Palula language: Difference between revisions
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* Liljegren, Henrik (2009) The Dangari Tongue of Choke and Machoke: Tracing the proto-language of Shina enclaves in the Hindu Kush. Acta Orientalia, 70, pp 7–62 |
* Liljegren, Henrik (2009) The Dangari Tongue of Choke and Machoke: Tracing the proto-language of Shina enclaves in the Hindu Kush. Acta Orientalia, 70, pp 7–62 |
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* Liljegren, Henrik (2010) Where have all the verbs gone? On verb stretching and semi-words in Indo-Aryan Palula. Himalayan Linguistics, 9, pp 51–79, http://www.linguistics.ucsb.edu/HimalayanLinguistics/articles/2010/PDF/HLJ0901C.pdf |
* Liljegren, Henrik (2010) Where have all the verbs gone? On verb stretching and semi-words in Indo-Aryan Palula. Himalayan Linguistics, 9, pp 51–79, https://web.archive.org/web/20120315074912/http://www.linguistics.ucsb.edu/HimalayanLinguistics/articles/2010/PDF/HLJ0901C.pdf |
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* [http://www.diva-portal.org/su/theses/abstract.xsql?lang=en&dbid=7511 Liljegren PhD dissertation full text] |
* [http://www.diva-portal.org/su/theses/abstract.xsql?lang=en&dbid=7511 Liljegren PhD dissertation full text] |
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* [http://www.sasnet.lu.se/lingsth.html Palula research (Henrik Liljegren)] |
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060328095734/http://www.sasnet.lu.se/lingsth.html Palula research (Henrik Liljegren)] |
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* [http://www.ling.su.se/ASV/forskning.html#Palula Palulaforskning] {{swe icon}} |
* [http://www.ling.su.se/ASV/forskning.html#Palula Palulaforskning] {{swe icon}} |
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* [http://www.fli-online.org/documents/languages/palula/Palula-Phonology-Summary/palula-phonology-summary.htm Palula phonology] |
* [http://www.fli-online.org/documents/languages/palula/Palula-Phonology-Summary/palula-phonology-summary.htm Palula phonology] |
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Revision as of 07:08, 7 January 2018
| Palula | |
|---|---|
| پالولہ | |
| Pronunciation | /paːluːláː/ |
Native speakers | 10,000 (2008)[1] The population of Ashret and Biori Valleys is almost completely monolingual (2008)[1] |
Indo-European
| |
| Official status | |
Official language in | No official status |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | phl |
| Glottolog | phal1254 |
| ELP | Phalura |
Palula (also spelt Phalura, Palola, Phalulo, and also known as Ashreti (Aćharêtâʹ) or Dangarikwar, the name used by
In some of the smaller villages, Palula has either ceased to be spoken (in the village Ghos, situated near Drosh) or its speakers are largely shifting (as in Puri and Kalkatak) to the more widely spoken
Palula is pronounced as /paːluːláː/, with three long vowels and a rising pitch on the final syllable.
Study and classification
The Palula language has been documented by George Morgenstierne (1926, 1941), Kendall Decker (1992), Henrik Liljegren (2008, 2009, 2010), and Henrik Liljegren & Naseem Haider (2009, 2011).
It is classified as a
Phonology
Vowels
The following table sets out the vowels of Palula.[2][3]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i iː | u uː | |
| Mid | e eː | o oː | |
| Open | a aː |
Nasalization is found; however, it typically limited to vowels preceding sibilants and nasals and word finally.
Consonants
The consonant inventory of Palula is shown in the chart below.[4] The phonemic status of the voiceless aspirate and breathy voiced series are debatable. The breathy voiced series is generally considered lexical—a cluster of a consonant + /h/.[3][5] Neither voiceless aspiration nor breathy voicing co-occur with /s ʂ ʃ ɳ ɽ/ or /x ɣ (f?)/ in a syllable onset.[6]
| Labial | Coronal | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | voiced | m | n | ɳ | ||||
| breathy voiced | mʱ | nʱ | ||||||
Stop
|
voiceless | p | t | ʈ | k | (q [x]) | ||
| voiced | b | d | ɖ | ɡ | ||||
| aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | ʈʰ | kʰ | ||||
| breathy voiced | bʱ | dʱ | ɖʱ | ɡʱ | ||||
Affricate
|
plain | ts | tʂ | tʃ | ||||
| aspirated | tsʰ | tʂʰ | tʃʰ | |||||
Fricative
|
voiceless | f | s | ʂ | ʃ | x | h | |
| voiced | z | ʐ | ʒ | ɣ | ||||
| Lateral | voiced | l | ||||||
| breathy voiced | lʱ | |||||||
| Rhotic | voiced | r | ɽ | |||||
| breathy voiced | rʱ | |||||||
| Semivowel | voiced | j | w | |||||
| breathy voiced | jʱ | wʱ | ||||||
Tone
Like many
Status
In 2004, Anjuman-e-taraqqi-e-Palula, the Society for the promotion of Palula, was founded by people in the Palula community to promote the continued use of their language and to encourage research and documentation of their language, history and culture. After the establishment of a written form of the language, the society is now engaged in producing literature and educational material in Palula. In 2006, Palula Alifbe (Palula alphabet book) and Palula Shiluka (Palula stories) were jointly published by the Anjuman-e-taraqqi-e-Palula and the Frontier Language Institute in Peshawar.[citation needed]
In 2008, a mother-tongue based educational programme was launched by a local school management committee in Ashret and a first batch of Palula children could start learning to read and write in their own language. Since 2010, two schools operate within this programme in Ashret, using a curriculum developed by the community itself with assistance from the Forum for Language Initiatives (a regional language resource centre based in Islamabad).[citation needed]
References
- ^ a b Palula at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Liljegren (2008), p. 64.
- ^ a b Edelman (1983), p. 263.
- ^ Liljegren (2008), p. 58.
- ^ Liljegren (2008), p. 71.
- ^ Liljegren (2008), p. 72.
- ^ Baart (2003), pp. 3, 6.
- ^ Liljegren (2008), p. 74–76.
Bibliography
- Baart, Joan L. G. (2003), Tonal features in languages of northern Pakistan (PDF), National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics, pp. 3, 6
- Decker, Kendall D. (1992) Languages of Chitral
- Edelman, D. I. (1983), The Dardic and Nuristani Languages, Moscow: Institut vostokovedeniia (Akademiia nauk SSSR)
- Liljegren, Henrik (2008). Towards a grammatical description of Palula: An Indo-Aryan language of the Hindu Kush (PhD dissertation thesis). Stockholm: Stockholm University. )
- Liljegren, Henrik (2009) The Dangari Tongue of Choke and Machoke: Tracing the proto-language of Shina enclaves in the Hindu Kush. Acta Orientalia, 70, pp 7–62
- Liljegren, Henrik (2010) Where have all the verbs gone? On verb stretching and semi-words in Indo-Aryan Palula. Himalayan Linguistics, 9, pp 51–79, https://web.archive.org/web/20120315074912/http://www.linguistics.ucsb.edu/HimalayanLinguistics/articles/2010/PDF/HLJ0901C.pdf
- Liljegren, Henrik; Haider, Naseem (2009), "Palula", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 39 (3): 381–386,
- Liljegren, Henrik & Naseem Haider (2011). Palula Vocabulary. FLI Language and Culture Series vol. 7. Islamabad: Forum for Language Initiatives. ISBN 978-969-9437-07-6.
- Liljegren, Henrik (2016). A grammar of Palula. (Studies in Diversity Linguistics 8). Berlin: Language Science Press. http://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/82. Open Access.
- Morgenstierne, Georg (1926) Report on a Linguistic Mission to Afghanistan. ISBN 0-923891-09-9
- Morgenstierne, Georg (1941) Notes on Phalura: An unknown Dardic language of Chitral. Oslo: J. Dybwad.
- Strand, Richard F. (2001) The tongues of Peristân. Appendix 1, pp 251–257 in Gates of Peristan: History, Religion and Society in the Hindu Kush, Reports and memoirs, edited by Alberto M Cacopardo and Augusto S Cacopardo. Rome: IsIAO.
- The Languages Of Pakistan, Badshah Munir Bukhari. London
External links
- Liljegren PhD dissertation full text
- Palula research (Henrik Liljegren)
- Palulaforskning Template:Swe icon
- Palula phonology
- Palula morphology
- Palula sample text
- Anjuman-e-taraqqi-e-Palula
- Georg Morgenstierne multimedia database
- Strand, Richard F. (1998). "An Account of Aćhar'îta History in Aćharêtâ'". Retrieved 2012-01-16.
- Strand, Richard F. (1998). "Genealogy of the Aćhar'îta". Retrieved 2012-01-16.
- Strand, Richard F. (2000). "Aćharêtâʹ Lexicon". Retrieved 2012-01-16.
- Strand, Richard F. (2000). "The Sound System of Aćharêtâʹ". Retrieved 2012-01-16.
- Strand, Richard F. (2000). "The Cognitive Geometry of Object Relationships: Case Markers and Subject Reference [in Aćharêtâʹ]". Retrieved 2012-01-16.