List of Europe tropical cyclones

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Tracks of all cyclones affecting Europe between 1851 and 2014

The effects of

snowfall. Only two modern cyclones officially are being regarded as directly impacting mainland Europe while still fully tropical or subtropical: Hurricane Vince in 2005, which struck southwestern Spain as a tropical depression; and Subtropical Storm Alpha in 2020, which made landfall in northern Portugal at peak intensity. It is possible that Hurricane Debbie in 1961, may have been tropical still, when it made landfall in northwestern Ireland, but this is disputed.[nb 1] It is believed that a hurricane
struck Europe in 1842.

European windstorms had hurricane-force winds of greater than 119 km/h (74 mph). Those storms are not included in this list.[1]

Climatology and predictions

Advanced meteorological observation stations and ship reports allowed Atlantic hurricanes to be tracked for extended durations, including to the European mainland in some cases, beginning in the 1860s. Most storms that affected Europe have done so from August to October, which is the climatological peak of the Atlantic hurricane season. In a survey of such European tropical cyclones from 1961 to 2010, Dr. Kieran Hickey observed that the storms generally formed west of Africa and recurved to the northeast, or formed off the east coast of the United States and proceeded eastward. Ireland and the United Kingdom experience the most effects, due to their positions far to the west of the rest of Europe. Countries that are as far to the east as Estonia[2] and Russia[3] have experienced tropical cyclone impacts.

Tropical-like systems, referred to as "

medicanes,"[4] are occasionally observed over the Mediterranean. Several of these storms have developed eye-like features and hurricane-force winds; however, their nature is contrary to that of a tropical cyclone. The majority of these storm originate from deep, cold-core lows which they do not fully disassociate from. Additionally, unlike tropical systems, sea surface temperatures above 26 °C (79 °F) are not required for their development.[5]

The

global warming would increase greatly the threat of hurricane-force winds to western Europe from former tropical cyclones and hybrid storms, the latter similar to Hurricane Sandy in 2012, in a paper published in April 2013.[6] One model predicted an increase from 2 to 13 in the number of cyclones with hurricane-force winds in the waters offshore western Europe. The study suggested that conditions favorable for tropical cyclones would expand 1,100 km (680 mi) to the east. A separate study based out of University of Castilla–La Mancha predicted that hurricanes would develop in the Mediterranean Sea in Septembers by the year 2100, which would threaten countries in southern Europe.[7]

Storms

Pre-1900
Track of a hurricane in 1848 that extended from the United States to Europe
  • November 18–19, 1724 – One of the most destructive storms ever experienced in Portugal since the early 17th century,[9] caused damage to the east coast of Madeira and central and northern Portugal. (There is some conjecture whether this storm was a tropical system such as Hurricane Vince in 2005 which impacted Europe).[10]
  • October 29, 1842 – Research presented to the American Meteorological Society suggested that the equivalent of a Category 2 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson scale (SSHWS) was located over the extreme eastern Atlantic Ocean in late October 1842. While passing near Madeira, the storm produced a minimum pressure of 965 mbar (28.5 inHg), causing heavy damage there. Moving to the northeast, the cyclone struck southwestern Spain on October 29, with winds estimated at over 95 km/h (59 mph), which was strong enough to uproot trees and damage houses. Researchers estimated that the storm was becoming extratropical at or shortly after landfall; if tropical, the cyclone would be the only tropical storm to make landfall in continental Europe. The storm was considered an analogue to Hurricane Vince in 2005.[11]
  • September 1848 – A
    hurricane travelled from the Caribbean to the east coast of the United States, eventually dissipating near the United Kingdom. It resulted in one of the earliest completed track maps for an Atlantic hurricane.[12]
  • September 1, 1883 – An extratropical storm, which previously passed near Bermuda as a major hurricane, crossed over the British Isles, producing hurricane-force winds and rough seas in London.[13]
  • September 6, 1884 – After moving across Newfoundland as a tropical storm, a system struck Ireland with gusty winds as an Extratropical Cyclone.[14]
  • September 6, 1887 – The remnants of
    Hurricane Ten produced strong winds along the northern Irish coastline.[15]
  • November 6, 1887 – The 1887 Halloween Tropical Storm that struck Florida became extratropical, moved across the Atlantic Ocean, and eventually brushed southern Ireland before striking France.[16]

1900–1980s

Surface weather analysis of the extratropical remnants of Hurricane Faith over northwestern Europe on September 6, 1966.
  • September 6, 1966 –
    Hurricane Faith was officially declared extratropical to the north of Scotland,[26] having tracked 13,000 km (8,100 mi) as a tropical cyclone. That day, a pressure of 960 mbar (28 inHg) was reported in the North Sea, along with winds of 167 km/h (104 mph). Faith capsized a boat off the coast of Denmark, killing one person,[1] although the other 144 people on board were rescued.[32] The storm later struck Norway with high winds and rainfall,[1] causing flooding,[33] and proceeded to move over the northern Soviet Union.[34]
  • September 21, 1967 –
    Hurricane Chloe evolved into an extratropical cyclone off the northern coast of France before moving over western Europe.[26] Details on the storm's impact are unknown, though 14 people drowned when the Fiete Schulze sank in the Bay of Biscay.[35][36]
  • October 13, 1973 –
    Hurricane Fran evolved into a powerful extratropical cyclone as it approached the British Isles; it was absorbed by a cold front before moving through the region. Several vessels measured winds up to 95 km/h (59 mph) off the coasts of England and France.[37]
  • September 1978 – The remnants of
    Hurricane Flossie produced extreme winds over parts of Northern Scotland, with a peak value of 167 km/h (104 mph) between Orkney and Shetland.[citation needed
    ]
  • October 3, 1981 – The remnants of
    Hurricane Irene moved ashore in France with winds of about 55 km/h (34 mph).[38]
  • October 4, 1985 – The warmest October day on record was recorded at Basel, Switzerland due to the remnants of Hurricane Gloria.[39]
  • August 26, 1986 – Former Hurricane Charley moved through Ireland and Great Britain, later dissipating near Denmark.[26] In Dublin, the storm dropped over 200 mm (7.9 in) of rainfall in a 24‑hour period, which set a record and caused severe flooding.[citation needed] Near the city, 451 buildings were flooded after two rivers overflowed their banks.[40] In the Wicklow Mountains, the rainfall resulted in significant runoff, which caused erosion along the Cloghoge River.[41] Record-breaking rainfall also occurred in Wales,[42] causing flooding. Throughout Europe, Charley caused 11 deaths,[43] and the Irish government paid $8.65 million (1986 USD) to pay for road and rail repairs.[citation needed]
  • August 28, 1987 – The remnants of Hurricane Arlene dissipated over Spain,[26], which produced heavy rain over parts of southern Spain,[44] as well as Portugal, reaching 127 mm (5 in) at Porto.[1] Moisture from the storm also fueled rains in Italy.[45]

1990s

Remnants of Hurricane Charley in 1986 moving over Ireland and the United Kingdom as an extratropical storm
  • September 13–15, 1993 – A pressure of 960 mbar (28 inHg) was measured as the remnants of
    Hurricane Floyd struck France.[citation needed] Off the coast of the British Isles and France, a few vessels became stranded in high seas and 113 km/h (70 mph) winds. The Meteorological Office and the National Rivers Authority stated that tides from the storm could be among the highest of the century. In France, gusts reached 129 km/h (80 mph).[46] Heavy rains around London triggered flooding that closed a few major roads and inundated 50 homes.[47]
  • August 25, 1995 – The extratropical remnants of Hurricane Felix dissipated near the Faroe Islands.[26]
  • September 7–9, 1995 – After becoming a powerful mid-latitude cyclone, with a pressure of 957 mbar (28.3 inHg) and a core of hurricane-force winds, the remnants of Hurricane Iris struck the British Isles and France.[48] The storm produced wind gusts up to 129 km/h (80 mph) in France and 97 km/h (60 mph) in Britain. More than 2.5 cm (1 in) of rain fell in parts of Devon.[49]
  • October 16, 1996 – The remnants of Tropical Storm Josephine merged with another extratropical low near Iceland.[50]
  • October 28, 1996 – As an extratropical storm, Hurricane Lili moved across Ireland and the United Kingdom, producing winds up to 148 km/h (92 mph) in Swansea in Wales. The storm left thousands without power and damaged about 500 cottages. A storm surge flooded areas along the River Thames, and high waves nearly grounded an oil rig in Somerset. Damage was estimated at $300 million (1996 USD, £150 million in 1996 pound sterlings),[1] and there were six deaths.[51]
  • September 8, 1998 – The extratropical remnants of Hurricane Danielle merged with another storm north of Ireland, which produced strong waves and high winds in Great Britain that forced some evacuations.[52] The storm also spawned a tornado in England.[citation needed]
  • September 27, 1998 –
    Tropical Storm Ivan became extratropical near the Azores,[26] and later affected portions of Europe.[citation needed
    ]
  • September 29, 1998 – Ireland and the United Kingdom experienced rains and gusty winds from the remnants of
    Hurricane Karl.[53]
  • October 3, 1998 – Former
    Hurricane Jeanne dissipated over Spain after striking Portugal.[54]
  • November 9, 1998 – The extratropical remnants of Hurricane Mitch produced 145 km/h (90 mph) wind gusts that left over 30,000 homes without power in Ireland. The winds also knocked down trees, one of which severely injured a driver.[55]
  • December 3—4, 1999 – Storm Anatol passed from Ireland to Latvia with wind speeds over 50 m/s, causing at least 6 deaths.[56][57] Storm Lothar on December 26 also carried wind speeds over 50 m/s, followed by Storm Martin with 36 m/s wind on December 27, also bringing destruction.[57]

2000s

Madeira Islands
Ferrol, Spain

2010s

  • September 12, 2011 – An extratropical cyclone, formerly Hurricane Katia, moved across northern Scotland,[87] producing strong wind gusts that reached 158 km/h (98 mph) at the top of the Cairngorms mountain.[88] The winds left thousands of houses without power,[87] while heavy rainfall caused localized flooding.[88] A falling tree killed a bus driver in County Durham, and the unsettled weather from Katia contributed to a car accident on the M54 motorway that killed one person.[87] Katia was absorbed by a larger extratropical storm on September 13,[87] which subsequently caused high winds and power outages in Estonia[2] and Russia.[3]
  • October 6, 2011 – The remnants of Hurricane Ophelia combined with a cold front to produce 105 km/h (65 mph) winds and snowfall in Scotland.[89]
  • September 12, 2012 – The remnants of Hurricane Leslie struck Iceland with gusty winds,[90] which left about 30,000 people without power after ice-laden lines were blown down.[91]
  • September 23, 2012 – Tropical Storm Nadine regenerated southeast of the Azores after having become extratropical a few days prior. The storm would become one of the longest-lasting Atlantic tropical cyclones.[92] While it was nearly stationary, Nadine produced a plume of moisture that dropped heavy rainfall over the United Kingdom, reaching 130 mm (5.1 in) in Ravensworth. The rains flooded houses and disrupted roads and rails.[93] In early October, the remnants of Nadine dropped heavy rainfall in Wales.[94]
  • October 26–27, 2012 – After moving ashore in central Portugal, the extratropical cyclone that was formerly Hurricane Rafael dissipated.[95] In mountainous areas of southern France, wind gusts reached 168 km/h (104 mph). Just offshore Barcelona, Spain, three waterspouts formed, though all remained offshore.[96]
Extratropical cyclone formed from the remnants of Hurricane Bertha over Europe
  • August 10–11, 2014 – The remnants of Hurricane Bertha brought heavy rainfall and high winds for the time of year to Ireland, the UK and northern France.[97][98][99]
  • August 31 – September 1, 2014 – The remnants of Hurricane Cristobal caused gusty winds and heavy rainfall in Iceland, especially in Reykjavík. The fire department received many calls of flooded buildings, while Reykjavík's airport recorded wind gusts as high as 100 km/h (62 mph).[100]
  • October 21–24, 2014 – The extratropical remnants of Hurricane Gonzalo reached Europe with wind gusts of 110 km/h (68 mph) recorded in Wales and the Isle of Wight. Downed trees blocked roads and strong winds disrupted transportation. In Southwick, West Sussex three people were injured by falling trees with one woman killed in London. Two men also died in separate accidents in Essex and Merseyside.[101][102] The remnants then proceeded to batter Central Europe. Stuttgart had gusts up to 122 km/h (76 mph), Munich Airport up to 108 km/h (67 mph). Much snow fell in the Alps.[103] As of October 23, Gonzalo's remnants had moved to the Aegean Sea. On October 24, rainfall "tied to the remnants of Hurricane Gonzalo" caused intense flooding in Athens, Greece.[104]
  • June 25–27, 2015 – Tropical Storm Bill's remnants caused flash flooding in North East England and brought warm temperatures across England and Wales.[105]
  • September 14–17, 2015 –
    Tropical Storm Henri's remnants left severe thunderstorms in Germany and France, bringing winds as gusty as 120 km/h (75 mph), and killing two people.[106]
  • October 11–15, 2015 –
    Iberia.[107]
  • November 15–16, 2015 – Hurricane Kate's remnants brought heavy rain and high winds to Wales.
  • September 13–16, 2016 –
    Medicane (Mediterranean hurricanes)).[108]
  • October 16–17, 2017 – The remnants of Hurricane Ophelia hit Ireland, causing 3 deaths and power outages in Ireland, Northern Ireland, and Wales, with winds reaching almost 100 miles per hour.[109] Over 1000 homes went without power in Scotland as well as causing winds of 76 miles per hour [110]
  • November 10–20, 2017 – The remnants of
    Tropical Storm Rina hit the United Kingdom and Ireland on the night of November 10 and into the following day.[111]
  • August 18–19, 2018 – The remnants of
    extratropical transition, Ernesto accelerated towards the British Isles.[113] Storm Ernesto brought heavy rain,[114] which caused some flooding,[115] and wind gusts of up to 30–40 miles per hour (48–64 km/h).[116][117] Ernesto's warmth humidity brought muggy conditions to the British Isles.[118]
  • September 17–18, 2018 – The remnants of
    Hurricane Helene
    brought strong winds to Ireland, the United Kingdom and Norway.
  • October 13, 2018 – Hurricane Leslie transitioned to an extratropical cyclone,[119] and on the same day made landfall in Portugal, causing damage throughout the country's central coast.[120]
  • October 16, 2018 – Hurricane Michael's remnants reached Portugal and Spain as an extratropical cyclone.
  • On September 12, 2019 – The remnants of
    Tropical Storm Gabrielle
    struck Ireland. Later, it struck Great Britain.
  • September 24, 2019 – The extratropical remnants of Hurricane Humberto (2019) struck the British Isles.
  • October 2–4, 2019 – The extratropical remnants of Hurricane Lorenzo affects the Azores and the United Kingdom.
  • November 27–28, 2019 – The extratropical remnants of late-season storm
    gale-force winds and triggering many flood alerts across the country.[121]

2020s

Subtropical Storm Alpha shortly after designation on September 18, 2020

See also

Notes

  1. outermost regions of the European Union, such as the offshore archipelagos of the Azores and the Canary Islands
    .

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