William J. Perry
William Perry | |
---|---|
19th United States Secretary of Defense | |
In office February 3, 1994 – January 23, 1997 | |
President | Bill Clinton |
Deputy | John M. Deutch John P. White |
Preceded by | Les Aspin |
Succeeded by | William Cohen |
23rd United States Deputy Secretary of Defense | |
In office March 5, 1993 – February 3, 1994 | |
President | Bill Clinton |
Preceded by | Donald J. Atwood Jr. |
Succeeded by | John M. Deutch |
Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering | |
In office April 11, 1977 – January 20, 1981 | |
President | Jimmy Carter |
Preceded by | Malcolm R. Currie |
Succeeded by | Richard D. DeLauer |
Personal details | |
Born | William James Perry October 11, 1927 2nd Lieutenant (Reserves) |
Unit | United States Army Corps of Engineers United States Army Reserve |
William James Perry (born October 11, 1927) is an American mathematician, engineer, businessman, and civil servant who was the
Perry is the Michael and Barbara Berberian Professor (emeritus) at Stanford University, with a joint appointment at the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies and the School of Engineering.[4] He is also a senior fellow at Stanford University's Hoover Institution. He is the co-founder of the Palo Alto Unitarian Church[5] and serves as director of the Preventive Defense Project.[6] He is an expert in U.S. foreign policy, national security and arms control. In 2013 he founded the William J. Perry Project, a non-profit effort to educate the public on the current dangers of nuclear weapons.[7]
Perry also has extensive business experience and serves on the boards of several high-tech companies. He was elected a member of the
Early life
Born in
Perry received his B.S. (1949) and M.A. (1950) degrees from Stanford University and a Ph.D. in mathematics from Pennsylvania State University in 1957.[10][11]
Early career
From 1954 to 1964 Perry was director of the
Undersecretary of Defense for R&E
From 1977 to 1981, during the
Mid-career
On leaving the Pentagon in 1981, Perry became managing director until 1985 of Hambrecht & Quist, a San Francisco investment banking firm "specializing in high-tech and defense companies."[16]
He was appointed by President Ronald Reagan in 1983 to serve on the President's Commission on Strategic Forces.[17] He was also a member of the Packard Commission.[18]
Later in the 1980s he held positions as founder and chairman of Technology Strategies Alliances, professor in the School of Engineering at
Undersecretary of Defense
Perry returned to the Pentagon as
The "frenzy" of defense industry mergers that the US experienced after 1986 was encouraged when in autumn 1993, Perry and his boss Les Aspin invited two dozen industry executives to a dinner "in the secretary's dining room next to his office". The two Secretaries urged their guests to combine into a few, larger companies because Pentagon budget cuts would endanger at least half of the contractors represented there. The event would come to be known as "the last supper".[21][22][23][24]
Secretary of Defense
Perry's boss as Undersecretary, Les Aspin, was not a good fit for the job and within a year tendered his resignation. Perry succeeded him after a two-month search.[25] The same day of his confirmation hearing, Perry was confirmed by a unanimous (97-0) vote to become Defense Secretary.[25]
He entered office with broad national security experience, both in industry and government and with an understanding of the challenges that he faced. A hands-on manager, he paid attention both to internal operations in the Pentagon and to international security issues. He worked closely with his deputy secretaries (John M. Deutch, 1994–95, and John P. White, 1995–97), and he met regularly with the service secretaries, keeping them informed and seeking their advice on issues. He described his style as "management by walking around."[2][26][27]
Perry adopted "preventive defense" as his guide to national security policy in the
Defense budget
The formulation of the Defense budget and shepherding it through Congress was one of Perry's most important duties. The problem of how to deal with a large projected Defense budget shortfall for the period 1995–2000, an issue that weakened Perry's predecessor Les Aspin and contributed to his resignation, persisted when Perry took office.[32] Immediately on presenting his 1995 budget request, which he termed "a post-Cold War budget," Perry stated that Defense required a few more years of downsizing and that its infrastructure needed streamlining as well. The proposal, he said, maintained a ready-to-fight force, redirected a modernization program (including a strong research and development program), initiated a program to do business differently (acquisition reform), and reinvested defense dollars in the economy.[2]
Perry asked for $252.2 billion for
In February 1995, Perry asked for $246 billion for the Department of Defense for FY 1996.[35] This proposal became entangled in the controversy during 1995 over the House Republicans' Contract with America, their efforts to spend more on defense than the administration wanted, and the continuing need for deficit reduction.[36][37]
Perry cautioned Congress in September of the possibility that President Clinton would veto the FY 1996 Defense budget bill because Congress had added $7 billion in overall spending, mainly for weapon systems that the Defense Department did not want, and because of restrictions on contingency operations Congress had put in the bill. Three months later he recommended that the president veto the bill. When Congress and the administration finally settled on a budget compromise midway through FY 1996, DoD received $254.4 billion TOA, slightly more than in FY 1995, but in terms of real growth a 2% cut.[2]
The question of a
Shortly before he introduced his FY 1997 budget request in March 1996, Perry warned that the United States might have to give up the strategy of preparing for two major regional conflicts if the armed forces suffered further reductions. The Five-Year Modernization Plan Perry introduced in March 1996 reflected his basic assumptions that the Defense budget would not decline in FY 1997 and would grow thereafter; that DoD would realize significant savings from infrastructure cuts, most importantly base closings; and that other savings would come by contracting out many support activities and reforming the defense acquisition system.[2]
For FY 1997 the Clinton administration requested a DoD appropriation of $242.6 billion, about 6% less in inflation-adjusted dollars than the FY 1996 budget. The budget proposal delayed modernization for another year, even though the administration earlier had said it would recommend increased funding for new weapons and equipment for FY 1997. The proposal included advance funding for contingency military operations, which had been financed in previous years through supplemental appropriations. Modest real growth in the Defense budget would not begin until FY 2000 under DoD's six-year projections. The procurement budget would increase during the period from $38.9 billion (FY 1997) to $60.1 billion (FY 2001). For FY 1997 Congress eventually provided $244 billion TOA, including funds for some weapon systems not wanted by the Clinton administration.[2]
Although he had not thought so earlier, by the end of his tenure in early 1997 Perry believed it possible to modernize the
Streamlining the military infrastructure
Perry devoted much time to restructuring defense acquisition policy and procedure, pursuing measures on acquisition reform begun when he was deputy secretary. Six days after he became secretary Perry released a document that laid out a variety of proposed acquisition procedure changes, including simplification of purchases under $100,000; maximum reliance on existing commercial products; conforming military contracts, bidding, accounting, and other business procedures to commercial practices when possible; eliminating outdated regulations that delayed purchases; and announcing military purchase requirements on data interchanges normally used by private business to increase vendor competition.
In June 1994 the secretary signed a directive ordering the armed forces to buy products and components to the extent possible from commercial off-the-shelf sources (his phrase was "commercial state-of-the-art technology"),[38] rather than from defense contractors, signaling a major departure from the traditional "milspec" over 30,000 military specifications and standards that actually inflated the cost of military items.[2]
In March 1996 Perry approved a new DoD comprehensive acquisition policy that emphasized commercial practices and products. Program managers and other acquisition officials would have the power to use their professional judgment in purchasing. The plan canceled more than 30 separate acquisition policy memoranda and report formats and replaced existing policy documents with new ones that were about 90% shorter. Perry considered these reforms one of his most important accomplishments, and saw savings generated by the new practices as part of the key to adequate funding of the military in an era of continuing tight budgets.
A token of the Perry agenda's power is the 1995 merger between
In a further effort to save money Perry resorted to base closures and realignments. In May 1994 he and General
Foreign relations
At the time of his appointment it was not expected that Perry would involve himself aggressively in foreign policy. He quickly belied this impression. Within days of taking office he left Washington on his first trip abroad to confer with European defense ministers. In April 1994 the Economist, in an article entitled "Perrypatetic," observed: "The man who has started to sound like a secretary of state is in fact the defense secretary, William Perry. ... He is popping up in public all over the place and moving into the strategy business in a big way." In fact, Perry traveled abroad in his three-year tenure more than any previous secretary. Unlike most of his predecessors, Perry paid attention to the other nations in the Americas, hosting the first Conference of Defense Ministers of the Americas at Williamsburg, Virginia, in 1995 and attending the second conference in 1996 in Argentina. His extensive travel matched his direct style. In his travels, he emphasized personal contact with rank and file members of the armed forces. His frequent trips also reflected the demands of the large number of foreign crises that occurred during his term, including several requiring the deployment of U.S. forces.[2]
NATO
Perry strongly supported the
Russia
Although he recognized that the reform movement in Russia might not succeed, Perry did everything he could to improve relations with
Asia
In
In 1995 a young girl was raped by three U.S. servicemen stationed in
Bosnian War
A serious ongoing international crisis was in
In a major statement on Bosnia in June 1994, Perry attempted to clarify U.S. policy there, declaring that the conflict did involve U.S. national interests, humanitarian and otherwise, but not "supreme" interests. To limit the spread of violence in Bosnia, the United States had committed air power under NATO to stop the bombardment of Bosnian cities, provide air support for UN troops, and carry out humanitarian missions. Perry and the White House resisted congressional pressures to lift an arms embargo imposed earlier by the United Nations on all sides in the Bosnian War. During 1994–95 some senators, including Republican leader Bob Dole, wanted the embargo against the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina lifted to enable them to resist the Republika Srpska more effectively. Perry thought this might provoke Serb attacks and perhaps force the commitment of U.S. ground troops. In August 1995 Clinton vetoed legislation to lift the arms embargo. (In fact, the Bosnian Muslims had been receiving arms from outside sources.) Meanwhile, although it had stated consistently that it would not send U.S. ground forces to Bosnia, in December 1994 the Clinton administration expressed willingness to commit troops to help rescue UN peacekeepers in Bosnia if they were withdrawn. In May 1995, after the Bosnian Serbs had taken about 3,000 peacekeepers hostage, the United States, France, Germany, and Russia resolved to provide a larger and better-equipped UN force.[2]
Applying strong pressure, in November 1995 the United States persuaded the presidents of
The first U.S. troops moved into Bosnia in early December 1995, and by late January 1996, the full complement of 20,000 had been deployed. Although Perry had said earlier that they would leave Bosnia within a year, in June 1996 he hinted at a longer stay if NATO decided the peace in Bosnia would not hold without them. The secretary agreed to a study proposed in September 1996 by NATO defense ministers for a follow-on force to replace IFOR. Finally in November 1996, after the presidential election, Clinton announced, with Perry's support, that the United States would provide 8,500 troops to a NATO follow-on force. The U.S. force would be gradually reduced in 1997 and 1998 and completely withdrawn by June 1998.[2]
Haitian Crisis
Perry also inherited from Aspin the problem of what to do about
In spite of continuing pressure and obvious preparations in the United States for an invasion of Haïti, the junta refused to yield. On September 19, 1994, just after former President Jimmy Carter negotiated an agreement, the United States sent in military forces with UN approval. Haïti's de facto leaders, including Cédras, agreed to step down by October 15 so that Aristide could return to the presidency. By the end of September, 19,600 U.S. troops were in Haïti as part of Operation Uphold Democracy. At the end of March 1995, a UN commander took over, and the United States provided 2,400 of the 6,000-man UN force that would remain in Haïti until February 1996. Given the opposition to the mission when it began, the primary U.S. concern was to do its limited job and avoid casualties among its forces. With the final withdrawal of U.S. troops, and Aristide's duly elected successor installed in office in February 1996, the Pentagon and the Clinton administration could label the Haitian operation a success up to that point.[2]
North Korea
On October 21, 1994, the United States and North Korea signed the
The Middle East
In the
Iran, too, behaved aggressively, placing at least 6,000 troops in March 1995 on three islands at the mouth of the Persian Gulf claimed by both Iran and the United Arab Emirates. Perry stated that the Iranian moves threatened shipping in the Strait of Hormuz, a waterway on which moved a significant part of the world's oil production. The United States worked with its allies in the Persian Gulf area to bolster their capacity to defend themselves and to use their collective strength through the Gulf Cooperation Council. Most important, in Perry's judgment, was the determination of the United States to maintain a strong regional defense capability with aircraft and naval ships in the area, prepositioned equipment, standing operational plans, and access agreements with the Persian Gulf partners.[2]
Provocative moves again by Iraq forced the United States to take strong action. When Saddam Hussein intervened in September 1996 by sending some 40,000 troops to assist one side in a dispute between two
Another tragic incident on June 25, 1996, revealed the continuing tension in the Middle East and the dangers involved in the U.S. military presence. Terrorists exploded a
Somalia
Rwanda
In another mission in
Accomplishments and resignation
In January 1996, Perry talked about experiences over the past year in which he never thought a Secretary of Defense would be involved. At the top of the list was witnessing participation of a
Shortly after
As he left the Pentagon, Perry listed what he thought were his most important accomplishments: establishing effective working relationships with U.S. military leaders; improving the lot of the military, especially enlisted men and women; managing the military drawdown; instituting important acquisition reforms; developing close relationships with many foreign defense ministers; effectively employing military strength and resources in Bosnia, Haiti, Korea, and the Persian Gulf area; dramatically reducing the nuclear legacy of the Cold War; and promoting the Partnership for Peace within NATO. His disappointments included failure to obtain Russian ratification of the START II treaty; slowness in securing increases in the budget for weapon systems modernization; and the faulty perceptions of the Gulf War illness syndrome held by some of the media and much of the public. At a ceremony for Perry in January 1997 General Shalikashvili noted the departing secretary's relationship with the troops. "Surely," Shalikashvili said, "Bill Perry has been the GI's secretary of defense. When asked his greatest accomplishment as secretary, Bill Perry didn't name an operation or a weapons system. He said that his greatest accomplishment was his very strong bond with our men and women in uniform."[2]
Perry's career in the Department of Defense actually spanned eight years of profound changes—four years as Undersecretary for Research and Engineering in 1977–1981, a year as Deputy Secretary from 1993 to 1994, and three years as Secretary.[2]
Later career
Academia and corporate boards
After he left the Pentagon, Perry returned to San Francisco to join the board of Hambrecht and Quist as a senior adviser.[45]
Perry rejoined the faculty at Stanford University, becoming a professor at the
In 1999, Perry was awarded the James A. Van Fleet Award by The Korea Society.[48]
Perry sits on the advisory board of the Commonwealth Club of California. Perry currently sits on the board of directors for Xyleco.[49] Perry joined the financial board of the Thailand-based manufacturing company, Fabrinet in 2008. He was a board member of Theranos, a Silicon Valley biotech company which defrauded more than $700 million from its investors before it collapsed.[50][51]
On June 17, 2006, Perry gave the featured commencement speech to engineering and science graduates at the University of California, Santa Barbara.[52]
William Perry appeared as an important and influential person in the development of Silicon Valley, in the PBS documentary, Silicon Valley: 100 Year Renaissance (1998).[53]
On October 16, 2008, Perry was awarded the Sylvanus Thayer Award by the United States Military Academy.[54]
Work to eliminate nuclear weapons
Perry is a founding board member of the Nuclear Threat Initiative, a nonprofit, nonpartisan organization working to reduce the threat of nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons. He currently has an emeritus status on the board. Perry is an advisory board member for the Partnership for a Secure America, a not-for-profit organization dedicated to recreating the bipartisan center in American national security and foreign policy. Perry is currently chair of the Board of Sponsors for the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists and frequently speaks at Bulletin events. He is a Member of the Supervisory Council of the International Luxembourg Forum on Preventing Nuclear Catastrophe. Perry is also a member of the board of directors of the Center for a New American Security, a Washington, DC-based think tank that specializes in U.S. national security issues. Perry is also on the advisory board of the Truman National Security Project, a progressive leadership institute that trains the next generation of foreign policy and national security leaders.
In March 2006, he was appointed to the Iraq Study Group, a group formed to give advice on the U.S. government's Iraq policy.
In 2007, Secretary Perry joined three other eminent statesmen, former Secretaries of State
In 2011, Perry joined a team of former government officials from various countries, formed under the auspices of the Governor of Hiroshima Prefecture
In 2013, Perry founded the William J. Perry Project[57] to seek to promote greater public awareness about nuclear weapons and engage more people in acting to mitigate the growing threat they pose to humanity. The Project is a nonprofit venture supported with funds raised from private individuals and is sponsored by the Nuclear Threat Initiative.[7]
In 2015, Perry published a memoir, My Journey at the Nuclear Brink, (Stanford Univ. Press), with a foreword by
On September 30, 2016, the
Perry is cited by the website of Los Angeles Congressman Ted Lieu for supporting legislation proposed by Lieu and U.S. Senator Ed Markey, Democrat from Massachusetts, that would limit President Donald Trump and future presidents' authority to launch a nuclear first strike against another country by requiring them to first get approval from Congress. The following quotation is attributed to Perry in Congressman Lieu's website: "During my period as Secretary of Defense, I never confronted a situation, or could even imagine a situation, in which I would recommend that the President make a first strike with nuclear weapons—understanding that such an action, whatever the provocation, would likely bring about the end of civilization. I believe that the legislation proposed by Congressman Lieu and Senator Markey recognizes that terrible reality. Certainly, a decision that momentous for all of civilization should have the kind of checks and balances on Executive powers called for by our Constitution."[62]
Perry was profiled in the Radiolab episode Nukes in 2017. He argued for the need for checks and balances for a nuclear strike by the U.S.[63]
Books
With Tom Collina of the Ploughshares Fund, Perry wrote the book The Button: The New Nuclear Arms Race and Presidential Power from Truman to Trump.[64] This book concludes with a ten-point plan for nuclear weapons safety:
- End presidential sole nuclear authority.[65]
- Prohibit launch on warning.[66]
- Prohibit first use.[67]
- Retire all ICBMs and scale back the nuclear rebuild.[68]
- Save New START and go farther.[69]
- Limit strategic missile defenses.[70]
- Don't wait for treaties.[71]
- Engage diplomatically with North Korea and Iran.[72]
- Bring the bomb into the new mass movement.[73]
- Elect a committed president.[74]
Other political activities
Perry, along with all other living former secretaries of defense, ten in total, published a Washington Post op-ed piece in January 2021 telling President Donald Trump not to involve the military in determining the outcome of the 2020 elections.[75]
Honors
- United States: Presidential Medal of Freedom, with Distinction, 1997.[76]
- Poland: Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland, 1996 Postanowienie Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 13 grudnia 1996 r. o nadaniu orderu..
- Croatia: Grand Order of King Dmitar Zvonimir 1998.[77]
- Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire, 1998.[76]
- Japan: Grand Cordon, Order of the Rising Sun, 2002.[76]
- Ordre National du Merite.[78]
See also
- Timeline of United States and China relations 1995–1997
Further reading
- M.E. Sarotte. 2019. "How to Enlarge NATO: The Debate inside the Clinton Administration, 1993–95." International Security, Volume 44, Issue 1
References
- ^ Perry, Willliam J. (2015). My Journey at the Nuclear Brink. Stanford University Press. p. 87.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj "William J. Perry - William J. Clinton Administration". Office of the Secretary of Defense - Historical Office. This article incorporates public domain material from this U.S government document.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-05-16. Retrieved 2017-02-07.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "FSI | CISAC - William J. Perry". CISAC. Retrieved 2018-08-28.
- ^ Dodd, David (2019-11-03). "Change of Plans: What Matters Most to Me". uupetaluma. Retrieved 2022-03-19.
- ^ "Preventive Defense Project". Harvard Worldwide. Retrieved 2018-08-28.
- ^ a b "About William Perry". William J Perry Project. Retrieved 18 September 2017.
- ^ "William J. Perry Title U.S. Secretary of Defense". National Academy of Engineering.
- ^ a b "Secretary of Defense William J. Perry - National Defense University". U.S. Department of Defense. February 13, 1996.
- ^ "Joseph C. Martz from Los Alamos National Lab named inaugural Perry Fellow". Center for International Security and Cooperation. October 15, 2009.
- ^ "Famous Nonmathematicians". University of Houston.
- ^ "Dr. William J. Perry Secretary of Defense". University of North Texas.
- ^ "Charting a Technical Revolution: An interview with former DDS&T Albert Wheelon" (PDF). Studies in Intelligence, CIA.
- ^ "UNDER SECRETARIES OF DEFENSE Under Secretary of Defense (Research and Engineering)" (PDF). whs.mil.
- ^ Wagner, Rich; Tegnelia, Jim. "Technology-Strategy Seminar: NATO's AirLand Battle Strategy and Future Extended Deterrence". Center for Strategic & International Studies Center for Strategic & International Studies.
- ^ "The Honorable William J. Perry" (PDF). World Affairs Council.
- ^ "Appointment of William J. Perry as a Member of the President's Commission on Strategic Forces". Ronald Reagan Presidential Library and Museum. February 5, 1983.
- ^ "Pentagon Papers Go On And On, And So Do Weapons Problems". Chicago Tribune. March 2, 1986.
- ^ "William J. Perry". New American Strategies for Security and Peace.
- Stanford University News Service, February 3, 1993. Retrieved April 30, 2021.
- ^ https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1997/07/04/how-a-dinner-led-to-a-feeding-frenzy/13961ba2-5908-4992-8335-c3c087cdebc6/.
{{cite news}}
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(help) - ^ "The Distillation of the Defense Industry".
- ^ Kelley, Maryellen R.; Watkins, Todd A. (April 1995). "The Myth of the Specialized Military Contractor". Technology Review. 98 (3): 52–58.
- ^ "'The last supper': How a 1993 Pentagon dinner reshaped the defense industry". March 2023.
- ^ a b Perry Is Sworn In as Defense Secretary : Military: Aspin’s deputy takes oath same day Senate votes, 97 to 0, to back nomination. Los Angeles Times, Les Pine, February 4, 1994. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
- ^ "Remarks on Presenting the Presidential Medal of Freedom to Secretary of Defense William J. Perry at Fort Myer, Virginia". Government Printing Office. January 14, 1997.
- ^ "Perry Sets $80-Million Upgrade For F-14 Jet". Los Angeles Times. March 17, 1996.
- ^ "Perry Pushes Preventive Defense". U.S. Department of Defense. May 29, 1996.
- ^ "Secretary of Defense William J. Perry Commonwealth Club of California and World Forum of Silicon Valley". U.S. Department of Defense. February 23, 1996.
- ^ "Preventive Defense Project- Project Ongoing research". Center for International Security and Cooperation.
- ^ "Former Defense Secretary William Perry Roundtable Discussion Today At CU-Boulder". University of Colorado. November 9, 2007.
- ^ "Change at the Pentagon; Aspin Resigns from Cabinet; President Lost Confidence in Defense Chief, aides say". New York Times. December 16, 1993.
- ^ Tamar A. Mehuron (April 1994). "Snapshots of the New Budget" (PDF). Air Force Magazine.
- Seattle Times.
- ^ "FY 1996-97 Defense Budget". U.S. Department of Defense.
- ^ "William J. Perry February 3, 1994 - January 23, 1997 19th Secretary of Defense Clinton Administration". U.S. Department of Defense.
- C-Span, February 6, 1995. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
- ^ Perry, W. J., Specifications & Standards - A New Way of Doing Business: A memorandum by William J. Perry, published 29 June 1994 (republished by the Society of Automotive Engineers, 7 January 2001), accessed 14 September 2022
- ^ https://247wallst.com/military/2024/06/09/meet-the-largest-defense-contractors-on-earth/.
{{cite news}}
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(help) - OCLC 1244862785.
- ^ "Chronology of U.S.-North Korean Nuclear and Missile Diplomacy | Arms Control Association". www.armscontrol.org. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
- ^ Chozick, Amy (September 4, 2012). "In Africa, Bill Clinton Toils for a Charitable Legacy". The New York Times. p. all.
- ^ "Ambush in Mogadishu: Transcript". PBS.
- ISBN 9780760320877.
- ^ "Ex-Defense Chief to Join Hambrecht Board". New York Times. March 22, 1997.
- ^ University, © Stanford; Stanford; California 94305 (2016-06-09). "Video: William J. Perry on energy, national security and technology". Stanford School of Engineering. Retrieved 2021-02-25.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ University, © Stanford; Stanford; Complaints, California 94305 Copyright. "William J. Perry". cisac.fsi.stanford.edu. Retrieved 2021-02-25.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "James A. Van Fleet Award". www.koreasociety.org. Retrieved 2021-02-25.
- ^ "Board of Directory". Xyleco. Retrieved January 9, 2019.
- ISBN 978-1-5247-3166-3. Archivedfrom the original on February 8, 2021. Retrieved June 20, 2018.
- ^ "A singular board at Theranos". Fortune. June 12, 2014. Retrieved 2015-10-12.
- ^ "UC Santa Barbara to Graduate 4,800 Students This Month". The UCSB Current. 3 June 2006. Retrieved 2021-02-25.
- ^ "Silicon Valley Historical Association". Silicon Valley Historical Association. Retrieved 2023-03-30.
- ^ "Former defense secretary to receive honor at Point". recordonline.com. Retrieved 2021-02-25.
- ^ "A Hiroshima for Global Peace" Plan - Formulation Project (outline of the project) Archived 2012-12-19 at archive.today
- ^ "Aya Kano, Hiroshima Prefecture's "Global Peace" Plan".
- ^ "The William J. Perry Project". The William J. Perry Project.
- ^ Jerry Brown (July 14, 2016). "A Stark Nuclear Warning". The New York Review of Books. 63 (12). Retrieved July 18, 2016.
- ^ New York Review of Books, 14 Jul. 2016, "A Stark Nuclear Warning"
- New York Times. Retrieved September 30, 2016.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-10-28.
- ^ "Congressman Lieu & Senator Markey Introduce the Restricting First Use of Nuclear Weapons Act". 2016-09-27.
- ^ "Nukes: The Broadcast | Radiolab". WNYC Studios. Retrieved 2021-03-31.
- Wikidata Q102046116.
- ^ pp. 208-209.
- ^ pp. 209-210.
- ^ p. 210
- ^ pp. 210-213.
- ^ pp 213-214.
- ^ pp. 214-215.
- ^ pp.215-216.
- ^ pp. 216-217.
- ^ pp. 217-218.
- ^ pp. 218ff.
- ^ "All 10 living former defense secretaries: Involving the military in election disputes would cross into dangerous territory". Washington Post. January 3, 2021. Retrieved January 3, 2021.
- ^ a b c Perry bio.
- ^ 116 - 3.9.1998 Narodne novine (Croatian)">[1].
- ^ Spoke.com: Perry bio.
Sources
- This article incorporates public domain material from William J. Perry. Office of the Secretary of Defense.
- DoD biography at the Wayback Machine (archived 3 June 2004)
- William J. Perry at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
External links
- Official site, William J Perry Project
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Lessons in Leadership, podcast of William Perry speaking at Stanford University