Ikhshids of Sogdia

Ikhshids of Sogdia Unash
642–755 CE
Coin of Sogdian ruler Turgar, Ikhshid of Samarkand. Profile and name of the ruler on the obverse, fire altar with attendants on the reverse. Excavated in Penjikent, 8th century CE, National Museum of Antiquities of Tajikistan.[1]
Hund class=notpageimage| The Ikhshids, and proximate polities and cities.
Capital	Samarkand
Common languages	Sogdian
Religion	Zoroastrianism
Historical era	Late antiquity
• Established	642
• Disestablished	755 CE
Preceded by Succeeded by Hephthalites Western Turkic Khaganate Umayyad Caliphate Abbasid Caliphate

The Ikhshids of Sogdia, or Ikhshids of Samarkand, were a series of rulers of

Shishpir, originally ruler of Kish, conquered Samarkand in 631-642 CE and founded the Ikhshid dynasty.^[3] His rule in Samarkand followed that of the Hunnic tribes who had taken control of the city since around 437 CE. The founder Shishpir was succeeded by several generations of kings, who are recorded in Chinese chronicles and known through their coinage.^[3]

The Hunnic legacy appears in the coinage of Shishpir, as he adopted the Hunnic Y-shaped

tamgha () on the reverse of his coins.^[3] The symbol of the Hephthalites thus appears on the residual coinage of Samarkand, probably as a consequence of the Hephthalite control of Sogdia, and becomes prominent in Sogdian coinage until the Muslim conquest of Transoxiana.^[4]

Inscriptions found in the ruins of the Ikhshid palace at Samarkand and the legends of coins suggest that the Ikhsids called their own dynasty "Unash", i.e. "Hunnish".[5] The paintings of the Afrasiab murals, made in the early Ikhshid period, contain an inscription mentioning King "Varkhuman Unash"

Chaganian. I arrived here from Turantash, the lord of Chaganian, to Samarkand, to the king, and with respect [to] the king [now] I am [here]. And with regard to me do not have any misgivings: About the gods of Samarkand, as well as about the writing of Samarkand I am keenly aware, and I also have not done any harm to the king. Let you be quite fortunate!" And King Varkhuman Unash took leave [of him]. And [then] the dapirpat (chancellor) of Chach opened his mouth.

— Inscription on an ambassador's robe, Afrasiab murals.^[6]

The paintings of Afrasiab in Samarkand date back to the middle of the 7th century CE at the early stage of the Ilkhshid period, showing a reception of foreign dignitaries by Ikhshid king

• 
  Karashahr in modern Xinjiang). Afrasiab mural, probably painted circa 655 CE.^[10][11]
• 
  Ambassadors from

  Chaganian (central figure, inscription of the neck), and Chach (modern Tashkent) to king Varkhuman of Samarkand. Circa 655 CE, Afrasiyab murals, Samarkand.^[10][11]
• 
  Korean ambassadors during an audience with king Varkhuman of Samarkand. They are identified by the two feathers on top of their head.^[12] Circa 655 CE, Afrasiyab, Samarkand.^[10][13]
• 
  Tang dynasty emissaries at the court of Varkhuman in Samarkand carrying silk and a string of silkworm cocoons, circa 655 CE, Afrasiyab murals, Samarkand

Chinese protectorate (from 658)

◁ ▷

660

Tang Empire and Central Asian Protectorates circa 660 CE.^[14] It was through the conquest of the Western Turks that the Tang dynasty was able to reach its maximum extent, although for just a few years.^[15]

The Ikhshids became nominal vassals of the Chinese

Anxi Protectorate and the formal appointment of local rulers to Governor positions in the provinces established by the Chinese.^[16] As soon as 650-655 CE, Varkhuman was recognized by the Chinese as "King of Kangju" (Sogdia), and Governor, as reported by Chinese chronicles:^[10][17]

During the Yonghui (永徽) era (650-655 CE), emperor Gaozong made this territory the Government of Kangju, and gave the title of Governor to the King of the country, Varkhuman (拂呼缦, Fúhūmàn).

— Chinese annals on Varkhuman.^[17][18]

The

Western Turks, who had been the main power for about a century in the region, disintegrated following the Tang Conquest of the Western Turks and the demise of their ruler Ashina Helu in 658 CE, becoming vassals of the Chinese thereafter.^[16][19] The Tang dynasty would establish more or less nominal Protectorates and military garrisons throughout the area, but this control only lasted for a few years.^[15] By 662 rebellions broke out throughout the area, and the Western Turks were able to reestablish preeminence, with the Tangs only retaining sporadic and indirect control.^[15]

During this period, the Ikhshids and other Central Asian polities repeatedly requested Chinese military aid, especially against Muslim conquests, but these requests were generally met with empty promises, as the Chinese army, led by general Gao Xianzhi, was busy with the war against Tibet.^[20]

Epilogue

The line survived into

Istikhan.^[2]

Ghurak

Among the most notable and energetic of the Soghdian kings was

khaganate.^[21]

In 718, Ghurak is known to have sent an embassy to the China court, asking for support against the Arabs, but military help was denied, probably because of the huge cost and distances involved:[22]^[23]

"Then King

Ghurak couldn't win in war against the Arabs. He came to plead for help, but the Emperor refused."

— New Book of Tang, Book 221.^[24][23]

In retaliation, the Arab governor may have appointed

Panjikent, as ruler of Samarkand in order to replace Ghurak.^[22] Some of the coinage of Samarkand may have been issued by Divashtich, and may correspond to this period.^[22] The power of the Arabs in the region continued to increase, as they defeated the rebellion of Divastich in 722 CE.^[16]

Turgar

The reign of the last Ikhshid ruler

Umayyad Governor Nasr ibn Sayyar. This continued until the revolt of Abu Muslim and the establishment of the Abbasid Caliphate in 750 CE, after which Sogdians had to convert to Islam.^[25]

Turgar sent an embassy to China in 750 CE, probably asking for support.

An Lushan Rebellion in 755 CE, the Chinese had to removed all of their remaining forces from Central Asia, depriving the Ikhshids of any kind of diplomatic support against the Arabs.^[20]

Turgar was probably deposed circa 755-757 CE, and stopped minting coinage.

Khurasan Abu Dawud Khalid ibn Ibrahim.^[26] The only Sogdian resistance now took the form of internal social or religious rebellions, within the framework of the Muslim Caliphate.^[20]

Ikhshids of Sogdia

Ruler	Date	Coinage	Coin legends[22][27]	Chinese name	Transcription
Shishpir	642-655 CE		<šyšpyr MLKA> /šēšpēr xšēδ/	沙瑟毕	Shāsèbì[28]
Varkhuman	655-696 CE		<(ʾ)βrγwmʾn MLKA> /(ə)warxumān xšēδ/	拂呼缦	Fúhūmàn[29][30]
Urk Wartramuk	675-696 CE		<ʾwrk wrtrmwk MLKA> /Urk Wartramuk xšēδ/
Tukaspadak	696-698 CE		<twkʾspʾδk MLKA> /Tōkəspāδak xšēδ/ /Tōkəspāδē xšēδ/	笃娑钵提	Dǔsuōbōtí[29][30]
Mastich-Unash	698-700 CE		<mʾstn-nʾwyʾn MLKA> <mʾstc ʾwnš MLKA> /Mastič Unaš xšēδ/	泥涅师师	Nínièshīshī[29][30][5]
Tarkhun	700-710 CE		<trγwn MLKA> /Tarxūn xšēδ/	突昏	Tūhūn[29][30]
Ghurak	710-738 CE		<ʾwγrk MLKA> /Uγrak xšēδ/	乌勒伽和	Wǔlèkāhé[29]
Turgar	738-755 CE		<twrγʾr MLKA> /Turγar xšēδ/	咄曷	Duōhé[29]

Coinage

The Ikhshids issues mostly copper coins on the Chinese model (

tamgha of the Hephthalites () appears on the reverse of these coins.^[3] The second symbol (to the right) is the triskelion, symbol of Kish, from where Shishpir, the founder of the Ikhshids, originated.^[3]

• 
  Coinage of Varkhuman, Ikhshid of Sogdia. Circa CE 650-675
• 
  Coin in the name of Samarkand Ikhshid Ukar (Urk Vartramuka). The

  tamgha appears on the reverse, to left.^[3]

  Circa 675-696 CE.

Other uses of the title "Ikhshid"

The Arab authors report that the title was also used by the ruler of Ferghana during the same period: Ibn al-Athir reports that it was the ikhshid of Ferghana who called upon the Chinese for aid against the Arabs, resulting in the Battle of Talas.^[2]

The title's prestige in Central Asia remained high as late as the 10th century, when it was adopted by the

Muhammad ibn Tughj, whose grandfather had come from Ferghana. After his title the short-lived dynasty founded by Muhammad al-Ikhshid is known as the Ikhshidid dynasty.^[2][33]

References

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2. ^ ^{a b c d e} Bosworth 1971, p. 1060.
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4. ^ Rezakhani 2017a, p. 138.
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6. ^ "Afrosiab Wall Painting". contents.nahf.or.kr. NORTHEAST ASIAN HISTORY FOUNDATION.
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13. ^ Grenet, Frantz (2004). "Maracanda/Samarkand, une métropole pré-mongole". Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales. 5/6: Fig. C.
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24. ^ New Book of Tang, Book 221. 新唐书/卷221下: "其王乌勒伽与大食亟战不胜，来乞师，天子不许。" in "新唐书/卷221下 - 维基文库，自由的图书馆". zh.wikisource.org (in Simplified Chinese).
25. ISBN 978-81-85026-16-9
    . Many houses appear to have been renovated and repainted during the reign of the Samarkand King Turgar, who came to the throne in AD 738. This phase of activity coincides with the conciliatory policy of the Muslim governor , Nasr ibn Saiyar . It was to come to an end with the revolt of Abu Muslim, when locals were converted to Islam .
26. ^
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27. ^ Šafiʿī, I. (2018). "ARAMAIC TRACES THROUGH COINS IN THE IRANIAN WORLD" (PDF). Shodoznavstvo: 146. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-03-22. Retrieved 2022-05-02.
28. ^ "In the year 642, the Lord Shishpir sent presents to the court" "贞观十六年，君 沙瑟毕献方物。" in "Classical texts"., also in "钦定古今图书集成/方舆汇编/边裔典/第068卷 - 维基文库，自由的图书馆". zh.wikisource.org (in Simplified Chinese).
29. ^
    Ghurak lost in war against the Arabs, came to plead for help, but the Emperor refused. Later, he asked for his son Turgar to be ordained King, which was accepted...." in "新唐书/卷221下 - 维基文库，自由的图书馆"
    . zh.wikisource.org (in Simplified Chinese).
30. ^ ^{a b c d} Tang Huiyao Book 99 (唐会要　卷九十九): 　显庆三年。高宗遣果毅董寄生列其所居城为康居都督府。仍以其王拂呼缦为都督。万岁通天元年。则天封其大首领笃婆钵提为王。钵提寻卒。又册立其子泥涅师师。神龙中。泥涅师师卒。又册立其子突昏。 in "唐会要/卷099 - 维基文库，自由的图书馆". zh.wikisource.org (in Simplified Chinese).
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32. ^ Šafiʿī, I. (2018). "ARAMAIC TRACES THROUGH COINS IN THE IRANIAN WORLD" (PDF). Shodoznavstvo: 146. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-03-22. Retrieved 2022-05-02.
33. ^ Bacharach 1993, p. 411.

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