Vlachs in the history of Croatia
The term Vlachs (
Later in the 16th and 17th century with the
In Croatia today, the Vlachs are a recognized national minority (along with 22 other ethnic groups), with 29 individuals declared as Vlachs in the
Appellation
The meaning of the term Vlach within the territory of present-day Croatia (like Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia) differed over time and had multiple meanings. In the
Regardless of their religious affiliation that is the entire population of Generalate[
While the Slavic communities managed to form national identities founding regional provinces and kingdoms, Romance-speaking Vlachs did not manage to form a national identity and were prone to assimilation.[9] However, even if they were prone to national, linguistical and cultural assimilation with the Slavs, they did contribute to their respective communities. The problems the Vlachs faced with the creation of the national identity did not differ very much from what other rural communities face. Rural people comprised the majority of the population in the Middle Ages, and the centuries of war, conquest, regional boundaries, migrations, religious conversions, cultural blending and socio-economic problems affected the belonging of a population to a specific South Slavic national group.[10] The regions of Lika (which mostly involved the Croatian Military Frontier) and Dalmatia were the border area between Habsburg, Ottoman and Venetian empires, a place of mass migrations and mixing of communities.[11]
In the area, the confessional, socio-cultural and geo-regional characteristics had a crucial impact on the creation of an ethnic identity.
Medieval usage
The Vlachs mentioned in medieval documents up until the 16th century, before the Ottoman invasion and migrations, were the progeny of Romanized
With the arrival of Slavs, Vlachs began to assimilate with them, and being exposed to the Slavic language, they gradually began to adopt it as their own.
However, despite this cross-pollination of language, some groups of Vlachs may have remained distinct from the Slavs; historical sources from the 14th and 15th centuries differentiate Slavs and Vlachs in the area of Kotor, Dubrovnik, Bosnia and Croatia (Slavi et Vlachy, Vlachy et Bosgniani, Serbi et Vlachi).
During the 14th century, Vlach settlements existed throughout much of today's Croatia,
The Vlach people distinctively lived a nomadic life as shepherds and as traveling merchants on trading routes.
According to Stjepan Pavičić (1931), the Romance Vlachs or Morlachs of the Dinara and Velebit lost their Romance language by the 14th or 15th century, or were at least bilingual at that time.[32] The so-called Istro-Romanians, who called themselves Rumeri or Vlasi,[33][34] continued to speak their language on the island of Krk (extinct in the 20th century; recorded Pater Noster) and villages around the Čepić lake in Istria,[32] while other communities in the mountains (Ćićarija) above the lake preserved the Shtokavian-Chakavian dialect with Ikavian accent from the southern Velebit and area of Zadar.[35][36] The documents about Vlachs from Cetina county indicate Chakavian dialect with Ikavian accent.[37]
The evidence of their Romance language are toponyms throughout the Dinaric Alps, and many anthroponyms (surnames) with specific Romance or Slavic word roots, and Romanian ending suffixes found among South Slavic people.
Early modern usage
Socioculturally, there were two main ethnic divisions in the Croatian Military Frontier, those of the "native" Croats and "immigrant" Vlachs. The Croats were Catholics, Habsburg subjects, made up of an agrarian population concentrated around frontier towns, of
The Vlachs from Lika were predominantly Orthodox Christian by religion, and also, the traditional social grouping of Vlachs was the Orthodox group itself. The Orthodox Vlachs from Lika area spoke the
Croatian historian Marko Šarić notes that the Lika-Krbava Vlachs can be seen as one of the sub-ethnic groups of the pre-modern Serb ethnic group.
J. W. Valvasor, in his 1689 work which described the Carniolan–Croatian area of the Croatian Military Frontier and the
Anthroponymy
The data on Lika and Krbava in the 1712–1714 censuses was studied by Croatian historian Marko Šarić who also divided pre-modern ethnic groups (etnije) into Orthodox Vlachs (Serbian Orthodox) listed in the census as Schismatics (Schismatische Wallachen, Walachi, Wolochi), Catholic Vlachs (Bunjevci), Carniolans (Kranjci), Croats and Turks (Catholicized former Muslims), based on Zagreb bishop Martin Brajković's earlier groupings.[55][56][57] The statistical categories were minimal to socio-religious and military and economic aspects of the population,[58] but including a list of 713 surnames it is an important source for onomastics, and to comprehend the ethnic identity of the population.[59]
The majority of nobility in Lika consisted of Catholic Croats, while the vast majority of population were Vlachs (Serbian Orthodox).
The anthroponymic structure in the surnames of Orthodox Vlachs and Catholic Bunjevci was very similar, while the pastoral (Dinaric) culture, Neo-Shtokavian speech, and social and military role in the frontiers created uniform anthroponymic forms.[67] Religious confession was not crucial to the pattern of surnames as patronymic surnames of Catholic or Orthodox character were also found in the opposite confessional group of those mentioned.[67] A very large number of surnames were derived from the Slavic word roots -vuk, -rad, and -mil, and it was also noted that matronymic surnames and nicknames were more present in the Vlach group than in the others.[62] Some 20% were of "Old Balkanic" origin, of Romance root words (and Slavic suffixes -ić, -ac, -an, -en, -elj) or Romance suffixes (-ul, -as, -at, -ta, -er, -et, -man), and also some found derived from Illyrian–Thracian root words or with Albanian suffixes (-aj and -eza).[68]
Despite the fact that Velebit Vlachs (Morlacs) were mostly Croats and Catholics, among them are Romanians; this can be seen from their surnames such as Bučul, Čutul, Prendivoj, Hamet, Kapo, Sebikoč, Cako, Delebrajde, and Čepulado.[69]
Religion
History
Middle Ages
Reference to the existence of Vlachs or Romance-speaking people in Medieval Croatia dates from the early Middle Age; One of the first mention of Vlachs is the 1071 charter by the Croatian King Krešimir IV about the Rab diocese, when on the island of Pag the village Wlasici (today village Vlašići) was mentioned,[71][38][72] but is considered a forgery from the late 12th and early 13th century.[73] The Libellus Policorion, a church cartulary dated to the mid-14th century that includes transcriptions of older collected documents about the estates of the now extinct Benedictine Abbey of St John the Evangelist in Biograd and Saints Cosmas and Damian on the island of Pašman, mentions one Kutun (Katun) district.[74] Vlachs can be traced by personal names and peculiarly by the suffix -ul in Dalmatian city documents since the 10th century.[71][38][75] The sudden appearance of the Vlach name in the historical documents is due to the official introduction of specific rights in the notary books for taxation and trade only from 1307.[76]
The first collective reference to Vlachs, or
In 1352, in the agreement in which Zadar sold salt to the Republic of Venice, in which Zadar retained part of the salt that Morlachi and others exported by land.[81][82] In the 1357 charter of Šibenik was imposed a provision that Vlachs must not use the city lands for pasture without authority.[83] In 1362, the Morlachorum, unauthorized, settled on Trogir land but were allowed to use it for pasture for a few months.[84]
In 1383, Vlachs around Šibenik, which partially belonged to Queen
Some scholars consider that the alleged Vlach migration in the 14th century to the Dalmatian Zagora was preceded by the Black Death, which enabled permanent Vlach colonization and the pasture of animals on desolated land.[88] This migration would be followed with the sudden appearance of stećak tombstones in Cetina county, showing the cultural specificity of the newly arrived communities. The particular appearance of the stećaks indicates a separate socio-cultural identity, to whom the afterlife was important, as well as socio-professional prosperity for such valuable burials.[88]
In the 1376 and 1454 documents by the Republic of Dubrovnik regarding trade with Bosnian lands, Vlachi et Bosgnani are distinguished.[89] In Bosnian documents they are first mentioned in c. 1234 by Ban Matej Ninoslav, and from 1361 to 1417, royal Vlachs of Bosnian bans and kings were mentioned.[90][91] On 13 April 1411, Bosnian Duke Sandalj Hranić sold the Croatian town Ostrovica, which was a gift from King Ladislaus of Naples to the Republic of Venice. A year later on 10 April 1412, the Murlachos (probably in service of King Sigismund) captured the Ostrovica Fortress from Venice.[92] In August 1417, Venetian authorities were concerned with the "Morlachs and other Slavs" from the hinterland, that were a threat to security in Šibenik.[93]
In 1405 and 1421, morolakis seu olakonibus and wolachos sugari lived on the lands of Ostrovica Lička, today near Gospić in Lika.[94] During the 15th century, the Vlach population in Croatia expanded so significantly that they were sometimes mentioned as a distinct entity along the Croatians. In 1412 King Sigismund bestowed the Sinj county and Travnik fortress to Ivan III Nelipić, and mentioned that Croats and Vlachs were at his disposal (cum universis Croatis et Vlahis).[24][95] In the so-called Pašman Breviary (1431) Croats and Vlachs enslaved by the Turks were distinguished.[95] On 6 August 1432, the Ragusians reported to King Sigismund that the Turks had invaded the Croatian lands and captured many Croats and Vlachs.[96] In 1432, on the order of King Sigismund, Morlachs were required for military service and to gather at the ban's camp where they were joined by the "whole of the Croatian Kingdom and co-existing forces of the Vlachs".[97] In 1433 a document was released which defined the relations between "good Vlachs" and the Church of St. Ivan on the Hill in Lika, mentioning the Vlach judicial court, and that "not one Vlach among us brother Croat Vlachs will carry out any evil on the said property".[95]
The sale of Dalmatia on 7 April 1433 by King Sigismund to the Republic of Venice earned him the enmity of Ivan Frankopan. With the death of the last Nelipić in 1435,[98] Frankopan convinced the Vlachs to side with him by promising them the resurrection of old "Vlach laws" (previously given by the Nelipić family). The parish of Cetina law given by Ivan Frankopan on 18 March 1436 distinguishes Vlachs from Croats and Serbs and determines that the Vlachs have their own knez. These laws dated from the middle of the 14th century and included many personal rights for the Vlachs.[99][100] According to the "Vlach laws", Vlachs that chose to follow Frankopan received various privileges, such as serving under Vlach commanders instead of Croatian ones, crimes committed in the town of Sinj would be judged by a Vlach magistrate rather than a Croatian one,[95] the Croatian prince of Cetina would not be permitted to appoint a voivode (prince) over them,[95] and Croats would be restricted to having only one Vlach as their shepherd. Encouraged by these promises, the Vlachs attacked nearby littoral towns under Venetian control, but in 1436 on behalf of King Sigismund, the Ban of Croatia Matko Talovac waged war against Ivan Frankopan who did not manage to survive.[98][101]
As they previously supported Frankopan, the Vlachs from Cetina now were persecuted, resulting the Vlachs being informed on 2 July 1436 of a signed peace treaty between Talovac and Venice that forbade further attacks on Venetian towns, but it was not always respected.
The Vlachs of Lika were ruled by Croatian princes and bishops, while Vlachs who lived along the Cetina river were more autonomous and were governed by Vlach princes, dukes and judges. They also paid more favorable taxes and were free from paying for pasture for their cattle. However, they were not completely free citizens and faced restrictions such as prohibitions on becoming court witnesses, jurors and officers. Their rights were contained in the "Vlach Paper" from 1476, which itself is an extension of the "Vlach Laws" from 1436. Both of these were written in
In the summer of 1448 during warfare around Šibenik, the city's authority complained in Venice about Morlachs and Croats who were subordinate to the Ban of Croatia.[105] In 1463, Vlachs from the de genere Thwlich (Tulić) in the župa of Vrlika were mentioned, gifted by King Matthias Corvinus to the local Croatian nobel Ivan Čubretić.[106] In 1481, some Vlachs were settled in Lika by the king.[107] In 1486 and 1487 Vlachs were mentioned at the Zrmanja river region, around the Kegalj-grad, because of land disputes with Keglević nobles.[108] In the late 1480s they were mentioned in Dubašica and Poljica on the island Krk: corvati et morlacchi.[109] In 1504 a document from Krk mentions "...every Christian, nobleman and peasant, Vlach or Croat".[109] In the 1504 document about war tributes, besides from Vrlika,[clarification needed] Vlachs from Knin (Tinninienses), Obrovac (Obrowacz) and Nutjak were also mentioned.[110]
Another group or Vlach term besides Morlachs was Ćići (Ger. Tschitsche). In the early 15th century it was mentioned as a surname in Istria, while in 1463 it was mentioned by priest Fraščić as a group who, under Ivan Frankopan, plundered Istrian territory below the Učka mountains.[111] In 1499, the Carinthian parish priest Jakob Urnest mentioned a Czyschnlandt territory between the Croatian and Bosnian kingdoms, which some consider to be the Cetina river region in southern Croatia.[112] In penal records of Trieste from the year 1500, there is an inscription of an accused who, when asked of his home country, replied Ciccio da Segna (Senj), while another man declared himself as Ciccio da S. Michele di Leme (Lim valley in Istria).[113][114] In 1523 and 1527, Tschizen aus Krabatten were settled in the estate of Lupoglav were settled.[115] In 1528, Tschitschen were mentioned regarding the possible settlement of Modruš and other lands as a resistance against Martolosi.[116] In 1530, they were prohibited from purchasing grain in Novo Mesto and Metlika in Lower Carniola.[117] In 1539, royal commissioner Erasmo von Thurn submitted a request by Ćići to King Ferdinand to give them some deserted karst land in Istria.[117] Also, previously in 1530, general commander Nikola Jurišić mentioned Vlachs who were commonly called Ćići (Valachi, quos vulgo Zytschn vocant),[111] while Slovenian diplomat Benedikt Kuripešič in his travel through Bosnia mentioned his use of Zitzen and Zigen as exonym, along with Vlach and Martolosi, for the Serbs and Orthodox immigrants in Bosnia which came from Smederevo and Greek Belgrade (Smedraw and griechisch Weussenburg).[111][118][119] In October 1538 the captain of Bihać, Erazmo Thurn, wrote to King Ferdinand I that Ćići from Istria (die issterreichischen Zittschen), who were around Ottoman-occupied Obrovac, moved to the king's land with many men and 40,000 cattle.[120]
Ottoman conquest and the Austrian Empire
Vlach migrations to the Austrian Empire from the Ottoman Empire, and vice versa, were generally caused by the loss of financial status or privileges of
The Serb, Vlach and Uskok colonization of Žumberak started between 1526 and 1538,
In 1530, Vlachs from Lika and Srb,
In 1551, General
Orthodox Vlachs were also directed to settle in Lika when Arnaud Memi-Bey became commander of Lika
In 1585, the general from Karlovac, Josip Turn, proposed Vlach settlement in Moravice, and later in 1597 General Lenković led Vlachs from Lika to Gorski Kotar and lands owned by the Frankopan family.[138] In the Frankopan estate, Vlachs arrived yet again in 1609 and 1632.[138] In 1605, General Vid Kisel brought Vlachs from Ostrožac to Ogulin and Bosiljevac, and some time later, Vlachs from Uzorac and Turje settled in Karlovac.[136] In 1609, two burgs, Brlog and Gusić-Grad, were given by Senj captain and Croatian nobleman Sigismund Gusić to accommodate the newly arrived Vlachs in exchange for their military service.[139] In 1639, Nikola Frankopan of Tržac accused Senj captain Albrecht Herberstein of settling Catholic Vlachs (Bunjevci) on his deserted estates in Jablanac, Starigrad, and Orthodox Vlachs in Brinje and Brlog, without his permission.[139] The same happened with Zrinski in Ledenice.[139] Under the Ottomans during the bishopric of Marcijan Lišnjić (1661–1686) around Blato and Broćno/Brotnjo in Herzegovina were mentioned "Croatian Vlachs".[140]
After the Ottomans were defeated in Vienna in 1683, the Vlachs scattered throughout the Croatian Military Frontier. Concerned, the Turks decided to settle them on the south side of the Una river, but were unable to execute this plan.
In the
In Slavonia, Friedrich Wilhelm von Taube wrote in the 18th century that there were many Vlachs mixed with "Illyrians" (Croats and Serbs) and who have adopted their "Illyrian" (Slavic) language.[148]
In Dalmatia the Morlachs were immigrants who settled in the Venetian-Ottoman border, on the outskirts of coastal cities, and entered Venetian military service, in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. In 1593, provveditore generale Cristoforo Valier mentioned three nations constituting the Uskoks, the "natives of Senj, Croatians, and Morlachs from the Turkish parts".[149] At the time of the Cretan War (1645–1669) and Morean War (1684–1699), a large number of Morlachs settled inland of the Dalmatian towns and Ravni Kotari of Zadar. According to Venetian censuses, in 1761, Orthodox Christians made up 31,211 of the total population numbering 220,287; in 1771, 38,652 out of 223,765; in 1781, 51,996 out of 236,997.[150]
The settlement of the Vlachs in Croatia was beneficial to the Austrian Empire as the Emperor was reluctant to return the Military Frontier to Croatia.
Legacy
Many scholars consider that Vlachs since the 16th century has referred to pastoralists (social status), being a common name for Serbs and other Slavs in the Ottoman Empire and later.
The exact ethnic identity of the Frontier Vlachs (and in part the ancestors of the Krajina Serbs) is complex and at present unexplained without at least some national ideologies and mythologization which emerged in the 19th century.
Extreme Croatian historiography (including
Extreme Serbian historiography claims that all Dinaric and Shtokavian cultural-linguistic attributes are without exception Serbian,[9] and also often stresses the ethnic-demographic discontinuity, wanting to prove that the Croatian Military Frontier lost its native Croatian population and received a new Serbian majority, and also downplays the Croatian and overemphasizes the Serbian role in the history of the Military Frontier.[176] Likewise to the Croatian claims during the 1990s, tendentious Serbian claims to certain rights are argued based on historical privileges granted to them (or to Vlachs) by the Habsburgs.[175] Serbian historiography strongly considers that the term Vlach indicated status and not ethnos, and that they did not exist in later centuries as an ethnic group, yet were true Serbs.[164][163] Sima Ćirković noted that the name was maintained due to different crafts, their way of life and distinct form of social organization until the differences lost their meaning, with the Slavicization process lasting centuries; he considered Serbs to have absorbed many Vlachs and other ethnic groups.[177] According to Zlatko Kudelić, the term Vlach has a broader meaning and denotes the entire Krajina population but is also a confessional label for Orthodox Grencers who are referred to as Serbs in Serbian historiography.[178]
In recent decades,[when?] the extent in which Orthodox Vlachs and Serbs lived in previous centuries (Military Frontier, Srijem, Baranja, etc.) by Serb separatists was seen as a borderline between Croatia and self-proclaimed autonomous regions within Croatian territory, the SAO Krajina, SAO Western Slavonia and SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia, and the eventual Republic of Serbian Krajina (1991–1995), during the Croatian international recognition and War in Croatia which lasted from 1991 until 1995.[179][180] Croatian historian Drago Roksandić claimed in 1991, before the war escalated, that until today, the "Vlach question" (Vlaško pitanje) had caused and still caused many disagreements between experts and non-experts in ex-Yugoslavian countries, as well as in the other Balkan countries with Vlach communities.[181] Vlach heritage has had a remarkable impact on modern Serbs, Croats and Bosnians.[182]
In 1948, one person was registered as Vlach; in 1953, two; in 1961, 34; in 1971, 13; in 1981, 16; in 1991, 22; in 2001, 12; and in 2011, 29.[183][184]
See also
- Statuta Valachorum (Vlach law)
- Vlachs in medieval Serbia
- Vlachs in medieval Bosnia
- Vlach (Ottoman social class)
References
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- ^ Šimunović 2010, p. 235.
- ^ Klaić 1973, p. 16-18(I).
- ^ Klaić 1973, p. 16-18(II): I da ne drže Hrvati Vlahov mimo jednoga bravara (pastira); I Srblin da nemore otdati (tužiti) na Vlaha, niti Vlah na Srblina
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Nomades Illyricis quos Valachos vulgo dicunt, simulque Cossuli, ex eo genere Illyrici hominis qui es Romanos putant.
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- ^ a b c Klaić 2010, p. 14.
- ^ Šimunović 2010, p. 240.
- ^ Šimunović 2010, p. 240(I): In Lika are identified by the toponyms Krmpote, Šugarje, Barlete, Rmanj, Čečerišće, Ćićerišće, and Čiče or Ćiće
- ^ a b Carlo de Franceschi (1879). L'Istria: note storiche (in Italian). G. Coana (Harvard University). pp. 355–371.
- ^ Šimunović 2010, p. 240(II): On the island of Krk are identified by the tribal names of the settlements, Vlašići, Sršići, Žgombići, Oštrobradići, Bučuli, Milčetići, and toponym Vrhure.
- ^ Pavičić 2010, p. 76-79, 87-88.
- ^ Klaić 2010, p. 11-15.
- ^ Cebotarev, Andrej (June 1996). "Review of Stećaks (Standing Tombstones) and Migrations of the Vlasi (Autochthonous Population) in Dalmatia and Southwestern Bosnia in the 14th and 15th Centuries". Povijesni prilozi [Historical Contributions] (in Croatian). 14 (14). Zagreb: Croatian Institute of History.
Taj »zakon« jasno razlikuje dvije socijalne grupe cetinskih Vlaha, pri čemu se navodi: »... Ki Vlah ima selo, da služi s uncom, a ki nima sela, taj na konji šćitom i mačem, ali strilami i s mačem...«. Razlikuju se, dakle, cetinski Vlasi koji imaju naselja i plaćaju porez, te oni koji su nomadi i obvezni su služiti u vojsci (konjici).
- ^ a b Pavičić 2010, p. 73.
- ^ Ionel Călin Micle (2013). Istro-Romanians: A Fading Flame (PDF). Vol. Year XV, No. 1 May. Oradea: Revista Română de Geografie Politică; University of Oradea. pp. 27–34.
- ^ Georgeta Marghescu (2009). Istro-Romanians: a Study of Culture Identity and Environmental Dynamic (PDF). Bucharest: Department of Social-Human Sciences University "Politehnica" of Bucharest. pp. 35–38.
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- ^ Ribarić 2002, p. 48-70.
- ^ a b Botica 2005, p. 40.
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- ^ P. Šimunović (2009). Uvod U Hrvatsko Imenoslovlje (in Croatian). Zagreb: Golden marketing-Tehnička knjiga. pp. 53, 123, 147, 150, 170, 216, 217.
- ^ Božidar Ručević (2011-02-27). "Vlasi u nama svima" (in Croatian). Rodoslovlje.
- Studia Mythologica Slavica14. Zagreb: Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Ljubljana. p. 346.
- ^ Tono Vinšćak (1989). "Kuda idu "horvatski nomadi"". Studia Ethnologica Croatica (in Croatian). 1, No. 1 June (1). Zagreb: Studia ethnologica Croatica: Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Center for Ethnological and Cultural Anthropology, University of Zagreb: 79–98.
- ^ Šarić 2009, pp. 343–344.
- ^ Karl Kaser, 2003, POPIS Like i Krbave 1712. godine, http://www.skdprosvjeta.com/pdf/9.pdf Archived 2020-11-11 at the Wayback Machine #page=30
- ^ Šarić 2009, pp. 345–346.
- ^ Šišić 1908, pp. 162–164.
- ^ Šarić 2009, p. 341.
- ^ Šarić 2009, pp. 357–358.
- ^ a b Šarić 2009, p. 357.
- ^ a b c Roksandić 1991, p. 21.
- ^ a b Fine 2006, p. 356.
- ^ Mirko Marković, 2002, Slavonia, settlement history and origin of population, https://www.scribd.com/document/44987478/Mirko-Markovic-Slavonija-Povijest-Naselja-i-Podrijetlo-Stanovnistva #page= 559-560
- ^ Šarić 2009, p. 345.
- ^ a b c Šarić 2009, p. 358.
- ^ Šarić 2009, p. 374.
- ^ Šarić 2009, p. 346-359: The studies found the correlation between the surnames and the interpretation of the population given by the bishop of Senj, Martin Brajković, in 1702. He conveyed the folk tradition of the existence of five ethnic identities which constitute the population of Lika and Krbava. He didn't saw them as an ethnic conglomerate, but a heterogeneous unity. They were Croatians, Vlach Bunjevci, Turks, Carniolans, and Vlachs. Croatians were partially autochthonous who spoke Chakavian dialect, and the assimilated Vlach and Carniolan migrants. Vlach Bunjevci were Catholic, but by tradition differed from other Catholics. Turks were the Muslim population who didn't retreat to Bosnia and were converted to Catholicism. Carniolans were Kajkavian speaking people from the border between Croatia and Carniola, considered themselves Croats, and were skillful in agriculture and crafts. The fifth, and most predominant, were the only Orthodox identity and group, the Vlachs.
- ^ Marko Šarić, 2009, Predmoderne etnije u Lici i Krbavi prema popisu iz 1712./14.{In census 1712./14. population was divided into Catholics (Chatolici, Catholiken, Römisch Catholischen) and Orthodox (Schismatische Wallachen, Walachi, Woloch). Walachi, Wolochi, Wallachen is a synonym for schismatics, i.e. Orthodox Christian.}https://www.pilar.hr/wpcontent/images/stories/dokumenti/lika/lika_1_mail_r_325.pdf#page=360
- ^ Šarić 2009, p. 359-361.
- ^ Šarić 2009, p. 365-367.
- ^ Šarić 2009, p. 374, 377-378.
- ^ Šarić 2009, p. 362.
- ^ a b Šarić 2009, p. 371.
- ^ Šarić 2009, p. 371,374.
- ^ Šarić 2009, p. 367.
- ^ Šarić 2009, p. 367-368.
- ^ Šarić 2009, pp. 354–356, 368–369.
- ^ a b c Šarić 2009, p. 369.
- ^ Šarić 2009, p. 370.
- ^ Spicijarić Paškvan, Nina; (2014) Vlasi i krčki Vlasi u literaturi i povijesnim izvorima (Vlachs from the Island Krk in the Primary Historical and Literature Sources) p. 351; Studii și cercetări – Actele Simpozionului Banat – istorie și multiculturalitate, [1]
- ^ Mužić 2009, p. 336–337.
- ^ a b Botica 2005, p. 37.
- ^ "Odredba i potvrda kralja Petra Krešimira IV. o području Rapske biskupije" (in Latin and Croatian). ARHiNET. Retrieved September 13, 2014.
- ^ Mužić 2010, p. 220.
- ^ Bidermann, Ignaz Hermann (1889). Zur Ethnographie von Dalmatien (O etnografiji Dalmacije) (PDF) (in Serbo-Croatian). Österreichisch-ungarische Revue (translated Josip Vergil Perić). p. 23.
- ^ Konstatin Jireček (1962). Romani u gradovima Dalmacije tokom srednjega veka (in Serbian). Vol. II. Beograd: SANU. pp. 45–48.
- ^ Botica 2005, p. 44.
- ^ Klaić 2010, p. 10 (I): i pašišća… do zemlje Kneže, ke se zovu vlaške
- ^ Klaić 2010, p. 10 (II): auxilio Vlacorum et Policianorum
- ^ Fine 2006, p. 102–103.
- ^ Klaić 2010, p. 10, 11: Et insuper mittemus specialem nuntium…. Gregorio condam Curiaci Corbavie,…. pro bono et conservatione dicte domine (Vedislave) et comitis Johannis,….; nec non pro restitutione Morolacorum, qui sibi dicuntur detineri per comitem Gregorium…; Exponat quoque idem noster nuncius Gregorio comiti predicto quod intelleximus, quod contra voluntatem ipsius comitis Johannis nepotis sui detinet catunos duos Morolacorum…. Quare dilectionem suam… reget, quatenus si quos Morolacos ipsius habet, placeat illos sibi plenarie restitui facere...; Si opus fuerit, ordinabimus rectoribus nostris, ut homines et animalia dicti comitis (Johannis) recipiantur in insulis nostris Sclavonie, sicut sunt insule Arbi, Farre et Braze, in quibus quidem insulis ipsi homines et animalia comodius reduci poterunt et salvari...
- ^ Listine o odnošajih Južnoga Slavenstva i Mletačke Republike. Vol. III. Zagreb: JAZU. 1872. p. 237.
Prvi se put spominje ime »Morlak« (Morlachi) 1352 godine, 24. lipnja, u pogodbi po kojoj zadarsko vijeće prodaje sol Veneciji, gdje Zadar zadržava dio soli koju Morlaci i drugi izvoze, kopnenim putem.
- ^ Klaić 2010, p. 11 (I): Detractis modiis XII. milie salis predicti quolibet anno que remaneant in Jadra pro usu Jadre et districtu, et pro exportatione solita fieri per Morlachos et alios per terram tantum…
- ^ Klaić 2010, p. 11 (II): Item Vlahi vel Villani in districtu ipsius civitatis, absque, licentia et voluntate civium pascua ipsorum seu gramina depascere non possint.
- ^ Klaić 2010, p. 12: quedam particula gentis Morlachorum ipsius domini nostri regis... tentoria (tents), animalia seu pecudes (sheep)... ut ipsam particulam gentis Morlachorum de ipsorum territorio repellere… dignaremur (to be repelled from city territory)... quamplures Morlachos... usque ad festum S. Georgii martiris (was allowed to stay until April 24, 1362).
- ^ Klaić 2010, p. 13 (I): noveritis nos percepisse, qualiter Olahi tam nostri, quam Joannis filii Ivan Nyelpecy de Zetina, multa dampna, nocumenta, homicidia ac spolia in districtu civitatis antedicte fecissent et continue facere non cessarent, in eo videlicet, quod dicti Olahi venientes ad territorium et districtum dicte nostre civitatis pascua ipsius civitatis occupando, offen siones, interemtiones, ac alia facta nephanda perpetrarent potentialiter.
- ^ Klaić 2010, p. 13 (II): Ut nullus Vallachus vel alter quicunque ali qualiter sit ausus infra dictas metas manere vel pascere aliqua animalia, seu facere aliquod laborarium, sub pena librarum centum...
- ^ L. Margetić (2007). "Statute of Senj from 1388". Senjski Zbornik: Prilozi Za Geografiju, Etnologiju, Gospodarstvo, Povijest I Kulturu (in Latin and Croatian). 34, No. 1, December (1). Senj: Senjski Zbornik: 63, 77.
§ 161. Item, quod quando Morowlachi exeunt de monte et uadunt uersus gaccham, debent stare per dies duos et totidem noctes super pascuis Senie, et totidem tempore quando reuertuntur ad montem; et si plus stant, incidunt ad penam quingentarum librarum.
- ^ a b Botica 2005, p. 39.
- ^ Mužić 2010, p. 230.
- ^ Mužić 2009, p. 319.
- ^ Mužić 2010, p. 230-231.
- ^ Klaić 2010, p. 13 (III): Cum rectores Jadre scripserint nostro dominio, quod castrum Ostrovich, quod emimusa Sandalo furatum et acceptum sit per certos Murlachos, quod non est sine infamia nostri dominii...
- ^ Fine 2006, p. 115.
- ^ Pavičić 1962, p. 43.
- ^ a b c d e Fine 2006, p. 130.
- ^ Klaić 2010, p. 14 (I): Qui Teucri bis Crohatie fines hostiliter invaserunt, predatique fuerunt ibidem magnam praedam Crohatorum videlicet et Vlacorum ibidem permanentium.
- ^ Klaić 1973, p. 16-18.
- ^ a b c Milošević 1991, p. 52.
- ^ Lopašić 2010, pp. 24–26.
- ^ Hrabak 2010, p. 198.
- ^ a b Lopašić 2010, p. 24-26.
- ^ Milošević 1991, p. 53.
- ^ Lopašić 2010, p. 26-27.
- ^ Lopašić 2010, p. 15-22.
- ^ Fine 2006, p. 119.
- ^ Klaić 1973, p. 17.
- ^ a b c d Lopašić 2010, p. 46.
- ^ Klaić 1973, p. 17-18.
- ^ a b Fine 2006, p. 131.
- ^ Klaić 1973, p. 18.
- ^ a b c "Ćićarija" (in Croatian). Istrapedia. Retrieved December 16, 2014.
- ^ "Ćići (Čići)" (in Croatian). Croatian Encyclopaedia. Retrieved December 16, 2014.
- ^ Ribarić 2002, p. 80.
- ^ Filipi, Goran (2013), Istroromanian loanwords in the dictionary section of Ribarić's study on Istrian dialects, vol. Annales, Series historia et sociologia, 23, p. 93
- ^ Ribarić 2002, p. 82.
- ^ Ribarić 2002, p. 79 (I): mit etlichen Tschitschen oder anderen, die nach Modrusch oder Bründl gelegt werden könnten, ein gegenwer wider die Martolosen aufzurichten
- ^ a b Ribarić 2002, p. 79.
- ^ Đorđe Pejanović (2001). Putopis kroz Bosnu, Srbiju, Bugarsku i Rumeliju 1530 (in Serbo-Croatian). Beograd: Čigoja štampa. pp. 26–27, 36.
There were done two Serbo-Croatian translations, by Matković for JAZU in the 1950s, and Pejanović in 2001. Kuripešič in Upper Bosnia mentions two constitutive nations, Turggen und Surffen. In Lower Bosnia three nations, Roman Catholic Bosnians (Wossner), Turggen, and Surffen, who, in Pejanović translation by Turks are called Wallachen while by "us" Zigen or Marthalosen, and that they came from Smederevo (Smedraw) and Belgrade (griechisch Weussenburg). In the Matković redaction Zigen and Zitzen were translated as "Cigani" (gypsies). Pejanović translated those terms as Ćići/Čiči, and controversially claimed that the Serbs and Orthodox immigrants were called so because all inhabitants of mountain Ćićarija in Istria were Vlachs of Orthodox confession. Also, isn't known if Kuripešić when mentioned the migration of Surffen, Zitzen und Marthalosen, mentioned them as different groups, or terms which indicate the same thing - the Serbs.
- ^ Bosnien und Serbien unter osmanischer Herrschaft - ein Reisebericht aus dem Jahr 1530 (in German). Klagenfurt. pp. 139–140. Retrieved December 19, 2014.
- ^ Klaić 1973, p. 26.
- ^ a b Suppan & Graf 2010, p. 59.
- ^ Roksandić 1991, p. 19.
- ^ Roksandić 1991, p. 45.
- ^ Suppan & Graf 2010, p. 61.
- ^ Ladislav Heka, 2019, The Vlach law and its comparison to the privileges of Hungarian brigands, https://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=325892 #page=31
- ISBN 0674983920
- ^ Vjeran Kursar; (2013) Being an Ottoman Vlach: On Vlach Identity (Ies), Role and Status in Western Parts of the Ottoman Balkans (15th-18th Centuries) p. 129; Journal of the Center for Ottoman Studies - Ankara University, 24, 34; 115-161 [2]
- ^ Roksandić 1991, p. 20–21.
- ISBN 3643502354
- ^ Roksandić 1991, pp. 20, 45.
- ^ Suppan & Graf 2010, p. 60.
- ^ Klaić 1973, p. 26 (quote): te in hoc, quod capitanei et woyvode Rasciani sive Servian atque Valachi, quos vulgo Zytschy (Cici) vocant, cum eorum subditis et adherentibus fidem devotionemque erga nos amplexi iam nunc ad loca ditionemque nostram commigrarunt et bona eorum omnia mobilia salva transportaverint, sedulam promptamque operam una cum ceteris navasse ac non vulgare adiumentum, quo id facilius fieret, per te allatum fuisse
- ^ Lopašić 2010, p. 34-35.
- ^ a b Lopašić 2010, p. 33.
- ^ Lopašić 2010, p. 47.
- ^ a b c d e f g Lopašić 2010, p. 34.
- ^ Dominik Mandić. Croats and Serbs: Two Old and Different Nations, p. 145.
After the fall of Bihać in 1592 the Bosnian Beylerbey Hasan Pasha Predojević settled Orthodox Vlachs from Eastern Herzegovina, especially those of his own Predojević clan, in the central part of Pounje around Brekovica, Ripač, Ostrovica and Vrla Draga up to Sokolovac.
- ^ a b Lopašić 2010, p. 48.
- ^ a b c d Lopašić 2010, p. 52.
- ^ Fine 2006, p. 367.
- ^ Lopašić 2010, p. 48-49.
- ^ a b Lopašić 2010, p. 49.
- ^ a b Lopašić 2010, p. 53.
- ^ Lopašić 2010, p. 50.
- ^ Lopašić 2010, pp. 50–51.
- ^ Lopašić 2010, p. 51.
- ^ Lopašić 2010, p. 51-52.
- ^ Fine 2006, p. 547.
- ^ Fine 2006, p. 218.
- ^ Roksandić 1991, p. 52.
- ^ a b Murvar 2010, p. 150.
- ^ Tomasevich 2001, p. 390.
- ^ Murvar 2010, pp. 150–151.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-4039-1430-9.
The Orthodox refugees who settled on the border (Krajina) between Habsburg and Ottoman territory, and who are in part the ancestors of the Krajina Serbs who lived in Croatia until driven out recently, were also described officially as Vlachs. To apply the term Vlach to someone, therefore, was to say that they were either nomads or free peasant-soldiers. It did not imply a definitive conclusion about their ethnic group.
- ^ a b D. Gavrilović (2003). "Elements of ethnic identification of the Serbs" (PDF). Niš: 720.
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: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ISBN 0-253-30368-0.
In 1630 the Habsburg Emperor signed the Statuta Valachorum, or Vlach Statutes (Serbs and other Balkan Orthodox peoples were often called Vlachs). They recognized formally the growing practice of awarding such refugee families a free grant of crown land to farm communally as their zadruga. In return all male members over sixteen were obliged to do military service. The further guarantees of religious freedom and of no feudal obligations made the Orthodox Serbs valuable allies for the monarchy in its seventeenth-century struggle ...
- ^ Wayne S. Vucinich (1975). A Study in Social Survival: The Katun in Bileća Rudine. University of Denver, Graduate School of International Studies.
That Austrian authorities must have also equated the Serbs with the Vlachs can be seen from the fact that, in 1630, they issued the Statuta Vlachorum, a law which defined the rights and obligations of the Serbs who settled in Austria.
- ISBN 978-0-930888-04-6.
After Ferdinand II issued the Statuta Vlachorum on October 5, 1630,51 the first broad privileges for Vlachs (Serbs) in the Varazdin region, the Vienna Court tried to remove the Military Frontier from civil jurisdiction. The Statuta defined the rights and obligations of frontiersmen and provided the first formal administrative organization for the Military Frontier, which was now detached from Croatia. ... The term Vlach was often used interchangeably with Serb because the latter, too, were mostly a pastoral people.
- ^ Mužić 2010, p. 219.
- ^ Zef Mirdita (1995). "Balkanski Vlasi u svijetlu podataka Bizantskih autora". Povijesni prilozi (in Croatian). 14 (14). Zagreb: Croatian History Institute: 65, 66, 27–30.
- ^ Mirdita 2004, p. 159.
- ^ Mirdita 2009, p. 173.
- ^ a b c Banac 1988, p. 43.
- ^ ISBN 9789532123388.
- ^ Šarić 2009, p. 340-341.
- ^ Kaser 2012, p. 111-113.
- doi:10.17951/rh.2016.41.1.11 (inactive 31 January 2024).)
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 (link - ^ Šarić 2009, p. 333–334.
- ^ Šarić 2009, p. 331.
- ^ Ćirković 2004, p. 26.
- ^ Mirdita 2009, p. 161.
- ^ Mirdita 2009, p. 159–163.
- ^ Mirdita 2009, p. 159.
- ISBN 978-0-674-16698-1.
While no South Slav group was without some Vlach ingredient, there is no evidence that all or most Serbs in Croatia were of Vlach origin. The thesis that Croatian Serbs were "Vlasi" occurred regularly in Ustasha propaganda — without any serious evidence to support it.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-82297-722-3.
- ^ Šarić 2009, p. 334.
- ^ Ćirković 2004, pp. 26–27.
- ^ Kudelić, Zlatko (2017). ""Statuta Confiniariorum Varasdinensium" iz 1732. godine: latinski i kajkavski tekst". Povijesni prilozi (in Croatian). 36 (53): 30.
- ^ Drago Roksandić (2002). Srbi u hrvatskoj i srpskoj historiografiji: problemi usporedbe dvije interpretacijske tradicije (PDF) (in Croatian). Vol. 5. Zagreb: Dijalog povjesničara-istoričara. pp. 211–230.
- ^ Drago Roksandić (2011). Srbi u Hrvatskoj (1989-1991): Između lojalnosti, neposlušnosti i pobune (PDF) (in Serbo-Croatian). Vol. Edition Rizom, book 6. Beograd: Neposlušnost (book); Narodna biblioteka Srbije. pp. 87–120.
- ^ Roksandić 1991, p. 15.
- ISBN 9781438110257.
- ^ "Stanovništvo prema narodnosti, popisi 1971. - 2011" (in Croatian). Retrieved 20 December 2012.
- ^ Stanovništvo Hrvatske od 1931.-2001.
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- Suppan, Arnold; Graf, Maximilian (2010). From the Austrian Empire to the Communist East Central Europe. Lit Verlag. ISBN 978-3-643-50235-3.
- Šarić, Marko (2009). Holjevac, Željko (ed.). "Predmoderne etnije u Lici i Krbavi prema popisu iz 1712./14" (PDF). Identitet Like: Korijeni I Razvitak (in Croatian). 1. Zagreb: Institut društvenih znanosti Ivo Pilar. ISBN 978-953-6666-65-2. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2014-09-14.
- Šimunović, Petar (2010). "Lička toponomastička stratigrafija" [Toponomastic stratigraphy of Lika]. Folia onomastica Croatica (19): 223–246.
External links
- "Vlasi". Miroslav Krleža Lexicographical Institute. 2011.