Toprak-Kala

Coordinates: 41°55′37.9″N 60°49′19.8″E / 41.927194°N 60.822167°E / 41.927194; 60.822167
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Toprak-Kala
Ruins of Toprak-Kala
Toprak-Kala is located in West and Central Asia
Toprak-Kala
Shown within West and Central Asia
Toprak-Kala is located in Uzbekistan
Toprak-Kala
Toprak-Kala (Uzbekistan)
Alternative nameToprak-Kala
LocationKarakalpakstan, Uzbekistan
Coordinates41°55′37.9″N 60°49′19.8″E / 41.927194°N 60.822167°E / 41.927194; 60.822167
TypeSettlement
History
PeriodsParthian, Sasanian
Site notes
Excavation dates1938
ConditionRuined

Toprak-Kala, in modern

Chorasmia in the 2nd/3rd century CE, where wall paintings, coins and archives were discovered.[1][2] Its history covers a period from the 1st to the 5th century CE.[1] It is part of the "Fifty fortresses oasis" in modern-day Uzbekistan.[1]

Toprak-Kala palace city

Toprak-Kala appears to have been built by

Khwarezm, in the 1st or 2nd century CE.[3] The establishment of Toprak-Kala probably followed the abandonment of Akchakhan-Kala, 14 km to the southwest.[4]

Artav (Artabanos), ruler of Khwarezm and founder of Toprak-Kala. Blundered Greek legend "ΙΥΙΥΕΩΙΕ ΜΕΛΥΙ ΕΙΛΥΙΛΥ". Nike
crowning the bust of the ruler. Circa 1st-2nd century CE.

The ruins of the city were explored by the

Zoroastrian deities were discovered in the Palace.[1]

Toprak-kala and the whole of Chorasmia seem to have been under the control of the Kushan Empire for some time during the 2nd century CE, as coins of Vima Kadphises and Kanishka were found, interrupting a series of coins of Chorasmian rulers before and after them.[6][7] Others have analysed the coinage evidence as indicating that the Kushan did not control Khwarezm.[8][9]

Several

Saint-Petersburg.[4]

Sergey Tolstov drew a reconstruction of the ancient city.[10]

Panorama of the ruins of Toprak-Kala
  • Toprak Kala ruins
    Toprak Kala ruins
  • The palace
    The palace
  • Toprak Kala ruins
    Toprak Kala ruins
  • Wall painting found in Toprak-Kala (2nd-3rd century CE)
    Wall painting found in Toprak-Kala (2nd-3rd century CE)

Nearby Kyzyl-Kala fortress

Kyzyl-Kala fortress
Nearby fortress of Kyzyl-Kala, before modern restoration.
Fortress of Kyzyl-Kala being restored (2018).
Main article: Kyzyl-Kala

The small fortress of Kyzyl-Kala, also "Qyzyl Qala" ("Red fortress") is located nearby, 1 km to the west, and was also built in the 1st-4th century CE, possibly as a fortified defense for the site of Toprak-Kala (41°55′48″N 60°47′03″E / 41.930031°N 60.784109°E / 41.930031; 60.784109).

Kyzyl-Kala was once restored in the 12th century CE. It has also been the subject of a modern renovation program, with the objective of showing what a fortress looked like originally.

Toprak-Kala is somewhat related to another archaeological site 30 km to the southeast, Koi Krylgan Kala, another major component of the "Fifty fortresses oasis".[1] Another related site is Ayaz-Kala.

The location of the Chorasmian capital was changed to Kyat (modern Beruniy), at the time of the Afrighid dynasty sometime after 305 CE, but the town of Toprak-Kala continued to prosper until the 6th century CE.[6]

References

Chorasmian oasis, location of Toprak-Kala and the Kyzyl-Kala fortress in relation to other main fortresses.
  1. ^
    ISBN 978-1-78297-167-2
    .
  2. ^ Неразик, Е.Е., Лапиров-Скобло, М.С., Трудновская, С.А. & Вайнберг, Б.И. (1981). Городище Топрак-кала (раскопки 1965-1975 гг.) (ТХАЭЭ, т. 12). Москва.
  3. ISBN 9780710090904
    .
  4. ^ a b c d Minardi, Michele (January 2020). "The Ancient Chorasmian Unbaked-clay Modelled Sculptures: Hellenistic Cultural 'Impacts' on an Eastern Iranian Polity". Religion, Society, Trade and Kingship. Art and Archaeology in South Asia Along the Silk Road 5500 BCE-5th Century CE (South Asian Archaeology and Art 2016, Volume 1): 195–205, Figs. 7, 9, 11.
  5. Khwarazmian era, i.e., to within the third century A.D. It should be borne in mind that only an insignificant portion of the archive has survived." in "Bulletin of the Asia Institute". Wayne State University Press. 1996: 183. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help
    )
  6. ^ a b "Toprak - Kala was for a long time its capital . Later the seat of authority was changed to the city of Kyat ( afterwards called Shabbaz and now known as Biruni ) . This transfer took place during the reign of Afrig , a Chorasmian King ." Basham, Arthur Llewellyn (1969). Papers on the Date of Kaniṣka: Submitted to the Conference on the Date of Kaniṣka, London, 20-22 April 1960. Brill Archive. p. 204 and 414.
  7. ^ Basham, Arthur Llewellyn (1969). Papers on the Date of Kaniṣka: Submitted to the Conference on the Date of Kaniṣka, London, 20-22 April 1960. Brill Archive. p. 414.
  8. ISBN 9780710090904
    .
  9. ^ "CHORASMIA i. Archeology and pre-Islamic hist. – Encyclopaedia Iranica". iranicaonline.org.
  10. JSTOR 29755106
    .
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