Protein phosphatase 2
Chr. 5 q23-q31 | |||||||
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Chr. 8 p12 | |||||||
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Protein phosphatase 2 (PP2), also known as PP2A, is an
AKT
, where PP2A may act as a tumor suppressor.
Structure and function
PP2A consists of a dimeric core enzyme composed of the structural A and catalytic C subunits, and a regulatory B subunit. When the PP2A catalytic C subunit associates with the A and B subunits several species of holoenzymes are produced with distinct functions and characteristics. The A subunit, a founding member of the
HEAT repeat protein family (huntingtin, EF3, PP2A, TOR1), is the scaffold required for the formation of the heterotrimeric complex. When the A subunit binds it alters the enzymatic activity of the catalytic subunit, even if the B subunit is absent. While C and A subunit sequences show remarkable sequence conservation throughout eukaryotes, regulatory B subunits are more heterogeneous and are believed to play key roles in controlling the localization and specific activity of different holoenzymes. Multicellular eukaryotes
express four classes of variable regulatory subunits: B (PR55), B′ (B56 or PR61), B″ (PR72), and B‴ (PR93/PR110), with at least 16 members in these subfamilies. In addition, accessory proteins and post-translational modifications (such as methylation) control PP2A subunit associations and activities.
The two catalytic metal ions located in PP2A's active site are manganese.[1]
| Function | Protein | Description | Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| Structural subunit A | PPP2R1A | PP2A 65 kDa regulatory subunit A alpha isoform | subunit A, PR65-alpha isoform |
| PPP2R1B | PP2A 65 kDa regulatory subunit A beta isoform | subunit A, PR65-beta isoform | |
| Regulatory subunit B | PPP2R2A | PP2A 55 kDa regulatory subunit B alpha isoform | subunit A, B-alpha isoform |
| PPP2R2B | PP2A 55 kDa regulatory subunit B beta isoform | subunit B, B-beta isoform | |
| PPP2R2C | PP2A 55 kDa regulatory subunit B gamma isoform | subunit B, B-gamma isoform | |
| PPP2R2D | PP2A 55 kDa regulatory subunit B delta isoform | subunit B, B-delta isoform | |
| PPP2R3A | PP2A 72/130 kDa regulatory subunit B | subunit B, B''-PR72/PR130 | |
| PPP2R3B | PP2A 48 kDa regulatory subunit B | subunit B, PR48 isoform | |
| PPP2R3C | PP2A regulatory subunit B'' subunit gamma | subunit G5PR | |
| PPP2R4 | PP2A regulatory subunit B' | subunit B', PR53 isoform | |
| PPP2R5A | PP2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit alpha isoform | subunit B, B' alpha isoform | |
| PPP2R5B | PP2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit beta isoform | subunit B, B' beta isoform | |
| PPP2R5C | PP2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit gamma isoform | subunit B, B' gamma isoform | |
| PPP2R5D | PP2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit delta isoform | subunit B, B' delta isoform | |
| PPP2R5E | PP2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit epsilon isoform | subunit B, B' epsilon isoform | |
| Catalytic subunit C | PPP2CA | catalytic subunit alpha isoform | |
| PPP2CB | catalytic subunit beta isoform |
Drug discovery
PP2 has been identified as a potential biological target to discover drugs to treat Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease, however as of 2014 it was unclear which isoforms would be most beneficial to target, and also whether activation or inhibition would be most therapeutic.[6][7]
PP2 has also been identified as a tumor suppressor for blood cancers, and as of 2015 programs were underway to identify compounds that could either directly activate it, or that could inhibit other proteins that suppress its activity.[8]
References
Further reading
- Seshacharyulu P, Pandey P, Datta K, Batra SK (July 2013). "Phosphatase: PP2A structural importance, regulation and its aberrant expression in cancer". Cancer Letters. 335 (1): 9–18. PMID 23454242.
- Xu Y, Xing Y, Chen Y, Chao Y, Lin Z, Fan E, Yu JW, Strack S, Jeffrey PD, Shi Y (December 2006). "Structure of the protein phosphatase 2A holoenzyme". Cell. 127 (6): 1239–51. S2CID 18584536.
- Xing Y, Xu Y, Chen Y, Jeffrey PD, Chao Y, Lin Z, Li Z, Strack S, Stock JB, Shi Y (October 2006). "Structure of protein phosphatase 2A core enzyme bound to tumor-inducing toxins". Cell. 127 (2): 341–53. S2CID 17264021.
- Ory S, Zhou M, Conrads TP, Veenstra TD, Morrison DK (August 2003). "Protein phosphatase 2A positively regulates Ras signaling by dephosphorylating KSR1 and Raf-1 on critical 14-3-3 binding sites". Current Biology. 13 (16): 1356–64. S2CID 15865688.
External links
- PPP2CA+protein,+human at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- Rubratoxin
