ADP ribosylation factor
| OPM superfamily | 124 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OPM protein | 1ksg | ||||||||
| CDD | cd00878 | ||||||||
| Membranome | 1103 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
ADP ribosylation factors (ARFs) are members of the ARF family of
The small ADP ribosylation factor (Arf) GTP-binding proteins are major regulators of vesicle biogenesis in intracellular traffic.[1] They are the founding members of a growing family that includes Arl (Arf-like), Arp (Arf-related proteins) and the remotely related Sar (Secretion-associated and Ras-related) proteins. Arf proteins cycle between inactive GDP-bound and active GTP-bound forms that bind selectively to effectors. The classical structural GDP/GTP switch is characterised by conformational changes at the so-called switch 1 and switch 2 regions, which bind tightly to the gamma-phosphate of GTP but poorly or not at all to the GDP nucleotide. Structural studies of Arf1 and Arf6 have revealed that although these proteins feature the switch 1 and 2 conformational changes, they depart from other small GTP-binding proteins in that they use an additional, unique switch to propagate structural information from one side of the protein to the other.
The GDP/GTP structural cycles of human Arf1 and Arf6 feature a unique conformational change that affects the beta2beta3 strands connecting switch 1 and switch 2 (interswitch) and also the amphipathic helical N-terminus. In GDP-bound Arf1 and Arf6, the interswitch is retracted and forms a pocket to which the N-terminal helix binds, the latter serving as a molecular hasp to maintain the inactive conformation. In the GTP-bound form of these proteins, the interswitch undergoes a two-residue register shift that pulls switch 1 and switch 2 up, restoring an active conformation that can bind GTP. In this conformation, the interswitch projects out of the protein and extrudes the N-terminal hasp by occluding its binding pocket.
Regulatory proteins
ARFs regularly associate with two types of protein, those involved in catalyzing GTP/GDP exchange, and those that serve other functions. ARFs act as a regulatory subunit that control coat assembly in coat protein I (
GTP/GDP exchange proteins
ARF binds to two forms of the guanosine nucleotide,
Other proteins
Other proteins interact with ARF, depending upon whether or not it is bound to GTP or GDP. The active form, ARF*GTP, binds to vesicle coat proteins and adaptors, including coat protein I (COPI) and various phospholipids. The inactive form is only known to bind to a class of transmembrane proteins. Different types of ARF bind specifically different kinds of effector proteins.
Phylogeny
There are currently 6 known mammalian ARF proteins, which are divided into three classes of ARFs:
Structure
ARFs are small proteins of approximately 20
Examples
Human genes encoding proteins containing this domain include:
- ARF1 ARF3 ARF4 ARF5 ARF6 ARFRP1
- ARL1 ARL2 ARL2L1 ARL3 ARL4A ARL4C ARL4D ARL5 ARL5A ARL5B
- ARL10 ARL11 ARL13A ARL13B ARL14 ARL15 ARL16 ARL17
- ARL6 ARL7 ARL8A ARL8B ARL9
- MGC57346
See also
References
- PMID 12429613.
Further reading
- Donaldson JG, Honda A (2005). "Localization and function of Arf family GTPases". Biochemical Society Transactions. 33 (4): 639–642. PMID 16042562.
- Nie Z, Hirsch DS, Randazzo PA (2003). "Arf and its many interactors". Current Opinion in Cell Biology. 15 (4): 396–404. PMID 12892779.
- Amor JC, Harrison DH, Kahn RA, Ringe D (1994). "Structure of the human ADP-ribosylation factor 1 complexed with GDP". Nature. 372 (6507): 704–708. S2CID 4362056.
- Moss J, Vaughan M; Vaughan (1995). "Structure and function of ARF proteins: Activators of cholera toxin and critical components of intracellular vesicular transport processes". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 270 (21): 12327–12330. PMID 7759471.
- Boman AL, Kahn RA; Kahn (1995). "Arf proteins: The membrane traffic police?". Trends in Biochemical Sciences. 20 (4): 147–150. PMID 7770914.
- Kahn RA, Kern FG, Clark J, Gelmann EP, Rulka C (1991). "Human ADP-ribosylation factors. A functionally conserved family of GTP-binding proteins". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 266 (4): 2606–2614. PMID 1899243.
External links
- Eukaryotic Linear Motif resource motif class TRG_Cilium_Arf4_1