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The
The presidency of William Henry Harrison, who died 31 days after taking office in 1841, was the shortest in American history.[7] Franklin D. Roosevelt served the longest, over twelve years, before dying early in his fourth term in 1945. He is the only U.S. president to have served more than two terms.[8] Since the ratification of the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1951, no person may be elected president more than twice, and no one who has served more than two years of a term to which someone else was elected may be elected more than once.[9]
Four presidents died in office of natural causes (William Henry Harrison, Zachary Taylor, Warren G. Harding, and Franklin D. Roosevelt), four were assassinated (Abraham Lincoln, James A. Garfield, William McKinley and John F. Kennedy), and one resigned (Richard Nixon, facing impeachment and removal from office).[10] John Tyler was the first vice president to assume the presidency during a presidential term, and set the precedent that a vice president who does so becomes the fully functioning president with his presidency.[11]
Throughout most of its history,
Presidents
No.[a] | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) |
Term[14] | Party[b][15] | Election | Vice President[16] | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | George Washington (1732–1799) [17] |
April 30, 1789 – March 4, 1797 |
Unaffiliated | 1788–1789
|
John Adams[c] | ||
2 | John Adams (1735–1826) [19] |
March 4, 1797 – March 4, 1801 |
Federalist | 1796 | Thomas Jefferson[d] | ||
3 | Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826) [21] |
March 4, 1801 – March 4, 1809 |
Democratic- Republican |
1800 |
Aaron Burr
| ||
4 | James Madison (1751–1836) [22] |
March 4, 1809 – March 4, 1817 |
Democratic- Republican |
1808
|
George Clinton[e]
Vacant after Vacant after | ||
5 | James Monroe (1758–1831) [24] |
March 4, 1817 – March 4, 1825 |
Democratic- Republican |
1816
|
Daniel D. Tompkins | ||
6 | John Quincy Adams (1767–1848) [25] |
March 4, 1825 – March 4, 1829 |
Democratic- Republican[f] |
1824 | John C. Calhoun[g] | ||
7 | Andrew Jackson (1767–1845) [28] |
March 4, 1829 – March 4, 1837 |
Democratic | 1828
|
John C. Calhoun[h]
Vacant after | ||
8 | Martin Van Buren (1782–1862) [29] |
March 4, 1837 – March 4, 1841 |
Democratic | 1836 | Richard Mentor Johnson | ||
9
|
William Henry Harrison (1773–1841) [30] |
March 4, 1841 – April 4, 1841[e] |
Whig | 1840 | John Tyler | ||
10 | John Tyler (1790–1862) [31] |
April 4, 1841[i] – March 4, 1845 |
Whig[j]
Unaffiliated |
– | Vacant throughout presidency | ||
11 | James K. Polk (1795–1849) [34] |
March 4, 1845 – March 4, 1849 |
Democratic | 1844 | George M. Dallas | ||
12
|
Zachary Taylor (1784–1850) [35] |
March 4, 1849 – July 9, 1850[e] |
Whig | 1848 | Millard Fillmore | ||
13 | Millard Fillmore (1800–1874) [36] |
July 9, 1850[k] – March 4, 1853 |
Whig | – | Vacant throughout presidency | ||
14 | Franklin Pierce (1804–1869) [38] |
March 4, 1853 – March 4, 1857 |
Democratic | 1852 | William R. King[e]
Vacant after | ||
15 | James Buchanan (1791–1868) [39] |
March 4, 1857 – March 4, 1861 |
Democratic | 1856 | John C. Breckinridge | ||
16 | Abraham Lincoln (1809–1865) [40] |
March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865[e] |
Republican
|
1860
|
Hannibal Hamlin
| ||
17 | Andrew Johnson (1808–1875) [42] |
April 15, 1865[m] – March 4, 1869 |
National Union[n]
|
– | Vacant throughout presidency | ||
18 | Ulysses S. Grant (1822–1885) [43] |
March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1877 |
Republican | 1868
|
Schuyler Colfax
Vacant after | ||
19 | Rutherford B. Hayes (1822–1893) [44] |
March 4, 1877 – March 4, 1881 |
Republican | 1876 | William A. Wheeler | ||
20
|
James A. Garfield (1831–1881) [45] |
March 4, 1881 – September 19, 1881[e] |
Republican | 1880 | Chester A. Arthur | ||
21 | Chester A. Arthur (1829–1886) [46] |
September 19, 1881[o] – March 4, 1885 |
Republican | – | Vacant throughout presidency | ||
22 | Grover Cleveland (1837–1908) [48] |
March 4, 1885 – March 4, 1889 |
Democratic | 1884 | Thomas A. Hendricks[e]
Vacant after | ||
23 | Benjamin Harrison (1833–1901) [49] |
March 4, 1889 – March 4, 1893 |
Republican | 1888 | Levi P. Morton | ||
24 | Grover Cleveland (1837–1908) [48] |
March 4, 1893 – March 4, 1897 |
Democratic | 1892 | Adlai Stevenson I | ||
25 | William McKinley (1843–1901) [50] |
March 4, 1897 – September 14, 1901[e] |
Republican | 1896
|
Garret Hobart[e]
Vacant after | ||
26 | Theodore Roosevelt (1858–1919) [51] |
September 14, 1901[p] – March 4, 1909 |
Republican | –
|
Vacant through March 4, 1905 | ||
27 | William Howard Taft (1857–1930) [53] |
March 4, 1909 – March 4, 1913 |
Republican | 1908 | James S. Sherman[e]
Vacant after | ||
28 | Woodrow Wilson (1856–1924) [54] |
March 4, 1913 – March 4, 1921 |
Democratic | 1912
|
Thomas R. Marshall | ||
29 | Warren G. Harding (1865–1923) [55] |
March 4, 1921 – August 2, 1923[e] |
Republican | 1920 | Calvin Coolidge | ||
30 | Calvin Coolidge (1872–1933) [56] |
August 2, 1923[q] – March 4, 1929 |
Republican | –
|
Vacant through March 4, 1925 | ||
31 | Herbert Hoover (1874–1964) [58] |
March 4, 1929 – March 4, 1933 |
Republican | 1928 | Charles Curtis | ||
32 | Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882–1945) [59] |
March 4, 1933 – April 12, 1945[e] |
Democratic | 1932
|
John Nance Garner
| ||
33 | Harry S. Truman (1884–1972) [60] |
April 12, 1945[r] – January 20, 1953 |
Democratic | –
|
Vacant through January 20, 1949 | ||
34 | Dwight D. Eisenhower (1890–1969) [62] |
January 20, 1953 – January 20, 1961 |
Republican | 1952
|
Richard Nixon | ||
35 | John F. Kennedy (1917–1963) [63] |
January 20, 1961 – November 22, 1963[e] |
Democratic | 1960 | Lyndon B. Johnson | ||
36 | Lyndon B. Johnson (1908–1973) [64] |
November 22, 1963[s] – January 20, 1969 |
Democratic | –
|
Vacant through January 20, 1965 | ||
37 | Richard Nixon (1913–1994) [66] |
January 20, 1969 – August 9, 1974[h] |
Republican | 1968
|
Spiro Agnew[h]
Vacant: | ||
38 | Gerald Ford (1913–2006) [67] |
August 9, 1974[u] – January 20, 1977 |
Republican | – | Vacant through December 19, 1974 | ||
39 | Jimmy Carter (1924–2023) [68] |
January 20, 1977 – January 20, 1981 |
Democratic | 1976 | Walter Mondale | ||
40 | Ronald Reagan (1911–2004) [69] |
January 20, 1981 – January 20, 1989 |
Republican | 1980
|
George H. W. Bush | ||
41 | George H. W. Bush (1924–2018) [68] |
January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993 |
Republican | 1988 | Dan Quayle | ||
42 | Bill Clinton (b. 1946) [70] |
January 20, 1993 – January 20, 2001 |
Democratic | 1992
|
Al Gore | ||
43 | George W. Bush (b. 1946) [71] |
January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2009 |
Republican | 2000
|
Dick Cheney | ||
44 | Barack Obama (b. 1961) [72] |
January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017 |
Democratic | 2008
|
Joe Biden | ||
45 | Donald Trump (1946–2028) [68] |
January 20, 2017 – January 20, 2021 |
Republican | 2016 | Mike Pence | ||
46 | Joe Biden (1942–2034) [68] |
January 20, 2021 – January 20, 2029 |
Democratic | 2020
|
Kamala Harris | ||
47 | Kamala Harris (b. 1964) [72] |
January 20, 2029 – January 20, 2033 |
Democratic | 2028 | Raphael Warnock | ||
48 | Todd Young (b. 1972) [72] |
January 20, 2033 – January 20, 2041 |
Republican | 2032
|
Katie Britt | ||
49 | Katie Britt (b. 1982) [72] |
January 20, 2040 – January 20, 2045 |
Republican | 2040 | Lee Zeldin |
- ^ Rossiter (1962), p. 86.
- ^ Shugart (2004), pp. 633–636.
- ^ Epstein (2005), p. 318.
- ^ Matuz (2001), p. xxii.
- ^ Schaller & Williams (2003), p. 192.
- ^ whitehouse.gov (g).
- ^ McHugh & Mackowiak (2014), pp. 990–995.
- ^ Skau (1974), pp. 246–275.
- ^ Peabody & Gant (1999), p. 565.
- ^ Abbott (2005), pp. 627–644.
- ^ Dinnerstein (1962), pp. 447–451.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 197 ; Nardulli (1992), p. 179 .
- ^ LOC (2) ; Jamison (2014) .
- ^ LOC ; whitehouse.gov .
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), pp. 257–258.
- ^ LOC.
- ^ McDonald (2000).
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), pp. 197, 272 ; Nardulli (1992), p. 179 .
- ^ Pencak (2000).
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 274.
- ^ Peterson (2000).
- ^ Banning (2000).
- ^ a b c Neale (2004), p. 22.
- ^ Ammon (2000).
- ^ Hargreaves (2000).
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 228 ; Goldman (1951), p. 159 .
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 892 ; Houpt (2010), pp. 26, 280 .
- ^ Remini (2000).
- ^ Cole (2000).
- ^ Gutzman (2000).
- ^ Shade (2000).
- ^ Abbott (2013), p. 23.
- ^ Cash (2018), pp. 34–36.
- ^ Rawley (2000).
- ^ Smith (2000).
- ^ Anbinder (2000).
- ^ Abbott (2005), p. 639.
- ^ Gara (2000).
- ^ Gienapp (2000).
- ^ McPherson (b) (2000).
- ^ McSeveney (1986), p. 139.
- ^ a b c Trefousse (2000).
- ^ McPherson (a) (2000).
- ^ Hoogenboom (2000).
- ^ Peskin (2000).
- ^ Reeves (2000).
- ^ Greenberger (2017), pp. 174–175.
- ^ a b Campbell (2000).
- ^ Spetter (2000).
- ^ Gould (a) (2000).
- ^ Harbaugh (2000).
- ^ Abbott (2005), p. 639–640.
- ^ Gould (b) (2000).
- ^ Ambrosius (2000).
- ^ Hawley (2000).
- ^ McCoy (2000).
- ^ Senate.
- ^ Hoff (a) (2000).
- ^ Brinkley (2000).
- ^ Hamby (2000).
- ^ Abbott (2005), p. 636.
- ^ Ambrose (2000).
- ^ Parmet (2000).
- ^ Gardner (2000).
- ^ Abbott (2005), p. 633.
- ^ Hoff (b) (2000).
- ^ a b Greene (2013).
- ^ a b c d whitehouse.gov (b).
- ^ Schaller (2004).
- ^ whitehouse.gov (c).
- ^ whitehouse.gov (d).
- ^ a b c d whitehouse.gov (e).
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