1854–55 United States House of Representatives elections

1854–55 United States House of Representatives elections
All 234 seats in the United States House of Representatives; 118 seats needed for a majority
	Results:; Democratic gain Whig gain; Democratic hold Whig hold; American gain Anti-Nebraska gain; Republican gain People's gain; Independent gain
Speaker before election; Linn Boyd; Democratic	Elected Speaker ; Nathaniel P. Banks; Know Nothing/American

The 1854–55 United States House of Representatives elections were held in 31 states for all 234 seats between August 4, 1854, and November 6, 1855, during President Franklin Pierce's term. Each state legislature separately set a date to elect representatives to the House of Representatives before the 34th Congress convened its first session on December 3, 1855.

This midterm election was among the most disruptive in American history, auguring the collapse of the

Whig Party, organized as rivals for roughly 20 years, lost critical voter support. Northern voters strongly opposed to the Kansas–Nebraska Act

shifted sharply against Democrats. Whigs also lost seats as the party disintegrated over slavery.

The elected majority temporarily coalesced as the

People's Party of Indiana, Anti-Nebraska candidates, disaffected Northern Democrats, and members of the nascent Republican Party

, which soon would absorb most of these factions and replace the Whigs to rival the Democrats.

Candidates opposed to the Democratic Party won widely in the North through November 1854. The American Party, ignoring slavery and opposing immigration (particularly by Catholics from Ireland and Germany) won seats from both major parties, but to the net loss of Democrats, in New England and the South from November 1854 into 1855.

Congress had passed the Kansas–Nebraska Act in May 1854 after aggressive sponsorship by the Pierce Administration and Democrats led by Senator Stephen Douglas, including radical pro-slavery legislators. The Act repealed the 1820 Missouri Compromise and triggered the Bleeding Kansas conflict. With widely foreseen risks and immediately negative results, the act publicly discredited the Democratic Party, fueling new partisan and sectional rancor. It created violent uncertainty on the frontier by abruptly making slavery potentially legal in territories originally comprising the northern portion of the Louisiana Purchase and attractive to contemporary settlers. Settlers were expected to determine the status of slavery locally. This idea appealed to Democratic politicians and to some voters, but proved unworkable in Kansas where the status of slavery would be violently disputed between more numerous Northern settlers and geographically closer Southern settlers. Even some pro-slavery legislators and voters, particularly Southern Whigs, felt repealing the Missouri Compromise was politically reckless and attempting to push slavery by law and force into territories where most settlers predictably were unlikely to want it endangered slavery everywhere, even in the South. These fears proved prescient.

More than 21 representatives vied for the post of speaker of the House. After two months and 133 ballots, American Party representative Nathaniel Banks of Massachusetts, also a Free Soiler, defeated Democrat William Aiken of South Carolina by plurality, 103–100.^[5] To date, Banks is the only speaker to come from a third party.

Election summaries

State	Type	Date	Total seats	Opposition		Democratic		Know Nothing
State	Type	Date	Total seats	Seats	Change^[g]	Seats	Change	Seats	Change
Arkansas	Districts	August 4, 1854	2	0		2		0
Iowa	Districts	August 7, 1854	2	1		1		0
Missouri	Districts	August 7, 1854	7	6	2	1	2	0
Vermont	Districts	September 5, 1854	3	3		0		0
California	At-large	September 6, 1854	2	0		2		0
Maine	Districts	September 11, 1854	6	5	2	1	2	0
Florida	At-large	October 2, 1854	1	0		1		0
South Carolina	Districts	October 9–10, 1854	6	0		6		0
Indiana	Districts	October 10, 1854	11	9	8	2	8	0
Ohio	Districts		21	21	12	0	12	0
Pennsylvania	Districts		25	17	8	7	9	1	1
Illinois	Districts	November 7, 1854 (Election Day)^[h]	9	4		5		0
Michigan	Districts		4	3	3	1	3	0
New Jersey	Districts		5	4	3	1	3	0
New York	Districts		33	25	13	5	16	3	3
Wisconsin	Districts		3	2	2	1	2	0
Massachusetts	Districts	November 12, 1854	11	0	10	0	1	11	11
Delaware	At-large	November 14, 1854	1	0		0	1	1	1
Late elections (after the March 4, 1855 beginning of the term)
New Hampshire	Districts	March 13, 1855	3	0		0	3	3	3
Connecticut	Districts	April 2, 1855	4	0		0	4	4	4
Rhode Island	Districts	April 4, 1855	2	0		0	2	2	2
Virginia	Districts	May 24, 1855	13	0		12	1	1	1
North Carolina	Districts	August 2, 1855	8	0	3	5		3	3
Tennessee	Districts	August 2, 1855	10	0	5	5		5	5
Alabama	Districts	August 6, 1855	7	0	1	5	1	2	2
Kentucky	Districts		10	0	5	4	1	6	6
Texas	Districts		2	0		1	1	1	1
Georgia	Districts	October 1, 1855	8	0	2	6		2	2
Louisiana	Districts	November 5, 1855	4	0	1	3		1	1
Mississippi	Districts^[i]	November 5–6, 1855	5	0		4	1	1	1
Maryland	Districts	November 6, 1855	6	0	2	2	2	4	4
Total			234	100^[2]^[3] 42.7%	29^[j]	83^[2]^[3] 35.0%	75	51^[2]^[3] 21.8%	51

↓
83	51	100
Democratic	Know Nothing	Opposition

Popular vote

Democratic			43.95%
Know Nothing			19.56%
Whig			18.00%
Anti-Nebraska			6.09%
Republican			5.65%
People's			3.17%
Independent			2.61%
Free Soil			0.71%
Others			0.26%

House seats

Democratic			34.62%
Whig			23.08%
Know Nothing			21.79%
Anti-Nebraska			9.40%
Republican			5.56%
People's			3.85%
Independent			0.43%
Free Soil			0.43%

Special elections

There were four special elections to the 33rd United States Congress, listed here by date and district.

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Pennsylvania 8	Henry A. Muhlenberg	Democratic	1852	Incumbent died January 9, 1854. New member elected February 4, 1854. Democratic hold.	▌Y Jehu Glancy Jones (Democratic) 60.01% ▌William H. Keim (Whig) 39.99%
Massachusetts 1	Zeno Scudder	Whig	1850	Incumbent resigned March 4, 1854. New member elected April 17, 1854. Whig hold.	▌Y Thomas D. Eliot (Whig) 52.04% ▌Abraham H. Howland (Independent) 47.96%
New York 12	Gilbert Dean	Democratic	1850	Incumbent resigned July 3, 1854. New member elected November 7, 1854. Whig gain.	▌Y Isaac Teller (Whig) 50.56% ▌Samuel Morse (Soft-Shell Democratic) 31.27% ▌Charles Robinson (Hard-Shell Democratic) 18.17%
Kentucky 3	Presley Ewing	Whig	1851	Incumbent died September 27, 1854. New member elected November 13, 1854. Whig hold.	▌Y Francis Bristow (Whig) 81.58% ▌A. J. Halberson (Unknown) 18.42%

Alabama

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Alabama 1	Philip Phillips	Democratic	1853	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Know Nothing gain.	▌Y Percy Walker (Know Nothing) 52.40% ▌ James Adams Stallworth (Democratic) 47.60%
Alabama 2	James Abercrombie	Whig	1851	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic gain.	▌Y Eli Sims Shorter (Democratic) 54.89% ▌ Julius Caesar Alford (Know Nothing) 45.11%
Alabama 3	James Ferguson Dowdell	Democratic	1853	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y James Ferguson Dowdell (Democratic) 52.20% ▌Thomas H. Watts (Know Nothing) 47.80%
Alabama 4	William Russell Smith	Democratic	1851	Incumbent re-elected to a new party. Know Nothing gain.	▌Y William Russell Smith (Know Nothing) 59.83% ▌Sydenham Moore (Democratic) 40.17%
Alabama 5	George S. Houston	Democratic	1843	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y George S. Houston (Democratic) 100.00% unopposed
Alabama 6	Williamson Robert Winfield Cobb	Democratic	1847	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Williamson Robert Winfield Cobb (Democratic) 62.87% ▌James M. Adams (Independent) 37.13%
Alabama 7	Sampson Willis Harris	Democratic	1847	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Sampson Willis Harris (Democratic) [data missing]

Arkansas

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Arkansas 1	Alfred B. Greenwood	Democratic	1852	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Alfred B. Greenwood (Democratic) 97.99% ▌W. C. Myrtle (Independent) 2.01%
Arkansas 2	Edward A. Warren	Democratic	1852	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic hold.	▌Y Albert Rust (Democratic) 67.0% ▌E. G. Walker (Whig) 32.9%^[6]

California

Note: From statehood to 1864, California's representatives were elected at-large, with the top two vote-getters winning election from 1849 to 1858.

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
California at-large 2 seats	Milton S. Latham	Democratic	1852	Incumbent withdrew. New member elected. Democratic hold.	(Elected on a general ticket) ▌Y James W. Denver (anti-Broderick Democratic) 22.41% ▌Y Philemon T. Herbert (anti-Broderick Democratic) 22.24% ▌George Washington Bowie (Whig) 21.14% ▌Calhoun Benham (Whig) 20.94% ▌James Churchman (Broderick Democratic) 6.09% ▌James A. McDougall (Broderick Democratic) 6.07% ▌ Milton S. Latham (Broderick Democratic) 1.12%^[7]
California at-large 2 seats	James A. McDougall	Democratic	1852	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Democratic hold.

Connecticut

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Connecticut 1	James T. Pratt	Democratic	1853	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Know Nothing gain.	▌Y Ezra Clark Jr. (Know Nothing) 52.11% ▌James T. Pratt (Democratic) 47.89%
Connecticut 2	Colin M. Ingersoll	Democratic	1851	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Know Nothing gain.	▌Y John Woodruff (Know Nothing) 55.50% ▌Samuel Arnold (Democratic) 44.50%
Connecticut 3	Nathan Belcher	Democratic	1853	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Know Nothing gain.	▌Y Sidney Dean (Know Nothing) 67.51% ▌Joel W. White (Democratic) 32.49%
Connecticut 4	Origen S. Seymour	Democratic	1851	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Know Nothing gain.	▌Y William W. Welch (Know Nothing) 56.07% ▌William H. Noble (Democratic) 43.94%

Delaware

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Delaware at-large	George R. Riddle	Democratic	1850	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Know Nothing gain.	▌Y Elisha D. Cullen (Know Nothing) 51.85% ▌George R. Riddle (Democratic) 48.15%

Florida

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Florida at-large	Augustus Maxwell	Democratic	1852	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Augustus Maxwell (Democratic) 55.26% ▌Thomas Brown (Whig) 44.74%

Georgia

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Georgia 1	James Lindsay Seward	Democratic	1853	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y James Lindsay Seward (Democratic) 57.62% ▌Samuel Varnadoe (Know Nothing) 42.38%
Georgia 2	Alfred H. Colquitt	Democratic	1853	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic hold.	▌Y Martin J. Crawford (Democratic) 51.99% ▌Willis Hawkins (Know Nothing) 48.01%
Georgia 3	David Jackson Bailey	Democratic	1851	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Know Nothing gain.	▌Y Robert Pleasant Trippe (Know Nothing) 53.97% ▌James Milton Smith (Democratic) 46.03%
Georgia 4	William Barton Wade Dent	Democratic	1853	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic hold.	▌Y Hiram B. Warner (Democratic) 50.26% ▌Benjamin Harvey Hill (Know Nothing) 49.74%
Georgia 5	Elijah Webb Chastain	Democratic	1851	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic hold.	▌Y John Henry Lumpkin (Democratic) 58.61% ▌Lewis Tumblin (Know Nothing) 41.39%
Georgia 6	Junius Hillyer	Democratic	1851	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic hold.	▌Y Howell Cobb (Democratic) 63.78% ▌Leonidas Franklin (Know Nothing) 36.22%
Georgia 7	David Addison Reese	Whig	1853	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Know Nothing gain.	▌Y Nathaniel Greene Foster (Know Nothing) 51.13% ▌Linton Stephens (Democratic) 48.87%
Georgia 8	Alexander Stephens	Whig	1853	Incumbent re-elected to a new party. Democratic gain.	▌Y Alexander Stephens (Democratic) [data missing]

Illinois

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Illinois 1	Elihu B. Washburne	Whig	1852	Incumbent re-elected to a new party. Republican gain.	▌Y Elihu B. Washburne (Republican) 69.33% ▌William M. Jackson (Democratic) 22.99% ▌E. P. Ferry (Anti-Nebraska) 7.68%
Illinois 2	John Wentworth	Democratic	1852	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican gain.	▌Y James H. Woodworth (Republican) 53.05% ▌Robert S. Blackwell (Whig) 19.84% ▌John B. Turner (Democratic) 19.48% ▌Edward L. Mayo (Anti-Nebraska) 7.63%
Illinois 3	Jesse O. Norton	Whig	1852	Incumbent re-elected to a new party. Republican gain.	▌Y Jesse O. Norton (Republican) 62.76% ▌John A. Drake (Democratic) 37.24%
Illinois 4	James Knox	Whig	1852	Incumbent re-elected to a new party. Republican gain.	▌Y James Knox (Republican) 57.22% ▌William McMurtry (Democratic) 42.79%
Illinois 5	William A. Richardson	Democratic	1847 (special)	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y William A. Richardson (Democratic) 52.38% ▌Archibald Williams (Republican) 47.62%
Illinois 6	Richard Yates	Whig	1852	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Democratic gain.	▌Y Thomas L. Harris (Democratic) 50.50% ▌ Richard Yates (Whig) 49.50%
Illinois 7	James C. Allen	Democratic	1852	Incumbent re-elected. Election disqualified. Democratic loss.	▌James C. Allen (Democratic) 50.00% ▌William Beatty Archer (Whig) 50.00%
Illinois 8	William Henry Bissell	Independent Democratic	1848	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic gain.	▌Y Lyman Trumbull (Democratic) 59.87% ▌Philip Bond Fouke (Democratic) 40.13%
Illinois 9	Willis Allen	Democratic	1850	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic hold.	▌Y Samuel S. Marshall (Democratic) 64.67% ▌G. Jay S. Turney (Republican) 22.15% ▌DeWitt C. Barber (Unknown) 9.71% ▌A. Grow (Unknown) 2.05% ▌S. A. Rowan (Unknown) 1.42%

Indiana

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Indiana 1	Smith Miller	Democratic	1852	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Smith Miller (Democratic) 52.15% ▌Sam Hall (People's) 47.85%
Indiana 2	William Hayden English	Democratic	1852	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y William Hayden English (Democratic) 51.70% ▌Thomas C. Slaught (People's) 48.30%
Indiana 3	Cyrus L. Dunham	Democratic	1849	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. People's gain.	▌Y George G. Dunn (People's) 54.53% ▌Cyrus L. Dunham (Democratic) 45.47%
Indiana 4	James H. Lane	Democratic	1852	Incumbent retired. New member elected. People's gain.	▌Y William Cumback (People's) 51.92% ▌William G. Holman (Democratic) 48.08%
Indiana 5	Samuel W. Parker	Whig	1851	Incumbent retired. New member elected. People's gain.	▌Y David P. Holloway (People's) 64.25% ▌J. J. Buckles (Democratic) 35.76%
Indiana 6	Thomas A. Hendricks	Democratic	1851	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. People's gain.	▌Y Lucien Barbour (People's) 51.41% ▌Thomas A. Hendricks (Democratic) 48.59%
Indiana 7	John G. Davis	Democratic	1851	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. People's gain.	▌Y Harvey D. Scott (People's) 52.58% ▌John G. Davis (Democratic) 47.42%
Indiana 8	Daniel Mace	Democratic	1851	Incumbent re-elected to a new party. People's gain.	▌Y Daniel Mace (People's) 56.92% ▌James Davis (Democratic) 43.08%
Indiana 9	Norman Eddy	Democratic	1852	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. People's gain.	▌Y Schuyler Colfax (People's) 54.85% ▌Norman Eddy (Democratic) 45.15%
Indiana 10	Ebenezer M. Chamberlain	Democratic	1852	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. People's gain.	▌Y Samuel Brenton (People's) 56.00% ▌Ebenezer M. Chamberlain (Democratic) 44.00%
Indiana 11	Andrew J. Harlan	Democratic	1852	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. People's gain.	▌Y John U. Pettit (People's) 56.59% ▌James R. Slack (Democratic) 43.41%

Iowa

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Iowa 1	Bernhart Henn	Democratic	1850	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic hold.	▌Y Augustus Hall (Democratic) 50.27% ▌R. L. Clark (Whig) 49.50% ▌J. L. Ashbaugh (Independent) 0.23%
Iowa 2	William Vandever	Whig	1852	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Whig hold.	▌Y James Thorington (Whig) 53.33% ▌Stephen P. Hempstead (Democratic) 46.09% ▌Augustus Hall (Independent) 0.57%

Kentucky

Source: Tribune Almanac^[8]

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Kentucky 1	Linn Boyd	Democratic	1839	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic hold.	▌Y Henry C. Burnett (Democratic) 61.77% ▌Hughes (Know Nothing) 38.23%
Kentucky 2	Benjamin E. Grey	Whig	1851	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Know Nothing gain.^[k]	▌Y John P. Campbell Jr. (Know Nothing) 55.30% ▌Samuel Peyton (Democratic) 44.70%
Kentucky 3	Francis Bristow	Whig	1854 (special)	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Know Nothing gain.	▌Y Warner Underwood (Know Nothing) 56.89% ▌James P. Bates (Democratic) 43.12%
Kentucky 4	James Chrisman	Democratic	1853	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic hold.	▌Y Albert G. Talbott (Democratic) 50.06% ▌Fountain T. Fox (Know Nothing) 49.94%
Kentucky 5	Clement S. Hill	Whig	1853	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic gain.	▌Y Joshua Jewett (Democratic) 51.64% ▌C. G. Wintersmith (Whig) 48.37%
Kentucky 6	John Milton Elliott	Democratic	1853	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y John Milton Elliott (Democratic) 54.80% ▌George W. Dunlap (Know Nothing) 45.20%
Kentucky 7	William Preston	Whig	1852 (special)	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Know Nothing gain.	▌Y Humphrey Marshall (Know Nothing) 61.29% ▌William Preston (Whig) 38.71%
Kentucky 8	John C. Breckinridge	Democratic	1851	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Know Nothing gain.	▌Y Alexander Keith Marshall (Know Nothing) 55.98% ▌James O. Harrison (Democratic) 44.02%
Kentucky 9	Leander Cox	Whig	1853	Incumbent re-elected to a new party. Know Nothing gain.	▌Y Leander Cox (Know Nothing) 55.06% ▌Richard H. Stanton (Democratic) 44.94%
Kentucky 9	Richard H. Stanton Redistricted from the 10th district	Democratic	1849	Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic loss.
Kentucky 10	None (New district)			New seat. New member elected. Know Nothing gain.	▌Y Samuel F. Swope (Know Nothing) 51.72% ▌Henry C. Harris (Democratic) 48.28%

Louisiana

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Louisiana 1	William Dunbar	Democratic	1852	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Know Nothing gain.	▌Y George Eustis Jr. (Know Nothing) 53.40% ▌Albert Fabre (Democratic) 46.60%
Louisiana 2	Theodore Gaillard Hunt	Whig	1852	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Democratic gain.	▌Y Miles Taylor (Democratic) 51.54% ▌ Theodore Gaillard Hunt (Know Nothing) 48.46%
Louisiana 3	John Perkins Jr.	Democratic	1852	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic hold.	▌Y Thomas G. Davidson (Democratic) 50.62% ▌Preston Pond Jr. (Know Nothing) 49.38%
Louisiana 4	Roland Jones	Democratic	1852	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic hold.	▌Y John M. Sandidge (Democratic) 58.05% ▌William B. Lewis (Know Nothing) 41.95%

Maine

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Maine 1	Moses Macdonald	Democratic	1850	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican gain.	▌Y John M. Wood (Republican) 59.36% ▌Samuel Wells (Democratic) 39.91% ▌Lorenzo D. Wilkinson (Independent) 0.74%
Maine 2	Samuel Mayall	Democratic	1852	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican gain.	▌Y John J. Perry (Republican) 56.88% ▌William K. Kimball (Democratic) 42.46% ▌Charles J. Gilman (Independent) 0.66%
Maine 3	E. Wilder Farley	Whig	1852	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Republican gain.	▌Y Ebenezer Knowlton (Republican) 43.94% ▌Jonathan G. Dickerson (Democratic) 30.78% ▌E. Wilder Farley (Whig) 25.28%
Maine 4	Samuel P. Benson	Whig	1852	Incumbent re-elected to a new party. Republican gain.	▌Y Samuel P. Benson (Republican) 77.05% ▌George Rogers (Democratic) 22.95%
Maine 5	Israel Washburn Jr.	Whig	1850	Incumbent re-elected to a new party. Republican gain.	▌Y Israel Washburn Jr. (Republican) 63.09% ▌Samuel H. Blake (Democratic) 36.91%
Maine 6	Thomas J. D. Fuller	Democratic	1848	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Thomas J. D. Fuller (Democratic) 42.39% ▌James A. Milliken (Republican) 38.74% ▌Noah Smith (Whig) 18.88%

Maryland

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Maryland 1	John Rankin Franklin	Whig	1853	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic gain.	▌Y James Augustus Stewart (Democratic) 51.27% ▌John Dennis (Know Nothing) 48.73%
Maryland 2	Jacob Shower	Democratic	1853	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Know Nothing gain.	▌Y James Barroll Ricaud (Know Nothing) 56.58% ▌Jacob Shower (Democratic) 43.42%
Maryland 3	Joshua Van Sant	Democratic	1853	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Know Nothing gain.	▌Y James Morrison Harris (Know Nothing) 50.21% ▌Joshua Van Sant (Democratic) 49.79%
Maryland 4	William Thomas Hamilton	Democratic	1849	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Know Nothing gain.	▌Y Henry Winter Davis (Know Nothing) 52.36% ▌ William Thomas Hamilton (Democratic) 47.64%
Maryland 5	Henry May	Democratic	1853	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Know Nothing gain.	▌Y Henry William Hoffman (Know Nothing) 51.60% ▌Henry May (Democratic) 48.40%
Maryland 6	Augustus Rhodes Sollers	Whig	1853	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic gain.	▌Y Thomas Fielder Bowie (Democratic) 53.93% ▌William Watkins (Know Nothing) 46.07%

Massachusetts

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Massachusetts 1	Thomas D. Eliot	Whig	1854 (special)	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Know Nothing gain.	▌Y Robert B. Hall (Know Nothing) 63.70% ▌Thomas D. Eliot (Whig) 26.63% ▌Abraham H. Rowland (Democratic) 9.66%
Massachusetts 2	Samuel L. Crocker	Whig	1852	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Know Nothing gain.	▌Y James Buffinton (Know Nothing) 68.25% ▌Samuel L. Crocker (Whig) 16.20% ▌Charles R. Vickery (Democratic) 9.01% ▌Gersham B. Weston (Free Soil) 6.55%
Massachusetts 3	J. Wiley Edmands	Whig	1852	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Know Nothing gain.	▌Y William S. Damrell (Know Nothing) 74.76% ▌Nathaniel F. Safford (Whig) 16.67% ▌Edward Avery (Democratic) 5.38% ▌Arthur W. Austin (Independent) 2.26%
Massachusetts 4	Samuel H. Walley	Whig	1852	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Know Nothing gain.	▌Y Linus B. Comins (Know Nothing) 57.45% ▌Samuel H. Walley (Whig) 32.00% ▌Samuel R. Skinner (Democratic) 10.55%
Massachusetts 5	William Appleton	Whig	1850	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Know Nothing gain.	▌Y Anson Burlingame (Know Nothing) 61.64% ▌William Appleton (Whig) 32.12% ▌William Parmenter (Democratic) 6.24%
Massachusetts 6	Charles W. Upham	Whig	1852	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Know Nothing gain.	▌Y Timothy Davis (Know Nothing) 65.39% ▌Charles W. Upham (Whig) 28.44% ▌Nathaniel J. Lord (Democratic) 5.57% ▌George Hood (Independent) 0.59%
Massachusetts 7	Nathaniel P. Banks	Democratic	1852	Incumbent re-elected to a new party. Know Nothing gain.	▌Y Nathaniel P. Banks (Know Nothing) 73.53% ▌ Luther Bell (Whig) 20.43% ▌Bowen Buckman (Democratic) 6.04%
Massachusetts 8	Tappan Wentworth	Whig	1852	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Know Nothing gain.	▌Y Chauncey L. Knapp (Know Nothing) 62.80% ▌Tappan Wentworth (Whig) 31.88% ▌Daniel Needham (Democratic) 5.32%
Massachusetts 9	Alexander DeWitt	Free Soil	1852	Incumbent re-elected to a new party. Know Nothing gain.	▌Y Alexander DeWitt (Know Nothing) 76.97% ▌Isaac Davis (Democratic) 13.36% ▌Ira M. Barton (Whig) 7.45% ▌Alfred Mowrey (Independent) 1.42% ▌William P. Marble (Independent) 0.46% Scattering 0.34%
Massachusetts 10	Edward Dickinson	Whig	1852	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Know Nothing gain.	▌Y Calvin C. Chaffee (Know Nothing) 65.35% ▌Edward Dickinson (Whig) 23.33% ▌Stephen C. Bemis (Democratic) 11.32%
Massachusetts 11	John Z. Goodrich	Whig	1852	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Know Nothing gain.	▌Y Mark Trafton (Know Nothing) 50.52% ▌John Z. Goodrich (Whig) 30.42% ▌Whiting Griswold (Democratic) 19.06%

Michigan

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Michigan 1	David Stuart	Democratic	1852	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Republican gain.	▌Y William Alanson Howard (Republican) 53.10% ▌ David Stuart (Democratic) 46.90%
Michigan 2	David A. Noble	Democratic	1852	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Republican gain.	▌Y Henry Waldron (Republican) 57.67% ▌David A. Noble (Democratic) 42.33%
Michigan 3	Samuel Clark	Democratic	1852	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Republican gain.	▌Y David S. Walbridge (Republican) 44.17% ▌Samuel Clark (Democratic) 55.83%
Michigan 4	Hestor L. Stevens	Democratic	1852	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic hold.	▌Y George Washington Peck (Democratic) 53.25% ▌Moses Wisner (Republican) 46.75%

Mississippi

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Mississippi 1	Daniel B. Wright	Democratic	1853	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Daniel B. Wright (Democratic) 55.5% ▌J. H. Taylor (Know Nothing) 44.5%^[9]
Mississippi 2	William S. Barry	Democratic	1853	Incumbent retired to run for state representative. New member elected. Democratic hold.	▌Y Hendley S. Bennett (Democratic) 51.6% ▌L. E. Houston (Know Nothing) 48.4%^[10]
Mississippi 3	William Barksdale Redistricted from the at-large district	Democratic	1853	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y William Barksdale (Democratic) 55.5% ▌Joseph B. Cobb (Know Nothing) 44.5%^[11]
Mississippi 4	Otho R. Singleton Redistricted from the 3rd district	Democratic	1853	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Know Nothing gain.	▌Y William A. Lake (Know Nothing) 50.8% ▌Otho R. Singleton (Democratic) 49.2%^[12]
Mississippi 5	None (New seat)			New seat. New member elected. Democratic gain.	▌Y John A. Quitman (Democratic) 59.4% ▌Giles M. Hillyer (Know Nothing) 40.6%^[13]

Missouri

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Missouri 1	Thomas Hart Benton	Democratic	1852	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Whig gain.	▌Y Luther M. Kennett (Whig) 54.16% ▌Thomas Hart Benton (Benton Democratic) 45.84%
Missouri 2	Alfred W. Lamb	Democratic	1852	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Whig gain.	▌Y Gilchrist Porter (Whig) 54.14% ▌Tully Cornick (Benton Democratic) 45.86%
Missouri 3	James J. Lindley	Whig	1852	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y James J. Lindley (Whig) 52.46% ▌Augustus W. Fournoy (Democratic) 47.54%
Missouri 4	Mordecai Oliver	Whig	1852	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Mordecai Oliver (Whig) 41.95% ▌S.L. Leonard (Democratic) 34.21% ▌Shelton J. Howe (Benton Democratic) 19.08% ▌J. F. Pitt (Ind. Whig) 4.76%
Missouri 5	John G. Miller	Whig	1850	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y John G. Miller (Whig) 46.12% ▌ Thomas L. Price (Benton Democratic) 35.50% ▌Warwick Hough (Democratic) 18.38%
Missouri 6	John S. Phelps	Democratic	1844	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y John S. Phelps (Democratic) 51.10% ▌Waldo P. Johnson (Benton Democratic) 48.90%
Missouri 7	Samuel Caruthers	Whig	1852	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Samuel Caruthers (Whig) 58.85% ▌Charles Jones (Democratic) 41.15%

New Hampshire

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
New Hampshire 1	George W. Kittredge	Democratic	1853	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Know Nothing gain.	▌Y James Pike (Know Nothing) ▌George W. Kittredge (Democratic) [data missing]
New Hampshire 2	George W. Morrison	Democratic	1853	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Know Nothing gain.	▌Y Mason Tappan (Know Nothing) ▌George W. Morrison (Democratic) [data missing]
New Hampshire 3	Harry Hibbard	Democratic	1849	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Know Nothing gain.	▌Y Aaron H. Cragin (Know Nothing) [data missing]

New Jersey

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
New Jersey 1	Nathan T. Stratton	Democratic	1850	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Whig gain.	▌Y Isaiah D. Clawson (Whig) 42.94% ▌Thomas W. Mulford (Democratic) 30.02% ▌John W. Hazelton (Temperance) 27.05%
New Jersey 2	Charles Skelton	Democratic	1850	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Whig gain.	▌Y George R. Robbins (Whig) 57.56% ▌Nathaniel S. Rue (Democratic) 42.44%
New Jersey 3	Samuel Lilly	Democratic	1852	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Whig gain.	▌Y James Bishop (Whig) 54.35% ▌Samuel Lilly (Democratic) 45.65%
New Jersey 4	George Vail	Democratic	1852	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y George Vail (Democratic) 51.65% ▌Peter Osborne (Anti-Nebraska) 48.35%
New Jersey 5	Alexander C. M. Pennington	Whig	1852	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Alexander C. M. Pennington (Whig) 54.42% ▌John Darcy (Democratic) 45.58%

New York

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
New York 1	James Maurice	Democratic	1852	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Know Nothing gain.	▌Y William Valk (Know Nothing) 31.19% ▌Daniel B. Allen (Hard Shell Democratic) 20.49% ▌Harvey W. Vail (Whig) 19.81% ▌Frederick Lord (Soft Shell Democratic) 16.48% ▌Gabriel P. Disosway (Temperance) 11.40%
New York 2	Thomas W. Cumming	Democratic	1852	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Whig gain.	▌Y James S. T. Stranahan (Whig) 50.98% ▌George Taylor (Democratic) 49.02%
New York 3	Hiram Walbridge	Democratic	1852	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Whig gain.	▌Y Guy R. Pelton (Whig) 49.06% ▌George D. Clinton (Hard Shell Democratic) 30.70% ▌William Miner (Soft Shell Democratic) 20.24%
New York 4	Michael Walsh	Democratic	1852	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Democratic hold.	▌Y John Kelly (Soft Shell Democratic) 40.54% ▌Michael Walsh (Hard Shell Democratic) 40.30% ▌Sanford L. Macomber (Whig) 10.89% ▌John W. Boyce (Know Nothing) 8.27%
New York 5	William M. Tweed	Democratic	1852	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Know Nothing gain.	▌Y Thomas R. Whitney (Know Nothing) 30.86% ▌George H. Andrews (Whig) 25.71% ▌Phillip Hamilton (Hard Shell Democratic) 25.27% ▌Abraham J. Berry (Soft Shell Democratic) 18.16%
New York 6	John Wheeler	Democratic	1852	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y John Wheeler (Hard Shell Democratic) 51.58% ▌John M. Murphy (Soft Shell Democratic) 25.61% ▌Charles H. Marshall (Whig) 22.81%
New York 7	William A. Walker	Democratic	1852	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Whig gain.	▌Y Thomas Child Jr. (Whig) 56.29% ▌William D. Kennedy (Democratic) 43.71%
New York 8	Francis B. Cutting	Democratic	1852	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Whig gain.	▌Y Abram Wakeman (Whig) 51.87% ▌James L. Curtis (Hard Shell Democratic) 32.52% ▌Edward B. Fellows (Soft Shell Democratic) 15.61%
New York 9	Jared V. Peck	Democratic	1852	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Whig gain.	▌Y Bayard Clarke (Whig) 59.56% ▌Benjamin Brandreth (Hard Shell Democratic) 19.64% ▌James R. Whiting (Hard Shell Democratic) 15.04% ▌Jared V. Peck (Anti-Nebraska Democratic) 2.95% ▌Benjamin V. Bailey (Independent) 2.82%
New York 10	William Murray	Democratic	1850	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Whig gain.	▌Y Ambrose S. Murray (Whig) 44.05% ▌Charles S. Woodworth (Hard Shell Democratic) 38.59% ▌Jonathan Stratton (Soft Shell Democratic) 17.36%
New York 11	Theodoric R. Westbrook	Democratic	1852	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Whig gain.	▌Y Rufus H. King (Whig) 62.98% ▌Elisha P. Strong (Democratic) 37.03%
New York 12	Isaac Teller	Whig	1854 (special)	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Whig hold.	▌Y Killian Miller (Whig) 51.07% ▌Hugh McClelland (Soft Shell Democratic) 33.78% ▌William H. Wilson (Hard Shell Democratic) 15.16%
New York 13	Russell Sage	Whig	1852	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Russell Sage (Whig) 63.22% ▌Henry A. Clum (Soft Shell Democratic) 18.86% ▌Alanson Cook (Hard Shell Democratic) 17.92%
New York 14	Rufus W. Peckham	Democratic	1852	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Whig gain.	▌Y Samuel Dickson (Whig) 30.91% ▌John W. Harcourt (Know Nothing) 28.45% ▌John V. L. Pruyn (Soft Shell Democratic) 25.62% ▌Hamilton David (Hard Shell Democratic) 15.03%
New York 15	Charles Hughes	Democratic	1852	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Whig gain.	▌Y Edward Dodd (Whig) 37.57% ▌Orville Clark (Hard Shell Democratic) 35.34% ▌Charles Hughes (Soft Shell Democratic) 13.73% ▌James M. Andrews (Temperance) 13.36%
New York 16	George A. Simmons	Whig	1852	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y George A. Simmons (Whig) 48.18% ▌Jerome B. Bailey (Know Nothing) 27.06% ▌Gorton T. Thomas (Soft Shell Democratic) 15.02% ▌Joseph R. Flanders (Hard Shell Democratic) 9.75%
New York 17	Bishop Perkins	Democratic	1852	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic hold.	▌Y Francis E. Spinner (Soft Shell Democratic) 50.62% ▌Henry P. Alexander (Whig) 36.00% ▌Nathaniel S. Benton (Hard Shell Democratic) 13.38%
New York 18	Peter Rowe	Democratic	1852	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Whig gain.	▌Y Thomas R. Horton (Whig) 51.32% ▌Isaac Jackson (Democratic) 48.68%
New York 19	George W. Chase	Whig	1852	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Whig hold.	▌Y Jonas A. Hughston (Whig) 43.25% ▌Lewis R. Palmer (Soft Shell Democratic) 41.33% ▌William B. Hawes (Free Soil) 8.59% ▌Hezekiah Sturgis (Hard Shell Democratic) 6.84%
New York 20	Orsamus B. Matteson	Whig	1848 1850 (retired) 1852	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Orsamus B. Matteson (Whig) 38.16% ▌William C. Johnson (Soft Shell Democratic) 30.40% ▌Benjamin N. Huntington (Independent Whig) 27.98% ▌Nasman W. Moore (Soft Shell Democratic) 3.46%
New York 21	Henry Bennett	Whig	1848	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Henry Bennett (Whig) 56.03% ▌Edward Tompkins (Hard Shell Democratic) 32.04% ▌Oliver C. Crocker (Soft Shell Democratic) 11.93%
New York 22	Gerrit Smith	Free Soil	1852	Incumbent resigned August 7, 1854. New member elected. Whig gain.	▌Y Andrew Z. McCarty (Whig) 32.19% ▌Leander Babcock (Soft Shell Democratic) 27.50% ▌Charles G. Case (Free Soil) 21.24% ▌William Lewis (Hard Shell Democratic) 19.08%
New York 23	Caleb Lyon	Independent	1852	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Whig gain.	▌Y William A. Gilbert (Whig) 46.35% ▌Willard Ives (Soft Shell Democratic) 41.86% ▌Lysander Brown (Hard Shell Democratic) 11.22% ▌Reuben Goodale (Abolition) 0.58%
New York 24	Daniel T. Jones	Democratic	1850	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Whig gain.	▌Y Amos P. Granger (Whig) 37.50% ▌Thomas G. Alvord (Soft Shell Democratic) 32.08% ▌B. Davis Noxon (Know Nothing) 26.62% ▌Sanford Parker (Hard Shell Democratic) 3.80%
New York 25	Edwin D. Morgan	Whig	1850	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Edwin D. Morgan (Whig) 48.35% ▌George H. Middleton (Soft Shell Democratic) 43.50% ▌William F. Aldrich (Hard Shell Democratic) 8.15%
New York 26	Andrew Oliver	Democratic	1852	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Andrew Oliver (Soft Shell Democratic) 47.74% ▌James M. Seeley (Whig) 37.06% ▌Thomas M. Howell (Hard Shell Democratic) 15.20%
New York 27	John J. Taylor	Democratic	1852	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Whig gain.	▌Y John M. Parker (Whig) 61.27% ▌John G. McDowell (Soft Shell Democratic) 26.45% ▌Stephen B. Cushing (Hard Shell Democratic) 12.28%
New York 28	George Hastings	Democratic	1852	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Whig gain.	▌Y William H. Kelsey (Whig) 68.90% ▌George Hastings (Soft Shell Democratic) 27.72% ▌Leman Gibbs (Hard Shell Democratic) 3.38%
New York 29	Davis Carpenter	Whig	1852	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Democratic gain.	▌Y John Williams (Soft Shell Democratic) 47.94% ▌Davis Carpenter (Whig) 36.13% ▌Joseph Sibley (Hard Shell Democratic) 15.94%
New York 30	Benjamin Pringle	Whig	1852	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Benjamin Pringle (Whig) 57.59% ▌Albert P. Laning (Soft Shell Democratic) 23.62% ▌Charles W. Belden (Hard Shell Democratic) 14.60% ▌Nathan V. Hull (Free Soil) 4.19%
New York 31	Thomas T. Flagler	Whig	1852	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Thomas T. Flagler (Whig) 76.63% ▌Alden S. Blair (Democratic) 13.12% ▌Edward J. Chase (Free Soil) 10.25%
New York 32	Solomon G. Haven	Whig	1850	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Solomon G. Haven (Whig) 59.21% ▌Israel T. Hatch (Soft Shell Democratic) 35.15% ▌Nelson Randall (Hard Shell Democratic) 5.64%
New York 33	Reuben Fenton	Democratic	1852	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Know Nothing gain.	▌Y Francis S. Edwards (Know Nothing) 55.49% ▌Reuben Fenton (Soft Shell Democratic) 42.47% ▌Ebenezer A. Lester (Hard Shell Democratic) 1.64% ▌George W. Patterson (Whig) 0.40%

North Carolina

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
North Carolina 1	Henry Marchmore Shaw	Democratic	1853	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Know Nothing gain.	▌Y Robert Treat Paine (Know Nothing) 51.71% ▌ Henry Marchmore Shaw (Democratic) 48.29%
North Carolina 2	Thomas Hart Ruffin	Democratic	1853	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Thomas Hart Ruffin (Democratic) 66.05% ▌Thomas J. Latham (Know Nothing) 33.95%
North Carolina 3	William Shepperd Ashe	Democratic	1849	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic hold.	▌Y Warren Winslow (Democratic) 54.94% ▌David Reid (Know Nothing) 45.06%
North Carolina 4	Sion Hart Rogers	Whig	1853	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic gain.	▌Y Lawrence O'Bryan Branch (Democratic) 61.67% ▌James B. Shepard (Know Nothing) 38.33%
North Carolina 5	John Kerr Jr.	Whig	1853	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Know Nothing gain.	▌Y Edwin Godwin Reade (Know Nothing) 65.28% ▌John Kerr Jr. (Whig) 34.72%
North Carolina 6	Richard Clauselle Puryear	Whig	1853	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Richard Clauselle Puryear (Whig) 51.44% ▌Alfred Moore Scales (Democratic) 48.56%
North Carolina 7	Francis Burton Craige	Democratic	1853	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Francis Burton Craige (Democratic) 62.17% ▌Samuel N. Stowe (Know Nothing) 37.83%
North Carolina 8	Thomas Lanier Clingman	Democratic	1847	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Thomas Lanier Clingman (Democratic) 55.10% ▌Leander B. Carmichael (Know Nothing) 44.90%

Ohio

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Ohio 1	David T. Disney	Democratic	1848	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Anti-Nebraska gain.	▌Y Timothy C. Day (Anti-Nebraska) 63.46% ▌George H. Pendleton (Democratic) 36.54%
Ohio 2	John Scott Harrison	Whig	1852	Incumbent re-elected to a new party. Anti-Nebraska gain.	▌Y John Scott Harrison (Anti-Nebraska) 66.03% ▌William S. Groesbeck (Democratic) 33.97%
Ohio 3	Lewis D. Campbell	Whig	1848	Incumbent re-elected to a new party. Anti-Nebraska gain.	▌Y Lewis D. Campbell (Anti-Nebraska) 58.25% ▌Clement Vallandigham (Democratic) 41.75%
Ohio 4	Matthias H. Nichols	Democratic	1852	Incumbent re-elected to a new party. Anti-Nebraska gain.	▌Y Matthias H. Nichols (Anti-Nebraska) 70.19% ▌G. V. Dorsey (Democratic) 29.81%
Ohio 5	Alfred Edgerton	Democratic	1850	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Anti-Nebraska gain.	▌Y Richard Mott (Anti-Nebraska) 61.62% ▌Henry S. Cowager (Democratic) 38.38%
Ohio 6	Andrew Ellison	Democratic	1852	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Anti-Nebraska gain.	▌Y Jonas R. Emrie (Anti-Nebraska) 65.04% ▌Andrew Ellison (Democratic) 34.96%
Ohio 7	Aaron Harlan	Whig	1852	Incumbent re-elected to a new party. Anti-Nebraska gain.	▌Y Aaron Harlan (Anti-Nebraska) 81.14% ▌Benjamin B. Hinkson (Democratic) 18.86%
Ohio 8	Moses Bledso Corwin	Whig	1852	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Anti-Nebraska gain.	▌Y Benjamin Stanton (Anti-Nebraska) 75.84% ▌Enoch G. Dial (Democratic) 23.10% ▌J. Newell (Unknown) 1.06%
Ohio 9	Frederick W. Green	Democratic	1850	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Anti-Nebraska gain.	▌Y Cooper K. Watson (Anti-Nebraska) 59.92% ▌Josiah S. Plants (Democratic) 40.08%
Ohio 10	John L. Taylor	Democratic	1846	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Anti-Nebraska gain.	▌Y Oscar F. Moore (Anti-Nebraska) 65.32% ▌James W. Davis (Democratic) 34.68%
Ohio 11	Thomas Ritchey	Democratic	1852	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Anti-Nebraska gain.	▌Y Valentine B. Horton (Anti-Nebraska) 58.70% ▌Lot L. Smith (Democratic) 41.30%
Ohio 12	Edson B. Olds	Democratic	1848	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Anti-Nebraska gain.	▌Y Samuel Galloway (Anti-Nebraska) 60.28% ▌Edson B. Olds (Democratic) 39.72%
Ohio 13	William D. Lindsley	Democratic	1852	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Anti-Nebraska gain.	▌Y John Sherman (Anti-Nebraska) 59.80% ▌William D. Lindsley (Democratic) 40.21%
Ohio 14	Harvey H. Johnson	Democratic	1852	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Anti-Nebraska gain.	▌Y Philemon Bliss (Anti-Nebraska) 59.26% ▌Harvey H. Johnson (Democratic) 40.74%
Ohio 15	William R. Sapp	Whig	1852	Incumbent re-elected to a new party. Anti-Nebraska gain.	▌Y William R. Sapp (Anti-Nebraska) 58.99% ▌William Dunbar (Democratic) 41.02%
Ohio 16	Edward Ball	Whig	1852	Incumbent re-elected to a new party. Anti-Nebraska gain.	▌Y Edward Ball (Anti-Nebraska) 58.89% ▌William Galligher (Democratic) 41.11%
Ohio 17	Wilson Shannon	Democratic	1852	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Anti-Nebraska gain.	▌Y Charles J. Albright (Anti-Nebraska) 58.07% ▌Daniel H. Wire (Democratic) 41.93%
Ohio 18	George Bliss	Democratic	1852	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Anti-Nebraska gain.	▌Y Benjamin F. Leiter (Anti-Nebraska) 63.36% ▌Ebenezer Spaulding (Democratic) 36.64%
Ohio 19	Edward Wade	Free Soil	1852	Incumbent re-elected to a new party. Anti-Nebraska gain.	▌Y Edward Wade (Anti-Nebraska) 71.07% ▌Eli T. Wilder (Democratic) 28.42% ▌Irad Kelly (Independent) 0.51%
Ohio 20	Joshua Reed Giddings	Free Soil	1843	Incumbent re-elected to a new party. Anti-Nebraska gain.	▌Y Joshua Reed Giddings (Anti-Nebraska) [data missing]
Ohio 21	Andrew Stuart	Democratic	1848	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Anti-Nebraska gain.	▌Y John Bingham (Anti-Nebraska) [data missing]

Pennsylvania

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Pennsylvania 1	Thomas B. Florence	Democratic	1848	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Thomas B. Florence (Democratic) 51.77% ▌Edward Joy Morris (Whig) 48.23%
Pennsylvania 2	Joseph R. Chandler	Whig	1848	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Whig hold.	▌Y Job R. Tyson (Whig) 54.63% ▌John Hamilton (Democratic) 33.82% ▌ Joseph R. Chandler (Ind. Whig) 11.56%
Pennsylvania 3	John Robbins	Democratic	1848	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Whig gain.	▌Y William Millward (Whig) 51.59% ▌James Landy (Democratic) 48.41%
Pennsylvania 4	William Henry Witte	Democratic	1852	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Know Nothing gain.	▌Y Jacob Broom (Know Nothing) 49.63% ▌ Henry Myer Phillips (Democratic) 44.08% ▌John Lambert (Whig) 6.29%
Pennsylvania 5	John McNair	Democratic	1850	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic hold.	▌Y John Cadwalader (Democratic) 50.03% ▌Nathan A. Jones (Whig) 49.97%
Pennsylvania 6	William Everhart	Whig	1852	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic gain.	▌Y John Hickman (Democratic) 58.97% ▌ John M. Broomall (Whig) 41.03%
Pennsylvania 7	Samuel A. Bridges	Democratic	1852	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Republican gain.	▌Y Samuel C. Bradshaw (Republican) 51.03% ▌ Samuel A. Bridges (Democratic) 48.97%
Pennsylvania 8	J. Glancy Jones	Democratic	1854	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y J. Glancy Jones (Democratic) 59.77% ▌John C. Myers (Whig) 40.23%
Pennsylvania 9	Isaac E. Hiester	Whig	1852	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Independent gain.	▌Y Anthony E. Roberts (Independent) 39.38% ▌Isaac E. Hiester (Whig) 33.79% ▌Joseph S. Lefevre (Democratic) 26.84%
Pennsylvania 10	Ner Middleswarth	Whig	1852	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Whig hold.	▌Y John C. Kunkel (Whig) 55.99% ▌Amos Boughter (Democratic) 43.01% ▌George A. Seiler (Independent) 1.00%
Pennsylvania 11	Christian M. Straub	Democratic	1852	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Whig gain.	▌Y James H. Campbell (Republican) 38.87% ▌William L. Dewart (Democratic) 36.68% ▌Joseph W. Cake (Democratic) 21.90% ▌Kimber Cleaver (Know Nothing) 2.56%
Pennsylvania 12	Hendrick B. Wright	Democratic	1852	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Whig gain.	▌Y Henry Mills Fuller (Whig) 56.26% ▌ Hendrick B. Wright (Democratic) 43.74%
Pennsylvania 13	Asa Packer	Democratic	1852	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Asa Packer (Democratic) 58.67% ▌Edward F. Stewart (Whig) 41.33%
Pennsylvania 14	Galusha A. Grow	Democratic	1850	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Galusha A. Grow (Democratic) 95.22% ▌Jim Grow (Independent) 4.56% ▌Olin L. Hawley (Independent) 0.23%

Rhode Island

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Rhode Island 1	Thomas Davis	Democratic	1853	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Know Nothing gain.	▌Y Nathan B. Durfee (Know Nothing) ▌ Thomas Davis (Democratic) [data missing]
Rhode Island 2	Benjamin Babock Thurston	Democratic	1851	Incumbent re-elected to a new party. Know Nothing gain.	▌Y Benjamin Babock Thurston (Know Nothing) [data missing]

South Carolina

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
South Carolina 1	John McQueen	Democratic	1849 (special)	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y John McQueen (Democratic) 67.44% ▌I. D. Wilson (Unknown) 32.56%
South Carolina 2	William Aiken Jr.	Democratic	1850	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y William Aiken Jr. (Democratic) 96.44% ▌W. C. Clayton (Unknown) 3.56%
South Carolina 3	Laurence M. Keitt	Democratic	1853	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Laurence M. Keitt (Democratic) 100.00% unopposed
South Carolina 4	Preston S. Brooks	Democratic	1853	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Preston S. Brooks (Democratic) 66.84% ▌A. C. Garlington (Unknown) 33.16%
South Carolina 5	James L. Orr	Democratic	1853	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y James L. Orr (Democratic) 100.00% unopposed
South Carolina 6	William W. Boyce	Democratic	1853	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y William W. Boyce (Democratic) 100.00% unopposed

Tennessee

Elections held late, on August 2, 1855.

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Tennessee 1	Nathaniel G. Taylor	Whig	1854 (special)	Incumbent lost re-election as a Know Nothing. New member elected. Democratic gain.	▌Y Albert G. Watkins (Democratic) 50.32% ▌Nathaniel G. Taylor (Know Nothing) 48.57% ▌A. G. Graham (Unknown) 1.11%^[14]
Tennessee 2	William M. Churchwell	Democratic	1851	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Know Nothing gain.	▌Y William H. Sneed (Know Nothing) 52.15% ▌David H. Cummins (Democratic) 47.85%^[15]
Tennessee 3	Samuel A. Smith	Democratic	1853	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Samuel A. Smith (Democratic) 51.78% ▌Josiah M. Anderson (Know Nothing) 48.22%^[16]
Tennessee 4	William Cullom	Whig	1851	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Democratic gain.	▌Y John H. Savage (Democratic) 51.96% ▌William Cullom (Know Nothing) 48.04%^[17]
Tennessee 5	Charles Ready	Whig	1853	Incumbent re-elected to a new party. Know Nothing gain.	▌Y Charles Ready (Know Nothing) 91.79% ▌Edwin A. Keeble (Democratic) 8.21%^[18]
Tennessee 6	George W. Jones	Democratic	1842	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y George W. Jones (Democratic) 66.63% ▌Powhatan Gordon (Know Nothing) 33.37%^[19]
Tennessee 7	Robert M. Bugg	Whig	1853	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic gain.	▌Y John V. Wright (Democratic) 57.24% ▌William Kendrick (Know Nothing) 42.76%^[20]
Tennessee 8	Felix Zollicoffer	Whig	1853	Incumbent re-elected to a new party. Know Nothing gain.	▌Y Felix Zollicoffer (Know Nothing) 58.89% ▌Granville C. Torbett (Democratic) 41.11%^[21]
Tennessee 9	Emerson Etheridge	Whig	1853	Incumbent re-elected to a new party. Know Nothing gain.	▌Y Emerson Etheridge (Know Nothing) 51.82% ▌Thomas J. Freeman (Democratic) 48.18%^[22]
Tennessee 10	Frederick P. Stanton	Democratic	1845	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Know Nothing gain.	▌Y Thomas Rivers (Know Nothing) 53.29% ▌David M. Currin (Democratic) 46.71%^[23]

Texas

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Texas 1	George W. Smyth	Democratic	1853	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Know Nothing gain.	▌Y Lemuel D. Evans (Know Nothing) 50.10% ▌Matthias Ward (Democratic) 49.90%
Texas 2	Peter Hansborough Bell	Democratic	1853	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Peter H. Bell (Democratic) 60.76% ▌John Hancock (Know Nothing) 39.24%

Vermont

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Vermont 1	James Meacham	Whig	1849 (Special)	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y James Meacham (Whig) 71.35% ▌Solomon W. Jewett (Democratic) 28.65%
Vermont 2	Andrew Tracy	Whig	1852	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican gain.	▌Y Justin S. Morrill (Republican) 50.26% ▌J. W. Parker (Democratic) 35.07% ▌Oscar L. Shafter (Free Soil) 14.68%
Vermont 3	Alvah Sabin	Whig	1852	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Alvah Sabin (Whig) 68.54% ▌William Heywood (Democratic) 31.46%

Virginia

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Virginia 1	Thomas H. Bayly	Democratic	1853	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Thomas H. Bayly (Democratic) 84.5% ▌ Robert L. Montague (Independent) 10.2%
Virginia 2	John Millson	Democratic	1853	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y John Millson (Democratic) 53.3% ▌Watts (Know Nothing) 46.7%
Virginia 3	John S. Caskie	Democratic	1853	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y John S. Caskie (Democratic) 52.1% ▌William C. Scott (Know Nothing) 47.9%
Virginia 4	William Goode	Democratic	1853	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y William Goode (Democratic) 61.3% ▌ Littleton Tazewell (Know Nothing) 38.7%
Virginia 5	Thomas S. Bocock	Democratic	1853	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Thomas S. Bocock (Democratic) 57.3% ▌Nathaniel C. Claiborne (Know Nothing) 42.7%
Virginia 6	Paulus Powell	Democratic	1853	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Paulus Powell (Democratic) 56.7% ▌Ligon (Know Nothing) 43.3%
Virginia 7	William Smith	Democratic	1853	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y William Smith (Democratic) 78.0% ▌P. Johnson Barbour (Independent) 13.8% ▌David Funsten (Independent) 8.2%
Virginia 8	Charles J. Faulkner	Democratic	1853	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Charles J. Faulkner (Democratic) 50.7% ▌Alexander Boteler (Know Nothing) 49.3%
Virginia 9	John Letcher	Democratic	1851	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Thomas H. Bayly (Democratic) 98.1% ▌ Alexander H. H. Stuart (None) 1.9%
Virginia 10	Zedekiah Kidwell	Democratic	1853	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Zedekiah Kidwell (Democratic) 54.5% ▌William K. Pendleton (Know Nothing) 45.5%
Virginia 11	Charles S. Lewis	Democratic	1853	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Know Nothing gain.	▌Y John S. Carlile (Know Nothing) 51.2% ▌Charles S. Lewis (Democratic) 48.8%
Virginia 12	Henry A. Edmundson	Democratic	1849	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Henry A. Edmundson (Democratic) 54.0% ▌ Waller R. Staples (Know Nothing) 46.0%
Virginia 13	Fayette McMullen	Democratic	1849	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Fayette McMullen (Democratic) 59.2% ▌Trigg (Know Nothing) 40.8%

Wisconsin

Election results in Wisconsin for 1854:^[24]

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Wisconsin 1	Daniel Wells Jr.	Democratic	1852	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Daniel Wells Jr. (Democratic) 54.6% ▌Wyman Spooner (Republican) 45.4%
Wisconsin 2	Ben C. Eastman	Democratic	1850	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican gain.	▌Y Cadwallader C. Washburn (Republican) 59.5% ▌Otis Hoyt (Democratic) 39.8% ▌David Taylor (Independent) 0.7%
Wisconsin 3	John B. Macy	Democratic	1852	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Republican gain.	▌Y Charles Billinghurst (Republican) 55.9% ▌John B. Macy (Democratic) 36.0% ▌Harvey G. Turner (Independent) 8.1%

Non-voting delegates

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Delegate	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Kansas	New seat			New territory. New delegate elected December 20, 1854. Democratic gain.	▌Y John Wilkins Whitfield (Democratic) [data missing]
Minnesota	Henry Mower Rice	Democratic	1852	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Henry Mower Rice (Democratic) 46.00% ▌William Rainey Marshall (Republican) 32.46% ▌David Olmsted (Anti-Nebraska Democratic) 21.54%^[25]
Nebraska (33rd Congress)	New seat			New territory. New delegate elected December 12, 1854.^[26]^[27] Democratic gain.	▌Y Napoleon Bonaparte Giddings (Democratic) [data missing]
Nebraska (34th Congress)	Napoleon Bonaparte Giddings	Democratic	1854	Incumbent retired. New delegate elected November 5, 1855.^[26] Democratic hold.	▌Y Bird Chapman (Democratic) 55.16% ▌Hiram Pitt Bennet (Anti-Nebraska Republican) 44.84%^[l]^[28]^[29]
Oregon	Joseph Lane	Democratic	1851	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Joseph Lane (Democratic) [data missing]

Notes

^ Includes two Anti-Broderick Democrats (California), one Anti-Benton Democrat (Missouri), one Hard-Shell Democrat (New York), and four Soft-Shell Democrats (New York)
^ Includes votes for those who ran labeled as an Anti-Broderick Democrat, Anti-Benton Democrat, Hard Shell Democrat or Soft-Shell Democrat.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Counted as part of the plurality-winning "Opposition Party."
^ While Martis, et al. count 51 Know Nothings, Dubin (p. 174) counts 52.
Anthony Ellmaker Roberts of Pennsylvania
.

^ Includes votes for those who ran labeled as an Independent, Benton Democrat, Independent Democrat, or Independent American.

^ Compared to Whigs, Free Soilers, and Independents elected in the previous election of 1852.

^ In 1845, Congress passed a law providing for a uniform date for choosing presidential electors (see: Statutes at Large, 28th Congress, 2nd Session, p. 721). Congressional elections were unaffected by this law, but the date was gradually adopted by the states for congressional elections as well.

^ At-large district abolished in redistricting.

^ Compared to just Whig Party members elected in the previous election of 1852. If Whig Party and Free Soil Party members are counted together, the increase was only 25.

^ Listed as unsuccessful for re-election in Congressional bio, but no votes listed in source.
United States Congress. "1854–55 United States House of Representatives elections (id: G000453)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.

^ Bennett led 578–560 in returns that included the results of Ottoe (175–95 Bennett), Richardson (76–36 Bennett), Dacotah (25–0 Chapman), and Burt (14–10 Chapman) counties. Gov. Izard excluded those results due to irregularities.

References

^ Party Breakdown of the 34th House

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Martis, p. 108–109.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Party Divisions of the House of Representatives* 1789–Present". Office of the Historian, House of United States House of Representatives. Retrieved January 21, 2015.

^ Dubin, p. 174.

^ Nevins, Allan (1947). Ordeal of the Union, Volume II: A House Dividing 1852-1857. New York. pp. 413–415.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

OCLC 430736650
.

^ "Our Campaigns - CA - at Large Race - Sep 06, 1854".

^ The Tribune Almanac and Political Register For 1856. New York: Greeley & McElrath. 1856.

^ "MS - District 01 Race - Nov 05, 1855". Our Campaigns. October 27, 2008. Retrieved February 27, 2022.

^ "MS - District 02 Race - Nov 05, 1855". Our Campaigns. October 28, 2008. Retrieved February 27, 2022.

^ "MS - District 03 Race - Nov 05, 1855". Our Campaigns. October 29, 2008. Retrieved February 27, 2022.

^ "MS - District 04 Race - Nov 05, 1855". Our Campaigns. October 29, 2008. Retrieved February 27, 2022.

^ "MS - District 05 Race - Nov 05, 1855". Our Campaigns. October 29, 2008. Retrieved February 27, 2022.

^ "TN - District 01". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 17, 2021.

^ "TN - District 02". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 17, 2021.

^ "TN - District 03". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 17, 2021.

^ "TN - District 04". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 17, 2021.

^ "TN - District 05". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 17, 2021.

^ "TN - District 06". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 17, 2021.

^ "TN - District 07". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 17, 2021.

^ "TN - District 08". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 17, 2021.

^ "TN - District 09". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 17, 2021.

^ "TN - District 10". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 17, 2021.

^ "Wisconsin U.S. House Election Results" (PDF). Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 5, 2012. Retrieved August 27, 2014.

^ "Our Campaigns - MN Territorial Delegate Race - Aug 05, 1855". www.ourcampaigns.com.

^ ^a ^b "Collections of the NSHS - Volume 18". www.usgennet.org.

^ "Our Campaigns - NE Territorial Delegate - Initial Election Race - Nov 07, 1854". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved September 16, 2020.

^ "Our Campaigns - NE Territorial Delegate Race - Nov 07, 1854". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved September 16, 2020.

^ Greeley, Horace (1868). "The Tribune Almanac for the Years L838 to L868, Inclusive: Comprehending the Politician's Register and the Whig Almanac, Containing Annual Election Returns by States and Counties ... Political Essays ... &c., Making a Connected Political History for Thirty Years". New York tribune. Retrieved September 16, 2020.

Bibliography

Dubin, Michael J. (March 1, 1998). United States Congressional Elections, 1788-1997: The Official Results of the Elections of the 1st Through 105th Congresses. McFarland and Company.
ISBN 978-0786402830
.

Martis, Kenneth C. (January 1, 1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, 1789-1989. Macmillan Publishing Company.
ISBN 978-0029201701
.

Moore, John L., ed. (1994). Congressional Quarterly's Guide to U.S. Elections (Third ed.). Congressional Quarterly Inc.
ISBN 978-0871879967
.

"Party Divisions of the House of Representatives* 1789–Present". Office of the Historian, House of United States House of Representatives. Retrieved January 21, 2015.

External links

Office of the Historian (Office of Art & Archives, Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives)

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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1854–55_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections&oldid=1209783015"

[Democratic_Seats-2] Includes two Anti-Broderick Democrats (California), one Anti-Benton Democrat (Missouri), one Hard-Shell Democrat (New York), and four Soft-Shell Democrats (New York)

[Democratic_vote-5] Includes votes for those who ran labeled as an Anti-Broderick Democrat, Anti-Benton Democrat, Hard Shell Democrat or Soft-Shell Democrat.

[Opposition-6] Counted as part of the plurality-winning "Opposition Party."

[Am-7] While Martis, et al. count 51 Know Nothings, Dubin (p. 174) counts 52.

[Anthony_Roberts-9] Anthony Ellmaker Roberts of Pennsylvania
.

[Independent_vote-10] Includes votes for those who ran labeled as an Independent, Benton Democrat, Independent Democrat, or Independent American.

[12] Compared to Whigs, Free Soilers, and Independents elected in the previous election of 1852.

[13] In 1845, Congress passed a law providing for a uniform date for choosing presidential electors (see: Statutes at Large, 28th Congress, 2nd Session, p. 721). Congressional elections were unaffected by this law, but the date was gradually adopted by the states for congressional elections as well.

[14] At-large district abolished in redistricting.

[15] Compared to just Whig Party members elected in the previous election of 1852. If Whig Party and Free Soil Party members are counted together, the increase was only 25.

[UnclearKY2-19] Listed as unsuccessful for re-election in Congressional bio, but no votes listed in source.
United States Congress. "1854–55 United States House of Representatives elections (id: G000453)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.

[12] United States Congress. "1854–55 United States House of Representatives elections (id: G000453)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.

[39] Bennett led 578–560 in returns that included the results of Ottoe (175–95 Bennett), Richardson (76–36 Bennett), Dacotah (25–0 Chapman), and Burt (14–10 Chapman) counties. Gov. Izard excluded those results due to irregularities.

[ref-1] Party Breakdown of the 34th House

[FOOTNOTEMartis108–109-3] Martis, p. 108–109.

[ref2-4] "Party Divisions of the House of Representatives* 1789–Present". Office of the Historian, House of United States House of Representatives. Retrieved January 21, 2015.

[8] Dubin, p. 174.

[11] Nevins, Allan (1947). Ordeal of the Union, Volume II: A House Dividing 1852-1857. New York. pp. 413–415.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[guse-16] OCLC 430736650
.

[17] "Our Campaigns - CA - at Large Race - Sep 06, 1854".

[Tribune1856-18] The Tribune Almanac and Political Register For 1856. New York: Greeley & McElrath. 1856.

[20] "MS - District 01 Race - Nov 05, 1855". Our Campaigns. October 27, 2008. Retrieved February 27, 2022.

[21] "MS - District 02 Race - Nov 05, 1855". Our Campaigns. October 28, 2008. Retrieved February 27, 2022.

[22] "MS - District 03 Race - Nov 05, 1855". Our Campaigns. October 29, 2008. Retrieved February 27, 2022.

[23] "MS - District 04 Race - Nov 05, 1855". Our Campaigns. October 29, 2008. Retrieved February 27, 2022.

[24] "MS - District 05 Race - Nov 05, 1855". Our Campaigns. October 29, 2008. Retrieved February 27, 2022.

[25] "TN - District 01". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 17, 2021.

[26] "TN - District 02". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 17, 2021.

[27] "TN - District 03". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 17, 2021.

[28] "TN - District 04". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 17, 2021.

[29] "TN - District 05". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 17, 2021.

[30] "TN - District 06". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 17, 2021.

[31] "TN - District 07". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 17, 2021.

[32] "TN - District 08". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 17, 2021.

[33] "TN - District 09". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 17, 2021.

[34] "TN - District 10". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 17, 2021.

[35] "Wisconsin U.S. House Election Results" (PDF). Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 5, 2012. Retrieved August 27, 2014.

[36] "Our Campaigns - MN Territorial Delegate Race - Aug 05, 1855". www.ourcampaigns.com.

[CONTESTED_ELECTIONS_IN_NEBRASKA-37] "Collections of the NSHS - Volume 18". www.usgennet.org.

[38] "Our Campaigns - NE Territorial Delegate - Initial Election Race - Nov 07, 1854". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved September 16, 2020.

[40] "Our Campaigns - NE Territorial Delegate Race - Nov 07, 1854". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved September 16, 2020.

[41] Greeley, Horace (1868). "The Tribune Almanac for the Years L838 to L868, Inclusive: Comprehending the Politician's Register and the Whig Almanac, Containing Annual Election Returns by States and Counties ... Political Essays ... &c., Making a Connected Political History for Thirty Years". New York tribune. Retrieved September 16, 2020.

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