Stefan Dragutin
Đurđevi Stupovi | |
---|---|
Spouse | Catherine of Hungary |
Issue | |
Serbian Orthodox Christian |
Stefan Dragutin (Serbian Cyrillic: Стефан Драгутин, Hungarian: Dragutin István; c. 1244 – 12 March 1316), was King of Serbia from 1276 to 1282. From 1282, he ruled a separate kingdom which included northern Serbia, and (from 1284) the neighboring Hungarian banates (or border provinces), for which he was unofficially styled "King of Syrmia".[1][2][3][4][5]
He was the eldest son of King
Dragutin abandoned Uroš I's centralizing policy and ceded large territories to his mother in
In theory, Dragutin was a vassal both to his brother (for his Serbian territories), and to the Hungarian monarchs (for the four banates), but in practice he ruled his realm as an independent ruler from the 1290s. His conflicts with Milutin developed into open war in 1301, and he frequently raided the neighboring Hungarian lords from 1307. Most of the Serbian noblemen supported Dragutin, but he was forced to make peace with Milutin after Milutin's
Early life
Dragutin was the eldest son of King
The date of Dragutin's marriage with Catherine of Hungary is also unknown.[6] His father and her grandfather, Béla IV of Hungary, most probably arranged the marriage during the peace negotiations that followed Uroš I's invasion of Mačva in 1268,[6][7][12][13] but an earlier date cannot be excluded.[10] Mačva was a Hungarian border province to the north of Serbia which had been governed by Béla IV's daughter, Anna, on behalf of her minor son, Béla.[6] Uroš I launched a plundering raid against the province, but he was captured and forced to seek a reconciliation.[6] Catherine's father, Stephen V, had been bearing the title of "younger king" as his father's co-ruler and heir and the same title was bestowed on Dragutin in recognition of his exclusive right to inherit Serbia from his father.[14][15] The Peace of Pressburg between Stephen V and King Ottokar II of Bohemia is the oldest extant document which describes Dragutin as a "younger king".[13]
Decades later,
Dragutin rose up against his father in 1276.[16] Whether he wanted to persuade his father to share power with him, or he was afraid of being disinherited in favor of his younger brother, Milutin, cannot be determined.[16] Dragutin's brother-in-law, Ladislaus IV of Hungary, sent Hungarian and Cuman troops to Serbia to assist him.[17] Dragutin routed his father near Gacko in the autumn of 1276.[17] Uroš abdicated without further resistance and entered the Sopoćani Monastery where he died a year later.[16]
Reign
Serbia
The archbishop of Serbia,
Serbia's relationship with the
Dragutin fell off his horse and broke his leg in early 1282.[19] His injury was so severe a council was called in Deževo to make decisions about governing Serbia.[18] At the council, Dragutin abdicated in favor of Milutin,[15] but the circumstances of his abdication are uncertain.[21][22] Decades later, Dragutin recounted that he had already come into conflict with Milutin, and that he had ceded the government to Milutin only provisionally, until he recovered.[21] Archbishop Danilo II wrote that Dragutin abdicated because he regarded the riding accident as God's punishment for his acts against his father, but the Archbishop also referred to unspecified "serious troubles" that contributed to Dragutin's decision.[21] The Byzantine historian, George Pachymeres, was informed that Dragutin's abdication had been definitive, but Pachymeres also mentioned an agreement between the two brothers that secured the right of Dragutin's (unnamed) son to succeed Milutin.[21]
Sirmia ulterior
Inscriptions on frescos and diplomatic correspondence provide evidence that Dragutin was styled "king" after his abdication, but Milutin's supreme position is evident.
Dragutin administered his realm independently of his brother.
Dragutin's sister-in-law,
Dragutin supported his brother's attacks against the Byzantine territories in Macedonia in the 1290s.[26] After Milutin had made peace with the Byzantine Empire in 1299, dozens of Serbian noblemen, who had benefited from the war, moved to Dragutin's realm.[38] Tensions between the two brothers grew rapidly, most probably because Milutin wanted to secure the succession in Serbia for his own sons.[38][39] In 1301, open war broke out and Milutin occupied Rudnik after taking it from Dragutin.[40] According to Ragusan reports, a peace treaty was made in late 1302, but Dragutin's troops or allies pillaged Milutin's silver mines at Brskovo in 1303.[41][34] The armed conflict lasted for more than a decade, but its details are unknown.[40][41] The parties allegedly avoided fighting pitched battles and Dragutin kept his realm almost intact, although income from the silver mines enabled Milutin to hire mercenaries.[41]
Charles Martel's son,
Dragutin became a
References
- ^ Dvornik 1962, pp. 103–104, 109.
- ^ Fine 1994, pp. 135, 137–141.
- ^ Ćirković 2004, pp. 47–49.
- ^ Bataković 2005, pp. 27–28, 71–72.
- ^ Curta 2019, pp. 668–670.
- ^ a b c d e f Fine 1994, p. 203.
- ^ a b Ćirković 2004, p. 48.
- ^ McDaniel 1984, pp. 43–50.
- ^ McDaniel 1986, pp. 191–200.
- ^ a b c Purković 1951, p. 546.
- ^ Purković 1951, pp. 546–547.
- ^ Krstić 2016, pp. 33–34.
- ^ a b c d e Gál 2013, p. 484.
- ^ a b c d Krstić 2016, p. 34.
- ^ a b c d e f Ćirković 2004, p. 49.
- ^ a b c d e f Fine 1994, p. 204.
- ^ a b Vásáry 2005, p. 100.
- ^ a b c Fine 1994, p. 217.
- ^ a b Krstić 2016, p. 35.
- ^ Setton 1976, p. 130.
- ^ a b c d Krstić 2016, p. 36.
- ^ a b c Fine 1994, p. 218.
- ^ a b Krstić 2016, p. 37.
- ^ a b c d e Krstić 2016, p. 38.
- ^ Krstić 2016, pp. 37–38.
- ^ a b Fine 1994, p. 221.
- ^ a b c d Fine 1994, p. 220.
- ^ Vásáry 2005, pp. 88, 104.
- ^ Vásáry 2005, p. 107.
- ^ Vásáry 2005, p. 104.
- ^ Uzelac 2011, pp. 9–20.
- ^ Vásáry 2005, p. 105.
- ^ a b Engel 2001, p. 110.
- ^ a b c Krstić 2016, p. 39.
- ^ Krstić 2016, pp. 39–40.
- ^ Engel 2001, pp. 124–125.
- ^ Ćirković 2004, p. 50.
- ^ a b Fine 1994, pp. 255–256.
- ^ a b Ćirković 2004, p. 52.
- ^ a b Krstić 2016, p. 40.
- ^ a b c d Fine 1994, p. 257.
- ^ a b Krstić 2016, p. 42.
- ^ Krstić 2016, pp. 42–43.
- ^ a b Krstić 2016, p. 43.
- ^ Krstić 2016, pp. 43–44.
- ^ a b c Krstić 2016, p. 45.
- ^ Krstić 2016, pp. 44–45.
- ^ Vásáry 2005, p. 110.
- ^ Krstić 2016, pp. 45–46.
- ^ a b Fine 1994, p. 258.
- ^ a b Krstić 2016, p. 46.
- ^ a b c d Krstić 2016, p. 47.
- ^ Ivanović 2019, pp. 103–129.
- ^ Ćirković 2004, p. 60.
- ^ Thomson 1993, p. 129.
- ^ Ivanović & Isailović 2015, p. 377.
- ^ Krstić 2016, pp. 33–51.
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