Ivan Kőszegi
Ivan Kőszegi | |
|---|---|
 Seal of Ivan Kőszegi, 1285 | |
| Palatine of Hungary | |
| Reign | 1281 1287–1288 1302–1307 |
| Predecessor | Peter Csák (1st term) Makján Aba (2nd term) Stephen Ákos (3rd term) |
| Successor | Matthew Csák (1st term) Amadeus Aba (2nd term) several office-holders (3rd term) |
| Born | c. 1245 |
| Died | 5 April 1308 (aged 62–63) |
| Noble family | House of Kőszegi |
| Spouse(s) | unknown |
| Issue | Gregory a daughter John Nicholas (illegitimate) |
| Father | Henry I |
| Mother | Henry's first wife |
Ivan Kőszegi (Hungarian: Kőszegi Iván, German: Yban von Güns; died 5 April 1308) was an influential lord in the Kingdom of Hungary at the turn of the 13th and 14th centuries. Earlier historiographical works also refer to him Ivan Németújvári (Hungarian: Németújvári Iván, German: Ivan von Güssing, Croatian: Ivan Gisingovac). He was Palatine in 1281, between 1287 and 1288, and from 1302 until 1307, Ban of Slavonia in 1275, from 1284 until 1285 and in 1290, and Master of the treasury in 1276 and 1291.
Originating from the powerful Kőszegi family, his career was characterized by series of rebellions and violations of the law against the royal power. As one of the so-called oligarchs, he established a province in Western Transdanubia, which laid in the borderlands of Hungary with Austria, and ruled Győr, Sopron, Moson, Vas and Zala counties de facto independently of the monarchs by the 1280s. Beside his rebellions in Hungary, he waged wars with the Duchy of Austria too. Because of his plundering and looting raids against the Styrian provinces, he was dubbed as "greedy wolf" by the Austrian chronicles. During the era of feudal anarchy, he usually played a role of "kingmaker". For instance, he invited Andrew the Venetian to the throne against the reigning Ladislaus IV of Hungary three times (1278, 1287, 1290). He initially supported Andrew III after his accession to the throne, but from 1292 he turned against the king and became a partisan of the pretender, Charles Martel, Duke of Salerno. After the extinction of the Árpád dynasty in 1301, he betrayed the House of Anjou too and played an important role in the subsequent succession war as the partisan of Wenceslaus, then Otto.
Family
Ivan (also John) was born in the 1240s into the wealthy and influential
His marriage to an unidentified noblewoman produced three children. His eldest son was
Early career
Ivan Kőszegi first appeared in contemporary records in March 1265, when he participated in the Battle of Isaszeg alongside his father Henry and brother Nicholas. During the civil war between Béla IV of Hungary and his son Duke Stephen, Ivan's father was a staunch supporter of the king and led the royal army against the duke. However Stephen gained a decisive victory over his father's army, and Henry Kőszegi and his two sons were captured. His defeater Pousa Tengerdi presented the fettered prisoner Ivan Kőszegi in the ducal court of Stephen following the clash.[7] The Kőszegis were being held as prisoners and after the Battle of Isaszeg, Béla IV was forced to accept the authority of Stephen in the eastern parts of the kingdom. On 23 March 1266, father and son confirmed the peace in the Convent of the Blessed Virgin on 'Rabbits' Island and Henry and his two sons, alongside others, were released from captivity.[8]
Stephen V ascended the Hungarian throne in May 1270, following his father's death. In response, the king's sister Anna seized the royal treasury and fled to Bohemia. Several magnates and Béla's closest advisors followed her and left Hungary, including Henry Kőszegi, who handed over Kőszeg, Borostyánkő (Bernstein, Austria) and other castles along the western borders to Ottokar II. In the same time, Ivan Kőszegi also handed over his "two castles called Sztrigó" (today Štrigova, Croatia), which laid in Zala County, to the Bohamian king. Henry and his sons had spent the next two years in exile at Ottokar's court in Prague.[9] Their departure caused a war between Hungary and Bohemia, which lasted until the conclusion of an agreement in Pressburg in July 1271. According to their treaty, Stephen V promised that he would not assist Ottokar's opponents in Carinthia, and Ottokar II renounced the castles he and his partisans held in Hungary. The royal armies soon recaptured Kőszeg, Borostyánkő and other fortresses along the western border of Hungary.[10]
Henry Kőszegi and his sons returned from Bohemia to Hungary following Stephen's death in the summer of 1272. His ten-year-old son Ladislaus IV ascended the throne. During his minority, many groupings of barons fought against each other for supreme power. The arriving Henry Kőszegi brutally murdered Ladislaus' cousin, Béla of Macsó, the only adult male member of the Árpád dynasty. The Kőszegis entered alliance with the Gutkeleds and the Geregyes, forming one of the two main baronial groups (the other one was dominated by the Csák and Monoszló clans). Ivan's father became a key figure in the early stage of the era of so-called feudal anarchy. When Henry extended his dominance in the royal council, Ivan served as ispán of Zala County – where his initial lands mostly laid – from September 1272 to March 1273 (with a short interruption in November 1272).[11] In this capacity, he participated in private initiative Hungarian incursions into Austria and Moravia, Ottokar's realms in February 1273, along with Matthew Csák, Denis Péc, Joachim and Amadeus Gutkeled.[8] Thereafter, Ivan functioned as ispán of Sopron County between June 1273 and September 1274.[12] In retaliation for Hungarian incursions, Ottokar's troops invaded the borderlands of Hungary in April 1273. They captured Győr and Szombathely, plundering the western counties. The royal council sent Joachim Gutkeled and Ivan Kőszegi to recapture the castle of Győr. Kőszegi also participated in the battle at Laa in August. However Ottokar II launched a successful retaliatory strike in the autumn of 1273, and seized many fortresses again, including Győr and Sopron. Ivan successfully defended Kapuvár (German: Valbach) by destroying the dam at the river Vág (Váh) and flooding the surrounding area. Thereafter he fought in Pereszteg and Lós, harassing the invading Bohemian army with hit-and-run tactics. He unsuccessfully tried to recapture Sopron from the Bohemian troops.[8]
Ivan lost influence for a brief time after the Battle of Föveny in late September 1274, when Peter Csák defeated the united forces of the Kőszegis and the Gutkeleds. Henry Kőszegi was killed, but his sons Nicholas and Ivan managed to flee the battlefield, withdrawing their troops to the borderlands between Hungary and Austria. Thereafter Peter Csák and the young Ladislaus IV gathered an army against the Kőszegis' domain in the autumn of 1274; their troops marched into Western Hungary, pillaging the brothers' landholdings. Nicholas and Ivan barricaded themselves in the castle of Szalónak (present-day Stadtschlaining, Austria). The royal army besieged the fort, but failed to capture it because of the coming winter. Through his ambitious and unscrupulous sons, the Kőszegi family survived their paterfamilias' death.[13]
Powerful baron
Rebellions against Ladislaus IV
Despite their violent actions against the monarch, the Kőszegis regained their influence and retook the power by the spring of 1275, when Nicholas became Palatine, and Ivan was made Ban of Slavonia, at first jointly with
Joachim Gutkeled died while battling against the
The Kőszegi brothers stayed away from the conflict between Ladislaus IV and Philip of Fermo, which emerged over the question of treatment of the pagan
Since the early 1280s, Nicholas and Ivan Kőszegi extended their influence over Sopron County, taking advantage of that both powerful leaders of the neighboring Csák clan, Matthew II and Peter had died by 1283 or 1284. During this course, Ivan embroiled in conflict with several members of the native Osl clan in the county. At the end of 1283, Ladislaus IV laid siege to Borostyánkő, which was held by Ivan. However, he resisted, forcing the king to lift the siege in early 1284. During the royal campaign, Ivan captured Herbord II Osl and held him in captivity. Subsequently, several documents refer to Ivan's violent actions against local landowners, including the Osls in the region. According to historian Gyula Kristó, Ivan brought whole Sopron County under his jurisdiction and annexed it to his emerging oligarchic province by 1285, when several local nobles were mentioned as his familiares. The advancing Kőszegi troops gradually also displaced another local strongman Conrad Győr from the region, who had once possessed huge landholdings in Moson County. Conrad's lands laid in the boundaries of interests of the two most powerful and aggressive oligarchic provinces – Ivan Kőszegi seized his villages one after another in Moson County by the mid-1280s and handed over them to their familiares and relatives, the Héderváris, while the Csáks expelled him from Pozsony County.[25] Ivan Kőszegi also persuaded the members of the Ják clan by threat and violence to hand over to him their inherited lands in Sopron and Vas counties through unprofitable contracts.[26]
Following his failure, Ladislaus had to reconcile with the Kőszegi brothers in the spring of 1284. While Nicholas became again Palatine, Ivan was appointed Ban of Slavonia. He held the dignity until the next year.[14] Ladislaus spent the last years of his life wandering from place to place, staying among his Cuman subjects. Hungary's central government lost power because the prelates and the barons ruled the kingdom independently of the monarch. Ivan Kőszegi launched an individual foreign policy at the borderlands between Austria and Hungary, establishing a de facto independent province, which threatened both realms. Contemporary Austrian chronicles – the Annales Sancti Rudperti Salisburgensis and Ottokar aus der Gaal's Steirische Reimchronik ("Styrian Rhyming Chronicle") – preserved Ivan's serious clash with Albert I, Duke of Austria in 1285. Accordingly, the Kőszegi troops invaded the neighboring Habsburg lands and marched into Wiener Neustadt, devastating the region and looting the settlements along the river Leitha. Initially, Albert tried to settle the conflict by negotiation, but the pillage of the Austrian and Styrian borderlands "has become commonplace" on Ivan's part. Therefore, the duke summoned his army from the Austria, Styria and Swabia and commissioned his councillor Hermann von Landenberg to lead his forces into Hungary. The Austrians intended to besiege Borostyánkő, but Ivan asked for help from his three brothers, Nicholas, Peter and Henry, who recruited an army of 1,000 people. This was the source of uncertainty in Landenberg's army. Taking advantage of their inaction, Ivan Kőszegi and his troops encircled the enemy and shot their camp with arrows. Several Austrian nobles were captured during the skirmish. After that Albert made a covenant with the Kőszegis; in return for the release of prisoners, the duke promised he will support Ivan Kőszegi's any efforts and ambitions in the Kingdom of Hungary against all his opponents, excluding the Holy Roman Empire, which was ruled by Albert's father Rudolf. The duke also proclaimed that he took Ivan under his protection and considered the Hungarian oligarch as his subject. In response, Ivan guaranteed that he put his forces for Albert's disposal, if necessary.[27]
Archbishop Lodomer persuaded Ladislaus to convene a general assembly in the early summer of 1286 in order to reconciliation between the king and the Kőszegi brothers. There Ladislaus provided one-year grace period to the Kőszegis and their familiares. In September 1286, the king managed a self-coup, expelling members of the Kőszegi–Borsa baronial group from the royal council. Neglecting the Kőszegis' rival, the Aba clan, Ladislaus IV appointed his own loyal soldiers and lesser nobles to the high positions. Thereafter Ladislaus IV launched his fifth and last royal campaign against the Kőszegi territory in November 1286. The king seized Kőszeg, but Ivan managed to escape. He and his brothers moved to the left bank of the Danube, they also captured Pressburg Castle for a brief time.[28] Duke Albert took advantage of the opportunity, and marched into Hungary, where his army successfully besieged and seized Pressburg from the Kőszegis in the spring of 1287.[29] Simultaneously, the Kőszegis' allies, the Borsa brothers – Roland and James – arrived from Transtisia; they joint troops defeated Ladislaus' army at the river Zsitva (Žitava) in March. During the conflict, Ivan again invited Duke Andrew to Hungary for a brief time sometime in the spring of 1287.[28] After a new reconciliation, Ivan Kőszegi was appointed Palatine of Hungary, he was first mentioned in this capacity in June 1287.[23] He was also styled as ispán of Sopron County since that year until at least 1295,[30] but it is plausible that he bore the title until his death.[31] As Palatine, Ivan Kőszegi summoned three "general assemblies" (generalis congregatio) for "the will of all nobles and free men with other social status of Vas County" in Szombathely in June 1288. This was the first time when a palatine convened a county assembly in his own right, neglecting the monarch's contribution.[32] Gyula Kristó writes, Ivan summoned the assembly explicitly without the permission of Ladislaus.[33] In the same year, Ivan Kőszegi exchanged his castle of Plošćica in Slavonia (today ruins in Ivanska, Croatia) with the Gutkeleds for their lands (Egervár) in Vas County.[34]
Ivan Kőszegi and his brothers involved in the conflict between Duke Albert and
Andrew's ally then enemy
With the consent of Lodomer, Ivan Kőszegi offered the crown to the king's distant relative Andrew the Venetian. After twelve years, the pretender returned to Hungary at the beginning of 1290.[37] He appointed Ivan Kőszegi as Ban of Slavonia and ispán of Vas County.[38] Before Andrew was successful, however, Ivan's local enemy Arnold Hahót captured and sent him to the court of Duke Albert in Vienna. Ladislaus IV was assassinated by his Cuman subjects in July 1290. After his release, Archbishop Lodomer crowned Andrew III king in Székesfehérvár on 23 July 1290. Although Ivan Kőszegi and Lodomer jointly invited Andrew to the Hungarian throne, their motivation was different: the oligarch wanted a new controllable and weak-handed ruler to lead the kingdom instead of the unpredictable Ladislaus, while Lodomer and his suffragans were aimed to strengthen the royal power to put an end to the political anarchy. Due to his short-term interests in order to recover his lost castles and estates, Ivan initially supported Andrew's efforts.[37] He handed over the dignity of Ban of Slavonia to his younger brother Henry by October 1290.[38] Ivan was referred to as Master of the treasury from February to October 1291. He also administered the Bánya ispánate beside that.[16][39] As Rudolf I of Germany attempted to bestow Hungary on his own son, Duke Albert of Austria, on 31 August 1290, Andrew III also had temporary interest community with the Kőszegis. At first, Andrew restored Óvár in April 1291. After the failure of the diplomatic negotiations between the two realms, Ivan and his two brothers participated in the king's military campaign in the summer of 1291,[35] when the Hungarian troops invaded Austria, forcing Albert to withdraw his garrisons from the towns and fortresses – including Pressburg and Sopron – that he had captured two years before, many of which were held by the Kőszegis before their conquest.[40]
The
His protege Charles Martel died in August 1295, leaving Ivan without external support. Andrew III married
However, by the young pretender's arrival in the summer of 1300, the Kőszegis and Matthew Csák were shortly reconciled with Andrew, preventing Charles' success.[49] Historian Attila Zsoldos argued Andrew III entered into a new feudal contract with the barons in the summer of 1300: Matthew Csák and Ivan Kőszegi (who was the most senior member of the family after Nicholas' death) became "perpetual" Palatines and Andrew accepted their suzerainty over their provinces, while the king's two most powerful partisans, Amadeus Aba and Stephen Ákos were also granted this privilege. In addition to them, two co-palatines of the previous year, Roland Rátót and Apor Péc also received the title as a counterweight, according to Zsoldos' theory.[50]
During the Interregnum
Andrew III died on 14 January 1301. With his death, the Árpád dynasty became extinct. Ivan Kőszegi was a central figure of the subsequent period of interregnum, which lasted for seven years and various claimants – Charles of Anjou, Wenceslaus of Bohemia, and Otto of Bavaria – fought for the Hungarian throne. Taking advantage of the emerging chaotic situation, Ivan cooperated with his former rival and enemy, Hermann von Landenberg and seized the Pannonhalma Abbey and its surrounding lands. His family unlawfully possessed the abbey until their downfall in 1317.[51][52] In the following months, Ivan also captured the royal castle of Óvár.[44][53]
In the early 14th century, Hungary had disintegrated into about a dozen independent provinces, each ruled by a powerful lord, or oligarch. Among them, Matthew Csák dominated the northwestern parts of Hungary (which now form the western territories of present-day Slovakia), Amadeus Aba controlled the northeastern lands, Ivan and Henry Kőszegi ruled Transdanubia and the northern parts of Slavonia, James Borsa dominated Tiszántúl, and Ladislaus Kán governed Transylvania.[54] Ivan Kőszegi was referred to as Palatine since February 1302.[55] In the upcoming years, seven barons held the dignity simultaneously. Majority of the historians, including Gyula Kristó and Jenő Szűcs, considered, these barons, for instance, Matthew Csák, Amadeus Aba, Ivan Kőszegi and Stephen Ákos were arbitrarily styled themselves palatines, usurping the position, which marked its devaluation. However, in accordance with Attila Zsoldos' theory (as presented above), the claimants to the Hungarian throne inherited Andrew's last decision, and they were forced to accept the status quo. As Zsoldos emphasized the oligarchs recognized each other's titles, in addition to the monarchs, cathedral chapters and other institutions. Accordingly, Ivan Kőszegi was considered a "perpetual" Palatine, alongside other powerful lords.[56] He performed his judicial role in his territorial province (Sopron, Vas and Zala counties), in addition to Veszprém County, where acted as a judge in June 1303 in a lawsuit between the chapter of Veszprém and some local nobles over the ownership of Csopak.[57] Beside his dignity of Palatine, Ivan was also styled as ispán of Moson and Sopron counties in 1303.[58]
Immediately after Andrew's death, Charles of Anjou hurried to Esztergom where he was crowned king irregularly. Being Pope Boniface VIII's candidate for the Hungarian throne, Charles had always been unpopular, because the Hungarian lords feared that they would "lose their freedom by accepting a king appointed by the Church", as the Illuminated Chronicle narrates.[59] Despite his nominal pro-Angevin standpoint in the 1290s, Ivan Kőszegi was among those lords, who supported Wenceslaus II of Bohemia. According to the narration of the Steirische Reimchronik, after Wenceslaus II met the Hungarian delegation in Hodonín in the summer of 1301, the Bohemian king sent his envoy to Kőszegi and invited him to a personal meeting. The chronicle says Kőszegi departed Hungary from his castle of Kapuvár to Bohemia. There, instead of himself, Wenceslaus II offered his eleven-year-old namesake son, who was not only Béla IV's great-great-grandson, but also the bride of the late Andrew III's daughter, Elizabeth, for the throne of Hungary.[51] Ivan Kőszegi got a night-time thinking time. Returning to his accommodation, he found 1000 silver coins, many gold and silver treasures and scarlet broadcloth there. On the following day, Kőszegi accepted the king's offer, also referring to the generosity of the late Ottokar II, Wenceslaus' father, who had create him knight of Teutonic Order during his exile decades earlier.[60] However, Kőszegi's main motivation behind his support was to defend his province against the House of Habsburg; Wenceslaus' opponent Charles of Anjou was the nephew of Duke Albert, who intended to enter alliance with his maternal relatives.[60]
Ivan and Henry were among those Hungarian lords, who moved to
On Kőszegi's advice, as the Steirische Reimchronik emphasizes, Wenceslaus II of Bohemia came to Hungary at the head of a large army in May 1304 to strengthen his son's position. The Bohemians entered the border at
After negotiations, Wenceslaus abandoned his claim to the Hungarian throne in favor of Otto and handed the Holy Crown over to him in Brno on 9 October 1305. When Otto arrived to Sopron, he sent his envoys to the local oligarch Ivan Kőszegi, whose first question was whether he brought the crown with him. After a favorable response, Ivan Kőszegi moved to Sopron too and escorted Otto into Buda, who reached the capital around 11 November 1305. Thereafter Ivan Kőszegi retired from the public affairs and stayed away from further events.[64] Charles seized Esztergom and Visegrád from the Kőszegis in June 1306, and thereafter also captured the many fortresses in the northern parts of Hungary (now in Slovakia), owned by Demetrius Balassa and his family.[68] Around the same time, the Austrian troops also plundered Ivan's estates in Győr and Sopron counties.[69] Ivan did not acknowledge Charles as his king even after Otto's imprisonment and departure from Hungary. He was absent from that assembly in October 1307, where Charles' claim to the throne was confirmed.[70] According to the Steirische Reimchronik, Ivan Kőszegi died on 5 April 1308. His province and wealth were inherited by his grandson Nicholas.[71]
References
- ^ Markó 2006, p. 235.
- ^ Engel: Genealógia (Genus Héder 4. Kőszegi [and Rohonci] branch)
- ^ a b c Skorka 2017, p. 101.
- ^ Rudolf 2023, p. 510.
- ^ Skorka 2017, p. 95.
- ^ Vajk 2011, p. 414.
- ^ Zsoldos 2007, p. 72.
- ^ a b c d e Markó 2006, p. 236.
- ^ Zsoldos 2007, pp. 123–124.
- ^ Zsoldos 2007, p. 132.
- ^ Zsoldos 2011a, p. 232.
- ^ Zsoldos 2011a, p. 199.
- ^ Szűcs 2002, pp. 397–398.
- ^ a b Zsoldos 2011a, p. 47.
- ^ Szűcs 2002, pp. 398–400.
- ^ a b c Zsoldos 2011a, pp. 64, 131.
- ^ Zsoldos 2010, pp. 653–654.
- ^ Engel 1996, pp. 285, 349, 405.
- ^ a b Markó 2006, p. 13.
- ^ Zsoldos 2011a, pp. 76, 233.
- ^ Szűcs 2002, p. 415.
- ^ Zsoldos 2011a, pp. 154, 179, 202, 274.
- ^ a b c Zsoldos 2011a, p. 22.
- ^ Szűcs 2002, pp. 429–430.
- ^ a b Zsoldos 2010, p. 655.
- ^ Kristó 1979, p. 158.
- ^ Skorka 2017, p. 98.
- ^ a b Szűcs 2002, pp. 437–438.
- ^ a b Skorka 2017, p. 99.
- ^ Zsoldos 2011a, p. 200.
- ^ Engel 1996, p. 178.
- ^ Szőcs 2014, pp. 171–173.
- ^ Kristó 1979, p. 203.
- ^ Engel 1996, p. 393.
- ^ a b c Skorka 2017, p. 100.
- ^ Szűcs 2002, p. 442.
- ^ a b Szűcs 2002, p. 446.
- ^ a b Zsoldos 2011a, pp. 48, 225.
- ^ Zsoldos 2007, p. 54.
- ^ Szűcs 2002, pp. 453–455.
- ^ Zsoldos 2003, p. 178.
- ^ Engel 1996, p. 225.
- ^ Szűcs 2002, p. 455.
- ^ a b Zsoldos 2010, p. 657.
- ^ Szűcs 2002, p. 456.
- ^ Szűcs 2002, pp. 459–460.
- ^ Szűcs 2002, p. 473.
- ^ Zsoldos 2011b, p. 294.
- ^ Zsoldos 2003, p. 220.
- ^ Zsoldos 2011b, p. 296.
- ^ a b Skorka 2017, p. 102.
- ^ Engel 1996, p. 427.
- ^ Engel 1996, p. 385.
- ^ Kristó 1979, p. 139.
- ^ Engel 1996, p. 1.
- ^ Zsoldos 2011b, p. 293.
- ^ Szőcs 2014, pp. 103–104.
- ^ Engel 1996, pp. 155, 178.
- ^ Kádár 2015, p. 53.
- ^ a b c Skorka 2017, p. 103.
- ^ Kádár 2015, p. 56.
- ^ Kádár 2015, pp. 70–71.
- ^ Kádár 2015, p. 83.
- ^ a b c Skorka 2017, p. 104.
- ^ Kádár 2015, pp. 85–87.
- ^ Kádár 2015, p. 94.
- ^ Kádár 2015, pp. 102–104.
- ^ Kádár 2017, pp. 129–130.
- ^ Kádár 2017, p. 132.
- ^ Kádár 2017, p. 150.
- ^ Skorka 2017, p. 105.
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Oligarchs during the Hungarian Interregnum (1301–1310) | ||
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