded as minority leader by Senator Stephen Wolfe.[60][61]

1974 gubernatorial election
Main article: 1974 Oklahoma gubernatorial election
A campaign button for Inhofe's 1974 gubernatorial campaign.

Inhofe had been floated as a potential gubernatorial candidate since 1972.

David Hall.[68] Inhofe defeated Garrison in the August primary.[69] During the campaign, he lost 57 pounds and was down to 148 pounds.[70]

In a 2011 interview, Inhofe claimed that he and David Boren were both upset with Hall, so the pair decided to both campaign against him; Boren would primary him as a Democrat to weaken his campaign and Inhofe would run as the Republican challenger and defeat him. However, the plan was thrown off when Boren won the Democratic nomination.[11] In October, then-President Gerald Ford visited Oklahoma to campaign for Inhofe.[71][72] A poll later that month by The Daily Oklahoman showed Boren leading Inhofe 74%–25%.[73] Inhofe ended up losing to Boren by 64%–36%.[74]

1976 congressional election
See also: 1976 United States House of Representatives elections § Oklahoma

In 1976, State Senator Frank Keating announced his campaign for Oklahoma's 1st congressional district and announced that Inhofe would be the master of ceremonies at his campaign launch announcement;[75] however, Inhofe did not appear at Keating's announcement and instead announced he was considering his own campaign.[76] Inhofe officially announced his candidacy on February 19, 1976.[77] In the Republican primary, he defeated Keating and Tulsa Public Schools board member Mary Warner, 67%–25%–8%.[78][79] In a 2011 interview, he credited his primary win to the use of the "Kasten Plan", a system of precinct organization.[11] He also criticized Democratic presidential candidate, and U.S. Senator from Oklahoma, Fred Harris during his presidential primary campaign.[80]

During the primary, Inhofe had called for Democratic incumbent James R. Jones to be expelled from Congress for his conviction while in office for failing to report campaign contributions.[81][82] Inhofe also criticized a donation Jones had received from

John Rousselot of California, and the Tulsa Tribune.[87][88][89] Polling before the election showed Jones leading Inhofe, 44% to 36%.[90] In the general election, Jones won by 54%–45%.[78]

Mayor of Tulsa

Inhofe greeting President Ronald Reagan in 1982

In January 1978, the

Tulsa Daily World heralded the race as Inhofe's "first general election victory in six years, and Randle's first election loss since he entered politics in 1970."[101] The race broke then-fundraising records for a Tulsa mayoral election with Randle raising $78,062 and Inhofe raising $48,987. Inhofe's biggest donors were the Metropolitan Builder's Association, oilman Robert L. Parker, and Paul D. Hinch.[102]

On May 2, he was sworn in as

African-American to ever serve on the City Commission.[109] In December 1979, Inhofe officially announced his re-election campaign for a second term as mayor.[110] He ran unopposed in the Republican primary and later won the general election, fending off Democratic nominee Richard Johnson and Independent candidate Robert Murphy.[111][112] He broke Rodger Randle's record fundraising for a Tulsa mayoral race set in the last election by raising $87,667.[113]

In 1982 he was reelected with 59% of the vote.[114] He lost his 1984 re-election campaign to Terry Young.[11]

U.S. House of Representatives

Jim Inhofe's official 100th United States Congress photo taken in 1987 after his first election to the United States House of Representatives.

Elections

In

1992, Inhofe was reelected with 53% of the vote.[119]

Tenure

In 1987 Inhofe voted against President Ronald Reagan's budget, which included tax increases and no increase in defense spending.[120]

He first came to national attention in 1993, when he led the effort to reform the House's discharge petition rule, which the House leadership had long used to bottle up bills in committee.[11]

U.S. Senate

Inhofe meeting with Neil Gorsuch in March 2017.

Inhofe served as the longest serving

U.S. Senator from Oklahoma serving between 1994 and 2023.[121]

Elections

In

David Boren, who had been serving in the Senate since 1979, agreed to become president of the University of Oklahoma and announced he would resign as soon as a successor was elected.[122] Inhofe was elected Boren's successor in an election cycle that saw the Republican Party take both houses of Congress and the Oklahoma governorship. Inhofe took office on November 17, giving him more seniority than the incoming class of senators.[11] After serving the last two years of Boren's term, he won his first full term in 1996.[123] He was reelected in 2002,[124] 2008,[125] 2014,[126] and 2020.[127]

Tenure

Fundraising

In the 2008 election cycle, Inhofe's largest campaign donors represented the

electric utilities ($221,654) industries/categories.[128][129] In 2010, his largest donors represented the oil and gas ($429,950) and electric ($206,654) utilities.[130]

Inhofe meeting with President Joe Biden and Vice President Kamala Harris, February 11, 2021.

The primary PACs donating to his campaigns were

NRA Political Victory Fund ($51,050) and American Medical Association ($51,000). Additionally, if company-sponsored PACs were combined with employee contributions, Koch Industries would be Inhofe's largest contributor, with $90,950 according to OpenSecrets.[129][131][undue weight? – discuss
]

Armed Services Committee

Inhofe shakes hands with Vice Admiral Michael M. Gilday, director of the Joint Staff, before his confirmation hearing for the position of Chief of Naval Operations at the Dirksen Senate Office Building in Washington, D.C., July 31, 2019.

As a member of the Armed Services Committee, Inhofe was among the panelists questioning witnesses about the 2004

better source needed
]

When chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee John McCain was absent seeking medical treatment for brain cancer, Inhofe became acting chairman of the committee. During this time, Inhofe helped secure the passage of the record $716 billion National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2019.[135] McCain died in August 2018, and Inhofe lauded him as his "hero". Inhofe also said that McCain was "partially to blame for" the White House's controversial decision to raise flags back to full mast after less than two days, as McCain previously "disagreed with the President in certain areas and wasn't too courteous about it".[136]

On March 6, 2019, Inhofe said he intended to put language in the next defense authorization act to reinforce Trump's decision to withdraw from the Iran nuclear agreement and reintroduce severe sanctions on Tehran.[137]

Committee assignments and caucus membership

CODEL James Inhofe during a visit to Kyiv, Ukraine, October 27–28, 2014

During the

115th, 116th, and 117th
Congresses, Inhofe was a member of the following committees:

Caucus memberships

  • International Conservation Caucus
  • Senate Army Caucus
  • Senate Diabetes Caucus
  • Senate General Aviation Caucus
  • Senate Rural Health Caucus
  • Senate Tourism Caucus
  • Sportsmen's Caucus

Retirement

See also: 2022 United States Senate special election in Oklahoma

On July 15, 2021, Inhofe told Tulsa World he planned to retire at the end of his current term, in 2027.[138] In February 2022, The New York Times reported that Inhofe was planning to resign at the end of the 117th Congress.[139] A special election for Inhofe's replacement was held in 2022 while he remained in office.[140] He endorsed his former chief of staff, Luke Holland, in the special election.[141] Oklahoma's 2nd congressional district Congressman Markwayne Mullin won the Republican primary and the special election.[142] Inhofe resigned on January 3, 2023.[15] It was reported in February 2023 that the primary reason for Inhofe's retirement was related to him suffering symptoms of long COVID, which had severely limited his capacity to do day-to-day activities, after an initial infection he had described as "very mild".[143]

Political positions

Inhofe was ranked the most

conservative member of Congress on the 2017 GovTrack report card.[144] He received the same ranking for 2018.[145] For 2019, he was ranked as the fifth-most conservative member of the U.S. Senate with a score of 0.91 out of 1, behind Marsha Blackburn (R-TN), Joni Ernst (R-IA), Mike Braun (R-IN), and Ted Cruz (R-TX).[146]

Environmental issues

In December 1997, Inhofe called the Kyoto Protocol, an international treaty to reduce greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere, a "political, economic, and national security fiasco."[147]

Committee on Environment and Public Works

Before the Republicans regained control of the Senate in the November 2002 elections, Inhofe had compared the United States Environmental Protection Agency to a Gestapo bureaucracy,[148][149] and EPA Administrator Carol Browner to Tokyo Rose.[150] In January 2003, he became Chair of the Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works, and continued challenging mainstream science in favor of what he called "sound science", in accordance with the Luntz memo.[149]

Since 2003, when he was first elected Chair of the Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works, Inhofe was the foremost Republican promoting

global warming conspiracy theory.[153] He has said that, because "God's still up there", the "arrogance of people to think that we, human beings, would be able to change what He is doing in the climate is to me outrageous",[154][155][156]
but also that he appreciates that this argument is unpersuasive, and that he has "never pointed to Scriptures in a debate, because I know this would discredit me."

As Environment and Public Works chairman, Inhofe gave a two-hour Senate floor speech on July 28, 2003, in the context of discussions on the

attribution of recent climate change to humans, using the word "hoax" four times, including the statement that he had "offered compelling evidence that catastrophic global warming is a hoax" and his conclusion that "manmade global warming is the greatest hoax ever perpetrated on the American people".[158][159] He supported what he called "sound science", citing contrarian scientists such as Patrick Michaels, Fred Singer, Richard Lindzen and Sallie Baliunas as well as some mainstream scientists. Two of these, Tom Wigley and Stephen Schneider, later issued statements that Inhofe had misrepresented their work.[159][160]

On July 29, the day after his Senate speech, Inhofe chaired an Environment and Public Works hearing with contrarian views represented by Baliunas and David Legates, and praised their "1,000-year climate study", then involved in the Soon and Baliunas controversy, as "a powerful new work of science". Against them, Michael E. Mann defended mainstream science and specifically his work on reconstructions (the hockey stick graph) that they and the Bush administration disputed.[157][161] During the hearing Senator Jim Jeffords read out an email from Hans von Storch saying he had resigned as editor-in-chief of the journal that published the Soon and Baliunas paper, as the peer review had "failed to detect significant methodological flaws in the paper" and the critique by Mann and colleagues was valid.[161][162]

In a continuation of these themes, Inhofe had a 20-page brochure published under the

Seal of the United States Senate reiterating his "hoax" statement and comparing the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to a "Soviet style trial". In a section headed "The IPCC Plays Hockey" he attacked what he called "Mann's flawed, limited research."[163][164] The brochure restated themes from Inhofe's Senate speech, and in December 2003 he distributed copies of it in Milan at a meeting about the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, where he met "green activists" with posters quoting him as saying that global warming "is the greatest hoax ever perpetrated on the American people". He signed a poster for them,[149] and thanked them for quoting him correctly. In an October 2004 Senate speech he said, "Global warming is the greatest hoax ever perpetrated on the American people. It was true when I said it before, and it remains true today. Perhaps what has made this hoax so effective is that we hear over and over that the science is settled and there is a consensus that, unless we fundamentally change our way of life by limiting greenhouse gas emissions, we will cause catastrophic global warming. This is simply a false statement."[163][165] In January 2005 Inhofe told Bloomberg News that global warming was "the second-largest hoax ever played on the American people, after the separation of church and state", and that carbon dioxide would not be restricted by the Clear Skies Act of 2003.[166][167][168] In a Senate Floor "update", he extended his argument against Mann's work by extensively citing Michael Crichton's fictional thriller State of Fear, mistakenly describing Crichton as a "scientist".[169][170] On August 28, 2005, at Inhofe's invitation, Crichton appeared as an expert witness at a hearing on climate change, disputing Mann's work.[163]

In his 2006 book

science of climate change".[171]

During the

Big Lie": "You say something over and over and over and over again, and people will believe it, and that's their strategy."[168][172]
In a September 2006 Senate speech Inhofe argued that the threat of global warming was exaggerated by "the media, Hollywood elites and our pop culture". He said that in the 1960s the media had switched from warning of global warming to warning of global cooling and a coming ice age, then in the 1970s had returned to warming to promote "climate change fears".[173] In February 2007 he told Fox News that mainstream science increasingly attributed climate change to natural causes, and only "those individuals on the far left, such as Hollywood liberals and the United Nations", disagreed.[174]

In 2006, Inhofe introduced Senate Amendment 4682 with

109th Congress, Inhofe voted to increase offshore oil drilling, to include provisions for drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge in the House Budget Amendment, and to deny funding for both low-income energy assistance and environmental stewardship, citing heavy costs and unproven programs.[175]

In May 2009, Inhofe gave support to the idea that black carbon is a significant contributor to global warming.[176]

Inhofe has received money from the

Exxon's beneficiaries in Congress include the Oklahoma senator Jim Inhofe, who called global warming a hoax, and who has received $20,500 since 2007, according to the Dirty Energy Money database maintained by Oil Change International."[177][178]

Climatic Research Unit email controversy

On November 23, 2009, as the

Inspector General of the United States Department of Commerce investigate how the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) had dealt with the emails, and whether the emails showed any wrongdoing; it found no major issues or inappropriate actions.[187][188]

Global warming temperatures

In July 2010 Inhofe said, "I don't think that anyone disagrees with the fact that we actually are in a cold period that started about nine years ago. Now, that's not me talking, those are the scientists that say that." The Union of Concerned Scientists said that Inhofe was wrong, pointing to a NOAA report indicating that the summer of 2010 had so far been the hottest on record since 1880. Inhofe added, "People on the other side of this argument back in January, they said, 'Inhofe, it has nothing to do with today's or this month or next month. We're looking at a long period of time. We go into twenty year periods.'"[189][190][191]

During a House committee hearing in 2011, Inhofe testified, "I have to admit—and, you know, confession is good for the soul ... I, too, once thought that catastrophic global warming was caused by anthropogenic gases—because everyone said it was."[192] Under questioning from committee member Jay Inslee, Inhofe dismissed the notion that he was less knowledgeable than climate scientists, saying that he'd already given "five speeches on the science."[192]

2015: Chair of Environment and Public Works committee

On the floor of the U.S. Senate, Inhofe displayed a snowball—in winter—as evidence the globe was not warming[193]—in a year that was found to be Earth's record warmest to date.[194] The director of NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies distinguished local weather in a single location in a single week from global climate change.[195]

On January 21, 2015, Inhofe returned to chairing the Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works as part of a new Republican majority in the Senate. In response to NOAA and NASA reports that 2014 had been the warmest year globally in the

temperature record, he said, "we had the coldest in the western hemisphere in the same time frame", and attributed changes to a 30-year cycle, not human activities.[196] In a debate on the same day about a bill for the Keystone XL pipeline, Inhofe endorsed an amendment proposed by Senator Sheldon Whitehouse, "Climate change is real and not a hoax", which passed 98–1. Inhofe clarified his view that "Climate is changing and climate has always changed and always will. There is archaeological evidence of that, there is biblical evidence of that, there is historical evidence of that", but added, "there are some people who are so arrogant to think they are so powerful they can change climate."[197]

On February 26, 2015, Inhofe brought a snowball to the Senate floor and tossed it before delivering remarks in which he said that environmentalists keep talking about global warming even though it keeps getting cold.[198]

Hydraulic fracturing

On March 19, 2015, Inhofe introduced S.828, "The Fracturing Regulations are Effective in State Hands (FRESH) Act." The bill would transfer regulatory power over hydraulic fracturing from the federal government to state governments. In his announcement of the bill, Inhofe said that hydraulic fracturing has never contaminated ground water in Oklahoma.[199] The U.S. senators from seven states (Arkansas, Idaho, Kentucky, Louisiana, South Dakota and Texas) cosponsored the bill.[200]

Paris Agreement

Inhofe co-authored and was one of 22 senators to sign a letter[201] to President Donald Trump urging him to withdraw the United States from the Paris Agreement. According to OpenSecrets, Inhofe has received over $529,000 from the oil and gas industry since 2012.[202]

Foreign policy

Israel Anti-Boycott Act

In October 2017, Inhofe co-sponsored the Israel Anti-Boycott Act (s. 720), which would have made it a federal crime for Americans to encourage or participate in boycotts against Israel and Israeli settlements in the occupied Palestinian territories if protesting actions by the Israeli government.[203][204]

Western Sahara

Inhofe has long supported the Polisario Front and has traveled to Algeria many times to meet with its leaders.[205][206] He has urged Morocco to hold a referendum on independence for Western Sahara. In 2017, Inhofe blocked the Trump administration's nomination of J. Peter Pham for Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs, citing a disagreement over Western Sahara.[207]

After the December 2020 Israel–Morocco normalization agreement, Inhofe sharply criticized the Trump administration for recognizing Morocco's claim over Western Sahara, calling the decision "shocking and deeply disappointing" and adding that he was "saddened that the rights of the Western Sahara people have been traded away".[208]

War in Afghanistan

Inhofe opposed the

2021 withdrawal of U.S. troops from Afghanistan under President Biden, saying that Biden should maintain "a relatively small troop presence until the conditions outlined in the 2020 U.S.-Taliban Agreement are fully implemented."[209]

Immigration

Inhofe wrote the Inhofe Amendment to the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2006, which was debated in Congress in May 2006. The amendment would make English the national language of the United States and require that new citizens take an English proficiency test. The amendment was passed on May 18, 2006, with 32 Democrats, one independent, and one Republican dissenting. The measure had 11 cosponsors, including one Democrat.[210]

Social issues

Gun policy

In the aftermath of the 2017 Las Vegas shooting, Inhofe blamed the "culture of sanctuary cities" for the shootings.[211]

LGBT rights

Inhofe pointing at a large photograph of his family, proclaiming none have been divorced or LGBT

Inhofe has generally been seen as overtly hostile by LGBT advocacy groups, earning a 0% in every one of his terms on the Human Rights Campaign's position scorecard.[212] Inhofe is in favor of a constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage, against adding sexual orientation to the definition of hate crimes, and voted against prohibiting job discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation.[213] In 2008, Inhofe said his office "does not hire openly gay staffers due to the possibility of a conflict of agenda."[214]

Inhofe campaigned for his Senate seat in 1994 using the phrase "God, guns, and gays."[215][216] In 2008, his campaign was noted by the Associated Press for running an ad with "anti-gay overtones" featuring a wedding cake with two male figures on top, fading into his opponent's face.[217]

In 1999, along with Republican colleagues

James Hormel, a gay man, as US Ambassador to Luxembourg for over 20 months specifically because of Hormel's sexual orientation.[218] President Bill Clinton eventually appointed him in a recess appointment, making him the United States' first openly gay ambassador in June 1999, and angering Inhofe, who held up seven more Clinton appointees in retaliation.[219][220]

In 2015, Inhofe condemned the Supreme Court ruling in Obergefell v. Hodges, which held that same-sex marriage bans violated the Constitution.[221]

Racial and gender civil rights

In 1995, Inhofe voted to ban affirmative action hiring with federal funds.[222] In 1997, he voted to end special funding for minority- and women-owned businesses. The bill he voted for would have abolished a program that helps businesses owned by women and minorities to compete for federally funded transportation; it did not pass.[223] The next year, Inhofe voted to repeal the Disadvantaged Business Enterprise Program,[224] which is designed to "remedy ongoing discrimination and the continuing effects of past discrimination in federally-assisted highway, transit, airport, and highway safety financial assistance transportation contracting markets nationwide" by allocating 10% of highway funds to benefit the business enterprises of racial minorities and women.[225]

Overall, in 2002, the

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) rated Inhofe at 7%, indicating that he has an anti-civil rights and anti-affirmative action record.[227]

Privacy

In 2001, Inhofe voted to loosen restrictions on cell phone wiretapping.[228] The bill, which passed, removed the requirement that a person or party implementing an order to wiretap a private citizen's cellphone must ascertain that the target of the surveillance is present in the house or using the phone that has been tapped.[229]

Free speech and expression

In 1995, Inhofe co-sponsored a constitutional amendment to the U.S. Constitution that would give Congress and individual U.S. states the power to prohibit the physical desecration of the American flag. The bill's primary sponsor was Orrin Hatch (R-UT).[230]

GI Bill reform

Inhofe, an initial sponsor of Senator Jim Webb's Post-9/11 Veterans Educational Assistance Act of 2008, subsequently withdrew support for this bill to support S 2938, a competing bill that would have provided benefits beyond those offered in Webb's bill.[231] But he voted to enact Webb's legislation in June 2008.[232]

Inhofe agreed to support legislation allowing military mental health specialists to talk with veterans about private firearms in an effort to reduce suicides.[233]

Economic issues

Aviation

Trained by the U.S. Navy, Inhofe was one of the few members of Congress holding a Commercial Airman certificate. In 1994, when he first ran for the U.S. Senate, he used his plane as a daily campaign vehicle to travel throughout Oklahoma and visit almost every town in the state.[234] He was influential in Senate and Congressional debates involving aircraft regulation.[235] In 2012, he authored the Pilot's Bill of Rights bill.[236]

Taxpayer-funded travel

Inhofe has said that he has made over 140 trips to Africa over about 20 years and helped to get United States Africa Command established.[237] He has made multiple foreign trips, especially to Africa, on missions that he described as "a Jesus thing" and that were paid for by the U.S. government. He has used these trips for activities on behalf of The Fellowship, a Christian organization.[238] Inhofe has said that his trips included some governmental work but also involved "the political philosophy of Jesus, something that had been put together by Doug Coe, the leader of The Fellowship ... It's all scripturally based." Inhofe used his access as a Senator to pursue religious goals.[239]

Federal disaster relief

Inhofe consistently voted against federal disaster relief, most notably in the case of relief for the 24 states affected by Hurricane Sandy,[240] but argued for federal aid when natural disasters hit Oklahoma.[241] In defense of his decision to vote against a relief fund for Sandy but not in Oklahoma after tornadoes ravaged it in May 2013, he claimed the situations were "totally different", in that the Sandy funding involved "Everybody getting in and exploiting the tragedy that took place. That won't happen in Oklahoma."[242] Inhofe pointedly did not thank President Obama for his attention to the tragedy in his state, so as to not be compared to Chris Christie.[243]

Earmarks

In April 2021, Inhofe expressed support for bringing back earmarks to the United States Senate.[244]

Presidential Impeachments

On February 12, 1999, Inhofe was one of 50 senators to vote to convict and remove Bill Clinton from office.[245] On February 5, 2020, he voted to acquit Donald Trump and on February 13, 2021, he voted to acquit Trump for the second time.[citation needed]

2016 presidential election

Early during the

Republican Party presidential primaries in 2016, Inhofe endorsed fellow Republican John Kasich.[246] During Donald Trump's presidency, he voted in line with Trump's position 94.2% of the time.[247]

Purchase of Raytheon stock

In December 2018, Inhofe bought $50,000 to $100,000 worth of stock in

Raytheon, a major defense contractor that has billions of dollars' worth of contracts with the Pentagon. The week before, he had successfully lobbied the Trump administration to increase military spending. Ethics watchdogs said the purchase raised conflict of interest concerns, and noted that members of Congress are not allowed to purchase stocks on the basis of information that is not publicly available. Inhofe sold the stock shortly after reporters asked him about the purchase. He said the purchase was made by a third-party adviser who manages Inhofe's investments on his behalf.[248]

Judiciary

Inhofe meets with Supreme Court nominee Amy Coney Barrett

In March 2016, around seven months before the next presidential election, Inhofe argued that the Senate should not consider Obama's Supreme Court nominee because "we must let the people decide the Supreme Court's future" via the presidential election.[249] In September 2020, less than two months before the next presidential election, Inhofe supported an immediate vote on Trump's nominee to fill the Supreme Court vacancy caused by Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg's death.

Inhofe also voted to confirm Neil Gorsuch and Brett Kavanaugh (Trump's other two Supreme Court nominations) while voting against Sonia Sotomayor and Elena Kagan (Obama's two Supreme Court nominations). All four were successful.

2021 storming of the United States Capitol

On May 28, 2021, Inhofe abstained from voting on the creation of an independent commission to investigate the January 6 United States Capitol attack.[250]

Personal life

Inhofe boarding his airplane at Tinker Air Force Base in 2017.

On December 19, 1959, Inhofe married Kay Kirkpatrick, with whom he has had four children.[251] His mother, Blanche M. Inhofe, died in 1975.[252] On November 10, 2013, one of Inhofe's sons, Perry Inhofe, died in a plane crash in Owasso, Oklahoma, flying alone for the first time since training in a newly acquired Mitsubishi MU-2.[253] Molly Rapert, an academic, is Inhofe's daughter.[254]

Inhofe has had his pilot's license since he was 28;[11] he flies a Van's Aircraft RV-8. He has attended the EAA AirVenture Oshkosh for 20 years; in 2021, he said, "I've slept in the same tent for 20 years. If you're not sleeping in a tent, it's not like being at Oshkosh."[255] Inhofe has had to emergency-land his plane multiple times throughout his career.[256]

He was the first recipient of the U.S. Air Force Academy's Character and Leadership Award for his character and leadership in public service.[257]

Inhofe has symptoms of long COVID, which have severely limited his capacity to do day-to-day activities.[143]

Electoral history

Oklahoma House

1966 Oklahoma House of Representatives 71st district election[22]
Primary election
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Warren Green (incumbent) 1,396 54.57%
Republican Jim Inhofe 1,162 45.43%
Total votes 2,558 100.00%
1966 Oklahoma House of Representatives 70th district special election[25][26]
Primary election
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Jim Inhofe 668 54.66%
Republican Richard Hancock 544 44.52%
Republican J. C. Gibson 10 0.82%
Total votes 1,222 100.00%
General election
Republican Jim Inhofe 1,917 81.33%
Democratic Patricia Anderson 440 18.67%
Total votes 2,357 100.00%

Oklahoma Senator

1968 Oklahoma Senate 35th district primary election[35]
Primary election
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Jim Inhofe 1,517 79.34%
Republican Madison Bowers 395 20.66%
Total votes 1,912 100.00%
1972 Oklahoma Senate 35th district election[53][b]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Jim Inhofe (incumbent) 13,749 68.47%
Democratic Happy Miles 6,330 31.53%
Total votes 20,079 100.00%

Oklahoma governor

1974 Oklahoma gubernatorial election[74]
Primary election
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Jim Inhofe 88,594 58.76
Republican Denzil D. Garrison 62,188 41.24
Total votes 150,782 100.00
General election
Democratic David Boren 514,389 63.91
Republican Jim Inhofe 290,459 36.09
Total votes 804,848 100.00
Democratic hold

1976 U.S. House

1976 Oklahoma 1st Congressional District election[78]
Primary election
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Jim Inhofe 17,707 66.7%
Republican Frank Keating 6,751 25.4%
Republican Mary Warner 2,057 7.7%
Total votes 26,515 100.00
General election
Democratic James R. Jones 100,945 53.9%
Republican Jim Inhofe 84,374 45.1%
independent (politician)
 W. D. Mackintosh 1,725 0.9%
Total votes 187,044 100.00
Democratic hold

Tulsa mayor

1978 Tulsa Mayoral primary election[258]
Primary election
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Jim Inhofe 15,317 92.00%
Republican Keith Robinson 910 5.47%
Republican Paul Cull 422 2.53%
Total votes 16,649 100.00%
1978
Mayor of Tulsa election[259]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Jim Inhofe 39,236 51.05%
Democratic Rodger Randle 35,213 45.81%
independent (politician)
 Jim Primdahl, Jr. 2,412 3.14%
Total votes 76,861 100.00%
Republican hold
1980
Mayor of Tulsa election[111]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Jim Inhofe (incumbent) 46,772 62.02%
Democratic Richard Johnson 23,971 31.79%
independent (politician)
 Jim Primdahl, Jr. 4,670 6.19%
Total votes 75,413 100.00%
Republican hold
1982
Mayor of Tulsa election[114]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Jim Inhofe (incumbent) 43,463 59.29%
Democratic Tom Seymour 27,177 37.07%
independent (politician)
 Robert T. Murphy 2,668 3.64%
Total votes 73,308 100.00%
Republican hold
1984 Tulsa Mayoral Election Results[260]
Candidates Party Votes %
Terry Young
Democratic Party
 		48,450 50.49%
Jim Inhofe (incumbent)
Republican Party
 47,526 49.51%
Total Votes 95,976 100%

U.S. Representative

1986 Oklahoma 1st Congressional District election[115][116]
Primary election
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Jim Inhofe 19,575 54.21
Republican Bill Colvert 10,577 29.29
Republican Joan Hastings 5,956 16.49
Total votes 36,108 100.00
General election
Republican Jim Inhofe 78,919 54.79
Democratic Gary D. Allison 61,663 42.81
independent (politician)
 Carl E. McCullough, Jr. 3,455 2.40
Total votes 144,037 100.00
Republican gain from Democratic
1988 Oklahoma 1st Congressional District election[117]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Jim Inhofe (incumbent) 103,458 52.63
Democratic Kurt Glassco 93,101 47.37
Total votes 196,559 100.00
Republican hold
1990 Oklahoma 1st Congressional District election[118]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Jim Inhofe (incumbent) 75,618 55.96
Democratic Kurt Glassco 59,521 44.04
Total votes 135,139 100.00
Republican hold
1992 Oklahoma 1st Congressional District election[119]
Primary election
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Jim Inhofe (incumbent) 36,354 67.71
Republican Richard L. Bunn 17,339 32.29
Total votes 53,693 100.00
General election
Republican Jim Inhofe (incumbent) 119,211 52.79
Democratic John Selph 106,619 47.21
Total votes 225,830 100.00
Republican hold

U.S. Senator

1994 United States Senate special election in Oklahoma[261][262]
Primary election
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Jim Inhofe 159,001 77.80
Republican Tony Caldwell 45,359 22.20
Total votes 204,360 100.00
General election
Republican Jim Inhofe 542,390 55.21
Democratic Dave McCurdy 392,488 40.56
Independent
 Danny Corn 47,552 4.84
Total votes 982,430 100.00
Republican gain from Democratic
1996 United States Senate election in Oklahoma[263][123]
Primary election
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Jim Inhofe (incumbent) 116,241 75.34
Republican Dan Lowe 38,044 24.66
Total votes 154,285 100.00
General election
Republican Jim Inhofe (incumbent) 670,610 56.68
Democratic Jim Boren 474,162 40.08
Independent
 Bill Maguire 15,092 1.28
Libertarian Agnes Marie Regier 14,595 1.23
Independent
 Chris Nedbalek 8,691 0.73
Total votes 1,183,150 100.00
Republican hold
2002 United States Senate election in Oklahoma[124]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Jim Inhofe (incumbent) 583,579 57.30
Democratic David Walters 369,789 36.31
Independent
 James Germalic 65,056 6.39
Total votes 1,018,424 100.00
Republican hold
2008 United States Senate election in Oklahoma[264][125]
Primary election
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Jim Inhofe (incumbent) 116,371 84.18
Republican Evelyn L. Rogers 10,770 7.79
Republican Ted Ryals 7,306 5.28
Republican Dennis Lopez 3,800 2.75
Total votes 138,247 100.00
General election
Republican Jim Inhofe (incumbent) 763,375 56.68
Democratic Andrew Rice 527,736 39.18
Independent
 Stephen P. Wallace 55,708 4.14
Total votes 1,346,819 100.00
Republican hold
2014 United States Senate election in Oklahoma[265][126]
Primary election
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Jim Inhofe (incumbent) 231,291 87.68
Republican Evelyn Rogers 11,960 4.53
Republican Erick Paul Wyatt 11,713 4.44
Republican Rob Moye 4,846 1.84
Republican Jean McBride-Samuels 3,965 1.50
Total votes 263,775 100.00
General election
Republican Jim Inhofe (incumbent) 558,166 68.01
Democratic Matt Silverstein 234,307 28.55
Independent
 Joan Farr 10,554 1.29
Independent
 Ray Woods 9,913 1.21
Independent
 Aaron DeLozier 7,793 0.95
Total votes 820,733 100.00
Republican hold
2020 United States Senate election in Oklahoma[266][127]
Primary election
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Jim Inhofe (incumbent) 277,868 74.05
Republican JJ Stitt 57,433 15.31
Republican John Tompkins 23,563 6.28
Republican Neil Mavis 16,363 4.36
Total votes 375,227 100.00
General election
Republican Jim Inhofe (incumbent) 979,140 62.91
Democratic Abby Broyles 509,763 32.75
Libertarian Robert Murphy 34,435 2.21
Independent
 Joan Farr 21,652 1.39
Independent
 J.D. Nesbit 11,371 0.73
Total votes 1,556,361 100.00
Republican hold

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Served as acting chairman in the absence of John McCain from December 2017 – September 6, 2018.[1]
  2. ^ The Republican Party primary was canceled in 1972 when no other candidate filed.[52]

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Sources

External links

Wikiquote has quotations related to James Inhofe.
Party political offices
Preceded by Republican nominee for Governor of Oklahoma
1974 		Succeeded by
Ron Shotts
Preceded by Republican nominee for U.S. Senator from Oklahoma
(Class 2)
1994, 1996, 2002, 2008, 2014, 2020 		Succeeded by
Political offices
Preceded by Mayor of Tulsa
1978–1984 		Succeeded by
U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded by Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Oklahoma's 1st congressional district
1987–1994 		Succeeded by
U.S. Senate
Preceded by
David Boren
 U.S. Senator (Class 2) from Oklahoma
1994–2023
Served alongside: Don Nickles, Tom Coburn, James Lankford 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Chair of the Senate Environment Committee
2003–2007 		Succeeded by
Ranking Member of the Senate Environment Committee
2007–2013 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Ranking Member of the Senate Armed Services Committee
2013–2015 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Chair of the Senate Environment Committee
2015–2017 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Chair of the Senate Armed Services Committee
2018–2021
Acting: 2017–2018 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Ranking Member of the Senate Armed Services Committee
2021–2023 		Succeeded by
U.S. order of precedence (ceremonial)
Preceded byas Former US Senator Order of precedence of the United States
as Former US Senator 		Succeeded byas Former US Senator
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