Principality of Ushrusana

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Principality of Ushrusana
circa 600–892/3
Coin in the name of Rakhanch, lord of Ushrusana. Tamgha symbol on the reverse with name of the ruler in Sogdian rγʾnč MRAY "Raxānič Afšīn".[1] Excavated in the Palace of Kala-i Kakhkakha I, Bunjikat. 7th century CE, National Museum of Antiquities of Tajikistan (RTL 213).[2] of Ushrusana
Coin in the name of
Tamgha symbol on the reverse with name of the ruler in Sogdian rγʾnč MRAY "Raxānič Afšīn".[1] Excavated in the Palace of Kala-i Kakhkakha I, Bunjikat. 7th century CE, National Museum of Antiquities of Tajikistan (RTL 213).[2]
Samanid
conquest
892/3
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Hephthalite Empire
Western Turkic Khaganate
Samanid Empire

The Principality of Ushrusana (also spelled Usrushana, Osrushana or Ustrushana)

Ferghana, did not belong to Sogdia proper, but its inhabitants wrote in Sogdian, and may have spoken the Sogdian language as well.[4] The rulers of the principality were known by their title of Afshin
.

History

Ushrusana may have been associated with remnants of the

Bactrian script: αφϸιιανο).[7]

From the 5th to the 7th century CE, Ushrusana was part of the territory of the

Western Turks after 560 CE.[8]

First Dynasty (600-720 CE)

After 600 CE, a first dynasty of rulers of Ushrusana is known, which ruled independently from 600 to 720 CE until the last phases of the Muslim conquest of Transoxiana. Its rulers were in order: Chirdmish, Satachari I, Rakhanch I, Satachari II, Satachari III, Rakhanch II, Rahanch III.[citation needed] They are especially known from their coinage.[citation needed]

Ushrusana functioned as a frontier province in Central Asia, bordering the lands of Islam during the Umayyad and early Abbasid caliphates. It was situated between the districts of Samarkand in the west and Khujand to the east, and was somewhat south of the Syr Darya River. As a result of its location, several roads ran through it, making the province a frequent stop for travelers. The terrain of the country consisted of a mixture of plains and mountains; some districts of Ushrusana had towns, but overall the region was little urbanized. The primary city was Bunjikat, which was often referred to as the City of Ushrusana, where numerous archaeological and artistic remains are being found.[9]

  • Ruins of the Palace of Kalai Kahkaha 1, Bunjikat, capital of Ushrusana
    Ruins of the Palace of Kalai Kahkaha 1, Bunjikat, capital of Ushrusana
  • Ruins of the Palace of Kalai Kahkaha 1, toward the west
    Ruins of the Palace of Kalai Kahkaha 1, toward the west
  • Burnt wooden head of a goddess, late 8th century. From the palace of Kala-i Kakhkakha, Tajikistan.
    Burnt wooden head of a goddess, late 8th century. From the palace of Kala-i Kakhkakha, Tajikistan.
  • Burnt wooden statue, Kala-i Kakhkakha, Chilkhujra castle, 6-7th century, National Museum of Antiquities of Tajikistan
    Burnt wooden statue, Kala-i Kakhkakha, Chilkhujra castle, 6-7th century, National Museum of Antiquities of Tajikistan
  • Burnt wooden head of a woman, Kala-i Kakhkakha I palace, 7-8th century, National Museum of Antiquities of Tajikistan
    Burnt wooden head of a woman, Kala-i Kakhkakha I palace, 7-8th century, National Museum of Antiquities of Tajikistan
  • Burnt wooden statue of a Prince, Kala-i Kakhkakha I palace, 7-8th century, National Museum of Antiquities of Tajikistan
    Burnt wooden statue of a Prince, Kala-i Kakhkakha I palace, 7-8th century, National Museum of Antiquities of Tajikistan

Second Dynasty (720-893 CE)

Nana, Bunjikat, 8th-9th century CE.[10]

Ushrusana is mentioned by Arab sources during the Muslim conquest of Transoxiana, and was at times nominally subject to the Caliphate, but it remained effectively independent. The Principality probably retained a certain level of autonomy throughout this period, and was ruled directly by the afshins of the Kavus dynasty.[3] A Second dynasty is known from this period, which ruled between 720 and 894 CE, until the Principality was overtaken by the Samanid Empire: Kharabugra (720-738), Hanahara (738-800), Cavus (800-825), Haydar (al-Afshin) (825-840), Hassan (840-860), Abdallah (860-880), Sayr (880-893/894).[citation needed]

Several Umayyad governors conducted raids into the country and received tribute from its rulers, but permanent conquest was not achieved by them.

Caliph Al-Mahdi (ruled 775-785 CE) asked for, and apparently obtained, the submission of various Central Asian rulers, including that of the Afshīn of Usrushana.[14]
The original account by Ya'qubi reads:

Sind, al-Rāy; the king of China, Baghbür; the king of India and Atrāḥ, Wahūfūr; and the king of the Tughuz-ghuz, Khāqān.

— Ya'qubi (died 897/8), Ta'rikh ("History")[15][16]
Painting of the God Weshparkar with bow, Kala-i Kakhkakha I, Bunjikat, Ustrushana, 8-9th century CE, National Museum of Antiquities of Tajikistan.[17]

Ushrusana was more firmly brought under Abbasid control following a quarrel that broke out within the ruling dynasty, during the caliphate of al-Ma'mun (r. 813–833). In 822, a Muslim army under Ahmad ibn Abi Khalid al-Ahwal conquered Ushrusana and captured its ruler Kawus ibn Kharakhuruh; he was sent to Baghdad, where he submitted to the caliph and converted to Islam.[18] From this point on, Ushrusana was generally considered to be part of the Abbasid state, although the afshins were allowed to retain their control over the country as subjects of the caliph.[19]

Cavalry battle scene: an armoured knight wounded by two arrows holds the neck of his horse. Palace of Kalai Kahkaha 1, Bunjikat. 8th-9th century CE. National Museum of Antiquities of Tajikistan (RTL 217).[20]

Kawus was succeeded by his son Khaydar, who had assisted Ahmad ibn Abi Khalid in his campaign against Ushrusana. Khaydar, who is usually referred to in the sources simply as

Persian Tahirid dynasty. He even secretly supported Mazyar, the Karenid ruler of Tabaristan
, who had rebelled against the Abbasids. The rebellion, however, was soon suppressed, and Afshin's ambitions were revealed by the Abbasids.

Furthermore, Afshin was accused of being a

Isma'il ibn Ahmad incorporated Ushrusana into his Empire and killed its ruler, Sayyar ibn 'Abdallah
.

  • Bunjikat "Remus and Romulus", 8th century.[24]
    Bunjikat "
    Remus and Romulus", 8th century.[24]
  • Demon with three eyes and skulls in his hair. Kala-i Kakhkakha I, Bunjikat, 8-9th century, National Museum of Antiquities of Tajikistan, RTL 253
    Demon with three eyes and skulls in his hair. Kala-i Kakhkakha I, Bunjikat, 8-9th century, National Museum of Antiquities of Tajikistan, RTL 253
  • Bunjikat, figure with pointed and crescented helmet.
    Bunjikat, figure with pointed and crescented helmet.
  • Deity, Kalai Khakaha, early 9th century CE, Hermitage Museum.
    Deity, Kalai Khakaha, early 9th century CE, Hermitage Museum.

See also

References

  1. ^ Šafiʿī, I. (2018). "ARAMAIC TRACES THROUGH COINS IN THE IRANIAN WORLD" (PDF). Shodoznavstvo: 146.
  2. ISBN 978-9461616272
    .
  3. ^
    ISBN 978-92-3-103211-0
    .
  4. ^ Marshak, Boris I. (2003). "The Archaeology of Sogdiana" (PDF). The Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg: 3.
  5. ^
    ISBN 978-1-4744-0031-2
    . Apart from Gandhara, however, a Kidarite kingdom may have survived in Sogdiana, possibly in the area of Ustrushana.
  6. ^
    ISBN 978-1-4744-0031-2
    . However, we should not assume that the Kidarite presence in eastern Sogdiana disappeared quickly after their demise in Tokharistan. Indeed, centuries later, in the early ninth century, the local king of Ustrushana and the Abbasid general Al-Afshin bore the personal name of Khydhar...
  7. ISBN 978-1-4744-0031-2
    .
  8. ISBN 978-92-3-103211-0
    .
  9. ^ Le Strange, pp. 474-75; Kramers, pp. 924-25; Bosworth, p. 589
  10. ^ "Monumental painting in the palace complex of Bunjikat, the capital of medieval ustrushana 8th - early 9th centuries - ArtRussianBooks.com". www.artrussianbooks.com.
  11. ^ Kramers, p. 925; al-Tabari, v. 24: p. 173; v. 25: p. 148; v. 26: p. 31; al-Baladhuri, pp. 190, 203
  12. ^ Al-Ya'qubi, Historiae, p. 479; al-Tabari, v. 30: p. 143
  13. ^ For example, joining Rafi' ibn Layth's rebellion and reneging on tribute agreements: al-Ya'qubi, Historiae, p. 528; al-Baladhuri, pp. 203-04
  14. ^ Kuwayama, Shoshin (1999). "Historical Notes on Kapisi and Kabul in the Sixth-Eighth Centuries" (PDF). ZINBUN. 34: 44.
  15. ISBN 9789004364165
    .
  16. ^ Rahman, A. (2002). "New Light on the Khingal, Turk and the Hindu Sahis" (PDF). Ancient Pakistan: 41.
  17. ISBN 978-9461616272
    .
  18. ^ Bosworth, p. 590; Kramers, p. 925; Kennedy, p. 125; al-Baladhuri, pp. 204-05; al-Tabari, v. 32: pp. 107, 135
  19. Samanids
    .
  20. ISBN 978-9461616272
    .
  21. ^ Barthold and Gibb, p. 241
  22. ^ Bosworth, p. 590; Kennedy, p. 125
  23. ^ Kennedy, p. 125; Gordon, p. 43; Northedge, p. 169
  24. ISBN 978-92-3-102813-7
    .

Sources

External links
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