History of science and technology in Japan
This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. (February 2024) |
This is the history of science and technology in modern Japan.
Science
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In the
Chemistry
Frontier Molecular Orbital Theory
In 1952,
Chirally catalyzed hydrogenation
Ryōji Noyori was awarded the 2001 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his "work on chirally catalyzed hydrogenation reactions"[9] in 1968.[10]
Proteins and enzymes
In the 1960s and 1970s, green fluorescent proteins (GFP), along with the separate luminescent protein aequorin (an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of luciferin, releasing light), was first purified from Aequorea victoria and its properties studied by Osamu Shimomura.[11] He was awarded the 2008 Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP".[12]
Conductive polymers
Hideki Shirakawa was awarded the 2000 Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for the discovery and development of conductive polymers".[15]
Mathematics
In the 1930s, while studying
Medicine
In a landmark series of experiments beginning in 1976,
Physics
Particle physics
Hideki Yukawa predicted the existence of mesons in 1934, for which he later received the 1949 Nobel Prize in Physics.[20] yes
The
Quantum physics
Shin'ichirō Tomonaga was awarded the 1965 Nobel Prize in Physics for his "fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles".[30]
Astrophysics
Masatoshi Koshiba was awarded the 2002 Nobel Prize in Physics "for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos"[31] in the 1980s. He conducted pioneering work on solar neutrino detection, and Koshiba's work also resulted in the first real-time observation of neutrinos from the SN 1987A supernova. These efforts marked the beginning of neutrino astronomy.[32]
Psychology
The Rashomon effect is where the same event is given contradictory interpretations by different individuals involved. The concept originates from Akira Kurosawa's 1950 film Rashomon, where a murder is described in four mutually contradictory ways by its four witnesses.[33]
Technology in the Empire of Japan (1868–1945)
For the first twenty years in the
Agriculture
Vertical rice polishing machine
The rice polishing machines used today are based on the vertical power-driven the milling machine, which was invented by Riichi Satake (the founder of Satake Corporation 株式会社サタケ) in 1930. The condition of the rice after milling, the extent of the milling, and damage to the rice grains during the process affects every link in the production chain. Rice could now be polished more efficiently. The abrasive action of the vertical polishing machine reduced the number of broken grains and made polishing more even, making it possible to produce highly polished rice. Unlike the previous horizontal polishing machines, which are used for table rice, the vertical design used gravity to drop the rice through the center chamber, which was outfitted with a center grindstone coated with carborundum. Horizontal polishing machines have the rice grains rub each other, but the vertical Satake type polished the grain with the abrasive center roller to achieve a 40 percent polishing ration, removing 50 percent of the rice grain, revolutionizing the rice milling system and became the standard, resulting in more uniform, finely polished grains that didn't chip or crack.[36][37]
Batteries
Dry cell
The world's first
Reactive lead oxides production method
In 1920
Telecommunications
Cathode ray tube (CRT)
In 1924,
TYK Wireless Telephone
In the era when there was only a Morse code wireless telegraph, the world's first practical "wireless telephone" to send voices wirelessly was invented in 1912, and successfully completed the first telephone call test in Japan. This device was called the "TYK-type wireless telephone" and was the first wireless telephone to be put into practical use in the world, and in 1913 it was installed in Toba and Kamishima, etc. (A remote island about 14 km from Toba) in Mie Prefecture. After a successful call experiment, a public communication service using wireless telephones started in 1916, with more than 15,000 practical calls. Later, the TYK wireless telephone won a foreign patent and contributed to the introduction of Japanese technology overseas.[47] The commendation system of the Imperial Invention Association took effect through various expositions, exhibitions, prize contests and patent conventions. The first recipients were Uichi Torigata, Eitaro Yokoyama, and Sejiro Kitamura for the TYK wireless telephone.[48] on 16 December 1914, the world's first public telephone service via a voice based wireless communications system got underway.[49]
Meteor burst communications
The first observation of interaction between meteors and radio propagation was reported by Hantaro Nagaoka in 1929.[50]
- Yagi antenna
The Yagi-Uda antenna was invented in 1926 by Shintaro Uda of Tohoku Imperial University, Sendai, Japan, with the collaboration of Hidetsugu Yagi, also of Tohoku Imperial University. Yagi published the first English-language reference on the antenna in a 1928 survey article on short wave research in Japan and it came to be associated with his name. However, Yagi always acknowledged Uda's principal contribution to the design, and the proper name for the antenna is, as above, the Yagi-Uda antenna (or array).[51]
NE-style phototelegraphy
Phototelegraphic equipment invented by Yasujiro Niwa that became the foundation of mechanical televisions and FAX machines in Japan. In November 1928, when Emperor Hirohito's Imperial Accession Ceremony was held, newspaper companies that had mulled over ways to deliver papers with photos (The first photo-telegraph to be sent using a leased line) of the ceremony throughout the nation as quickly as possible employed this phototelegraphic equipment with great success. In general use, the NEC-style photo-telegraph was used to send information such as pictures and handwriting.[52]
Non-loaded Cable
The vital technology in Japan's effort to build a strategic communications link between the home islands and Manchukuo. The importance of this technological invention was not limited to Manchuria, it was the technological equivalent in Japan's new empire-building endeavor to the gutta-percha submarine cable in the creation of the British empire. In the meantime, NLC would be heralded as a quintessential "Japanese-style technology" and a milestone in modern Japan's quest for technological autonomy. Even decades later, many in Japan were still convinced that "consistently in every step from invention to application, it was literally a domestically produced technology, worthy of international pride" and the development of NLC was "clearly the starting point of the leap forward of our telecommunications technology to the world’s top level". In 1936, the Japanese government adopted non-loaded cable for the new Japan–Manchukuo cable network as well as for the long-distance communications networks in Japan, thus establishing the supremacy of the new technology in Japan. In the same year, Shigeyoshi Matsumae (松前重義 1901–1991) was awarded the Asano Prize by Japan's Association of Electrical Engineering for his ground-breaking contribution to the development of telecommunications technology. Named after one of Japan's first electrical engineers, who oversaw the laying of the submarine cable to Taiwan, the prize of 1,000 yen further consolidated the reputation of NLC as well as that of its chief inventor. Later that year, Matsumae received his doctoral degree from Tōhoku Imperial University. the NLC technology was "the greatest invention in Japan’s telecommunications industry". Now recognized as Japan's unique contribution to the field of telephone transmission.[53]
Electronics
- Digital circuits
From 1934 to 1936,
Nakashima's work on switching circuit theory was further advanced by Claude Shannon in the United States during the late 1930s to 1940s,[17][55] and by Goto Mochinori in Japan during the 1940s.[56][57]
Screen grid valve
The first true screen-grid valve, with a screen grid designed for this purpose, was patented by Hiroshi Ando in 1919.[58]
Instruments
Electronic organ
Lighting
Double-coil bulb
In 1921, Junichi Miura created the first double-coil bulb using a coiled coil tungsten filament while working for Hakunetsusha (a predecessor of Toshiba). At the time, machinery to mass-produce coiled coil filaments did not exist, however Hakunetsusha developed a method to mass-produce coiled coil filaments by 1936.[61]
Metallurgy/Materials
KS steel
Magnetic resistant steel that is three times more resistant than tungsten steel, invented by Kotaro Honda.[62] Honda's discovery formed an important basis for Japan's world-leading position in this field. Always been interested in magnetism, and after returning from studying at Göttingen University in Germany, he became a professor of Tohoku University in 1911. It was at Tohoku University that he invented cobalt steel. Later, he recalled the way he created this world-class material:
"The structure of the alloy (cobalt steel) was basically created in my brain. It was not created merely by chance or by accident. Japanese researchers would do well to learn from my example."
The cobalt steel was named 'KS steel' in Japan, since these were the initials of Sumitomo Kichizaemon, the family head of the Sumitomo zaibatsu, who had donated generous funds for this research. In 1918, Sumitomo Steel Casting succeeded in producing KS steel commercially. This steel, although very expensive, was extremely advanced, and was widely exported to Europe and the United States. In the same year, the Institute of Iron and Steel Research (later known as the Institute of Metal Research), the first public research institute for metals, was founded at Tohoku University, and it became the centre for metal research in Japan.[63]
MKM steel
MKM steel, an alloy containing nickel and aluminum, was developed in 1931 by the Japanese metallurgist
BaTiO3
The
Hematite Reduction Process
The Anshan Iron Works of the South Manchurian Railway company, having an abundant supply of precisely this sort of low-ferrous, non-magnetic, and high-silica iron ore deposits, was looking for a technical breakthrough to exploit these deposits. Umene Tsunesaburo (later the Chief Engineer and Director), a young engineer of the Anshan Works, graduated from the Department of Metallurgy at Kyoto University in 1911 and went to the Yawata Works. In 1916, when the Anshan Works was established as a large integrated mill, Umene made his way into Manchuria. The operation of the first blast furnace (67 000 ton per year) began in 1919. When the post-First World War depression hit the works, however, South Manchuria Railroad Company (SMRC) decided to postpone the opening of Anshan's second blast furnace, and proposed construction of steel mills instead. In order to survive in the competitive and unstable iron market previously described, the Anshan Works hoped to reduce production costs by exploiting the abundant low ferrous iron ore deposits around the works. Umene was appointed as a researcher for this special project. In addition, in 1921 the works invited six American scholars and engineers, led by Dr W. R. Appleby, the Head of the Department of Metallurgy at Minnesota University, to research the feasibility of such a project in Manchuria. The team concluded that exploitation of the low quality deposits would not be commercial. Umene, however, did not give up on the calcinated magnetising method, which could achieve reduction and magnetising at the same time. He started his own research, using a theoretical scientific method. According to the chemical reaction formula, it was known that a non-magnetic iron ore chemically reacts and becomes magnetic if hermetically sealed and heated to over 1300 °C. This amount of energy consumption was not feasible, but Umene found that by putting a reducing agent in the ore, he could get the same chemical result at temperatures under 500 to 700 °C. He had only to decide the temperature and the amount of the reducing agent. Through careful experiments, he finally perfected the calcinating magnetisation method, and in June 1922, he took out a patent on the process. Because of this innovation, 90 per cent of even non-magnetic iron ore could be separated. Even more important, this innovation caused Japanese blast furnace engineers to recognise the importance of the preparation of iron ore. Kawasaki Steel's Chiba Works, established in 1950 as the first large integrated greenfield works after the Second World War, and a model of efficient works, was the most important example. Asawa Saburo, who had been instructed by Umene at the Anshan Works, became Factory Manager of Kawasaki's Chiba Works and refined the preparatory techniques. About this technological continuity and development, he wrote:
"We thoroughly developed the preparatory process of raw materials at the Chiba Works after the Second World War. In order to process the powder ore, we introduced the pelletizing method, which contributes to high performance ironmaking here. There can be no doubt that I owe the installment of this series of new equipment largely to Dr Umene .... Great technological achievement is never confined within itself, nor does it become just a thing of the past. I learned here that such great innovations (as Umene's) will be continuously succeeded by various applications."[67]
黒田式コークス炉
This furnace recovered by-products through a regenerative burning apparatus, invented by Kuroda Taizo ( 黒田泰造 1883–1961) in 1918, engineer at the Yahata Works, it was a revolutionary energy-saving oven based on an energy-recycling system. The oven also improved by-product processing and increased coke processing yields. By 1933, the energy efficiency of the eighth coke oven at the Yahata Works was almost equal to that of the most advanced coke oven in Germany. The improvement in the quality of coke was directly reflected in the energy efficiency of iron and steelmaking. In addition, energy recycling techniques such as reuse of the gas generated in the coke oven and blast furnaces were exploited by the system. These efforts helped reduce the energy consumption of the works. The coal consumption per ton of steel production sharply dropped to 1.58 kg in 1933 from 3.7 kg in 1924. Eventually, Kuroda's idea of energy saving and recycling became fundamental for Japanese steel engineers. In 1962, this technological heritage would produce one of the most important innovations, the Basic Oxygen Furnace Waste Gas Cooling and Clearing System, invented at Yawata Steel (a successor of the Yahata Works).[63][68]
Military
Aircraft Carrier
Landing craft carrier
Shinshū Maru was the world's first landing craft carrier ship to be designed as such, to carry and launch landing craft making it a pioneer of modern-day amphibious assault ships. These concepts pioneered by Shinshū Maru persist to the current day, in the U.S. Navy's landing helicopter assault and landing helicopter dock amphibious assault ships.[70][71]
Dock landing ship
The predecessor of all modern dock landing ships is Shinshū Maru of the Imperial Japanese Army, which could launch her infantry landing craft using an internal rail system and a stern ramp. She entered service in 1935 and saw combat in China and during the initial phase of Japanese offenses during 1942.[72]
Diesel-powered tank
Japan was in the forefront of tank technology in the early 1930s when the land warfare found itself with state funding, introducing a number of innovations such as diesel tank engines. The world's first diesel-powered tank, this distinction goes to
Naval telegraphy
The
Lieutenant
Torpedo boat destroyer
Compressed oxygen torpedo
The Japanese began experimenting with oxygen-driven torpedoes about 1924, but gave up after numerous explosions and failures. Then, in 1927, an eight-man Japanese naval delegation went to the Whitehead Torpedo Works at Weymouth to study and buy a regular version of the Whitehead torpedo. While there, they believed that they had stumbled onto evidence that the Royal Navy was secretly experimenting with oxygen torpedoes. Although they were mistaken, the Japanese delegation was so impressed with the information they had gathered that they sent an extensive report back to Tokyo in 1928. By the end of that year, intensive research and experimentation had begun at the Kure Naval Arsenal on a workable oxygen torpedo. Starting in 1 932, this effort was led by Captain Kishimoto Kaneharu. Step by step, Captain Kishimoto and his colleagues began to attack the problems inherent in the design of such a weapon. Explosions were minimized by using natural air at the start of the engine's ignition, and oxygen was let in gradually to replace it. The men also took certain precautions to avoid contact between the oxygen and lubricants used in the torpedo's machinery. Particular care was given to the fuel lines. They were cleaned with a potassium compound to eliminate oil and grease and were redesigned to round out all sharp angles, and their linings were finely ground to eliminate all tiny pits where any residual oxygen, oil, or grease could accumulate. The first test firings of the system, incorporating an engine of standard Whitehead design but using oxygen in place of air, were successfully carried out in 1933. That year, the navy formally designated the weapon as the type 93 torpedo, which has become known in the West as the "long-lance" torpedo, generally recognized as the best torpedo of World War II.[81]
Ijuin fuse
This remarkable Japanese invention by Ijuin Gorō caused the shells to explode on impact rather than, like the Russian armour, simply penetrating the steel plating of enemy vessels and exploding below deck. It was not just the terrible effect of the explosive charge that caused panic. When the shells hit they immediately threw out a wall of fire over everything in range. The Japanese shelling was terrifying and to the watching eyes of the Russians what was hurtling towards them seemed to be carton after carton of liquid fire.[82]
Shimose powder
A picric acid explosive that the Japanese had developed a new type of shell for. The shell was thin-skinned, allowing more space for the Shimose powder explosive 10 percent of the total weight of the shell instead of the normal 2-3 percent. These shells bore the name of furoshiki.[82] Shimose Powder, with its compound treated as top secret, was adopted by the Imperial Japanese Navy from 1893, not only for naval artillery but also for naval mines, depth charges and torpedo warheads. It played an important role in the Japanese victory in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904 to 1905.[83]
Forerunner of the modern flamethrower
Textile
Automatic power loom with a non-stop shuttle-change motion
Sakichi Toyoda invented numerous weaving devices. His most famous invention was the automatic power loom in which he implemented the principle of Jidoka (autonomation or autonomous automation). It was the 1924 Toyoda Automatic Loom, Type G, a completely automatic high-speed loom featuring the ability to change shuttles without stopping and dozens of other innovations. At the time it was the world's most advanced loom, delivering a dramatic improvement in quality and a twenty-fold increase in productivity.This loom automatically stopped when it detected a problem such as thread breakage. This loom delivered the world's top performance in terms of productivity and textile quality. An engineer from Platt Brothers & Co., Ltd. of England, one of the world's leading manufacturers of textile machinery at the time, admiringly referred to this loom as "the magic loom".[85]
Garabo spinning
Vinylon
The second man-made fiber to be invented, after nylon. It was first developed by Ichiro Sakurada, H. Kawakami, and Korean scientist Ri Sung-gi at the Takatsuki chemical research center in 1939 in Japan.[88][89]
Technology in postwar Japan (1945–Present)
Since the mid-20th century, Japan has played an important role in diverse fields of Research and Development.[90] In terms of the number of Triadic patents granted annually in the 21st century, Japan has the highest number in the world, ahead of the United States. Although several different patent families exist, the triadic patent family is widely recognized as the gold standard and highest quality level. Triadic patents are filed jointly in the largest global technology markets: the Japan Patent Office (JPO), the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO), and the European Patent Office (EPO).[91]
Audio
- Digital audio
Commercial digital recording was pioneered by NHK and Nippon Columbia, also known as Denon, in the 1960s. The first commercial digital recordings were released in 1971.[92]
In 1967, the first PCM (pulse-code modulation) recorder was developed by NHK's research facilities in Japan. In 1969, NHK expanded PCM's capabilities to 2-channel stereo and 32 kHz 13-bit resolution. In January 1971, using NHK'S PCM recording system, engineers at Denon recorded the first commercial digital recordings, including Uzu: The World of Stomu Yamash'ta 2 by Stomu Yamashta.[92]
Compact Disc Digital Audio (CD-DA), also called Red Book, was an audio format developed by Sony and Philips in 1980,[93] and commercially introduced with their compact disc (CD) format in 1982.
- Speech synthesis
In 1968, the first text-to-speech synthesis system was developed by Noriko Umeda's team at Japan's Electrotechnical Laboratory.[94]
- Direct-drive turntables
The
DJ
- Walkman
The Walkman prototype was built in 1978 by audio-division engineer Nobutoshi Kihara for Sony co-founder Masaru Ibuka. Ibuka wanted to be able to listen to operas during his frequent trans-Pacific plane trips, and presented the idea to Kihara.[102] The Walkman was commercially released in 1979.
Transportation
Bullet train
The world's first high volume capable (initially 12 car maximum) "
Kei car
Batteries
Lithium-ion battery
Akira Yoshino invented the modern li-ion battery in 1985. In 1991, Sony and Asahi Kasei released the first commercial lithium-ion battery using Yoshino's design.[106]
Calculators
- Electric calculators
The world's first all-electric compact
- Large-scale integration (LSI)
The
- Portable calculators
The first portable calculators appeared in Japan in 1970, and were soon marketed around the world. These included the
The concept of a
- LCD calculators
In 1971, Tadashi Sasaki began research on the use of
Cameras
- Analog cameras
The
In 1967,
- Digital SLR (DSLR)
At
The first full-frame DSLR cameras were developed in Japan from around 2000 to 2002: the MZ-D by Pentax,[124] the N Digital by Contax's Japanese R6D team,[125] and the EOS-1Ds by Canon.[126]
- Camcorders
In 1982, JVC and Sony announced the first camcorders, as CAMera/reCORDER combinations.[127] That year, Sony released the first camcorder, the Betacam system, for professional use.[128] In 1983, Sony released the first consumer camcorder, the Betamovie BMC-100P,[128] and JVC released the first VHS-C camcorder.[129]
- Camera phone
In 2000,
Civil construction
Roller-compacted concrete dam
Japan is the country where the world's first roller-compacted concrete dam was constructed in 1980. Japanese engineers developed an approach defined as the "Roller-Compacted Dam method (RCD)” designed to achieve the same quality and appearance of conventional mass concrete, which resulted in the placement of RCC for the main body of Shimajigawa Dam in Japan, from 1978 to 1980. Since then, about 40 roller-compacted concrete dams have been constructed in Japan. Japanese roller-compacted concrete dams are called RCD dams and are distinguished from the other roller-compacted concrete dams (RCC) because there are some differences in their design and construction philosophies. The Japanese design is widely influential.[131]
NSP kiln
The successful technological development of the new suspension preheater ( NSP ) kiln prompted Japanese cement companies to build up their technological development know-how. Companies successively began to develop new cement-manufacturing-related machinery. Japan came to lead the world in cement manufacturing technology. NSP technology has also been actively licensed overseas. The NSP kiln is a Japanese technology still used throughout the world today. It was developed by several Japanese cement companies, either independently or in collaboration with plant manufacturers. Several different successful systems were developed, but all of them included a separate furnace (calciner) with the preheater, thereby improving the decarbonization rate of the raw material and increasing the output of the rotary kiln.[132]
Communications
- Optical communication
While working at
Hardware elements providing the basis of internet technology, the three essential elements of
- Mobile communication
The first emoji was created in 1998 or 1999 in Japan by Shigetaka Kurita.[139]
Computing
- Digital circuits
The parametron was a logic circuit element invented by Eiichi Goto in 1954.[140] It was a digital computer element.[17] Parametrons were used in Japanese computers from 1954 to the early 1960s, such as the University of Tokyo's PC-1 built in 1958, due to being reliable and inexpensive, but were ultimately surpassed by transistors due to differences in speed.[141]
- Digital computers
The ETL Mark I, Japan's first
- Transistor computers
The ETL Mark III began development in 1954,[143] and was completed in 1956, created by Japan's Electrotechnical Laboratory.[144] It was the first stored-program transistor computer.[144][145][57] It used ultrasonic delay-line memory.[144]
The ETL Mark III's successor, the ETL Mark IV, began development in 1956 and was completed in 1957. It was a stored-program transistor computer with high-speed magnetic drum memory.[146][57] A modified version of the ETL Mark IV, the ETL Mark IV A, was introduced in 1958, as a fully transistorised computer with magnetic-core memory and an index register.[57][147]
The
The use of
- Office computers
Compact office computers originated from Japan in the early 1960s. While American offices at the time ran large minicomputers loaded with business applications, Japanese manufacturers invented highly compact office computers, with hardware, operating systems, peripheral devices and application development languages specifically developed for business applications, playing a big role in Japan's booming economy. The first office computers released in 1961: Casio's TUC Compuwriter, NEC's NEAC-1201 parametron computer, and Unoke Denshi Kogyo's USAC-3010.[150] In 1967, NEC introduced the NEAC-1240, the world's first small IC (integrated circuit) computer.[151]
- Computer music
In Japan, experiments in
- Computer graphics
Particularly well known iconic digital computer graphics images include Running Cola is Africa,[153] by Masao Komura and Koji Fujino, created at the Computer Technique Group, Japan, in 1967.[154]
- 4-bit microprocessors
The concept of a single-chip
The first commercial microprocessor, the 4-bit
In 1969, Busicom asked Intel, a company founded one year earlier in 1968 for the purpose of making solid state
After Shima went back to Japan in late 1969 and then returned to Intel in early 1970, he found that no further work had been done on the 4004 since he left, and that Hoff was no longer working on the project. The project leader had become
- 8-bit to 32-bit microprocessors
Masatoshi Shima joined Intel in 1972.[162] The Intel 8080, released in 1974, was the first general-purpose microprocessor.[163] The 8-bit Intel 8080 was designed by Federico Faggin and Masatoshi Shima.[164] Shima was employed to implement the transistor-level logic of the 8080.[117] In 1975, Shima joined Zilog, where he designed the Zilog Z80 released in 1976 and the Zilog Z8000 released in 1979. After returning to Japan, Shima founded the Intel Japan Design Center in 1980 and VM Technology Corporation in 1986. At VM, he developed the 16-bit microprocessor VM860 and 32-bit microprocessor VM 8600 for the Japanese word processor market. He became a professor at the University of Aizu in 2000.[162]
In 1975, Panafacom (a conglomeration of Fujitsu, Fuji Electric and Matsushita) developed the first commercial 16-bit single-chip microprocessor,[165] the MN1610.[166][167] According to Fujitsu, it was "the world's first 16-bit microcomputer on a single chip".[165]
In the early 1990s, engineers at
- Peripheral chips
While working for
- Microcomputers
The first microcomputer was Sord Computer Corporation's SMP80/08.[170] It was developed in 1972, using the 8-bit Intel 8008 microprocessor, which it was developed in tandem with.[163]
The first personal computers based on the Intel 8080 were the Sord SMP80/x series,[163] released in 1974.[163][170] They were the first microcomputers with an operating system.[171] The SMP80/x series marked a major leap toward the popularization of microcomputers.[163] In 1977, Panafacom released an early 16-bit microcomputer, the Lkit-16, based on the 16-bit Panafacom MN1610 microprocessor they developed in 1975.[166]
- Home computers
Yash Terakura's team at
- 3D computer graphics
An early example of
The first implementation of Real-time 3D ray tracing was the LINKS-1 Computer Graphics System, built in 1982 at Osaka University's School of Engineering, by professors Ohmura Kouichi, Shirakawa Isao and Kawata Toru with 50 students. It was a massively parallel processing computer system with 514 microprocessors, used for rendering realistic 3D graphics with high-speed ray tracing. According to the Information Processing Society of Japan: "By developing a new software methodology specifically for high-speed image rendering, LINKS-1 was able to rapidly render highly realistic images." It was "used to create the world's first 3D planetarium-like video of the entire heavens that was made completely with computer graphics. The video was presented at the Fujitsu pavilion at the 1985 International Exposition in Tsukuba."[179]
- Music Macro Language (MML)
In 1978, Japanese personal computers such as the Sharp MZ and Hitachi Basic Master were capable of digital synthesis, which were sequenced using Music Macro Language (MML).[180] This was used to produce chiptune video game music.[152]
- Graphics processing unit (GPU)
The
The 7220 and its clones led the early GPU market for several years,[184] and was still the best known GPU in 1986.[186] It was eventually surpassed by the more powerful Hitachi HD63484 ACRTC, released in 1984.[188][189]
- Laptops
Yukio Yokozawa, an employee for
- FM synthesis and MIDI
The
It was not until the advent of
- MSX and Yamaha modules
In 1983, the
The Yamaha CX5M is an MSX-based personal computer, specializing in music and sound production. It was originally released as the CX5 in 1983,[200][205] before being upgraded to the CX5M in 1984. The CX5 was a YIS-303 MSX computer with a built-in SKW-01 sound module,[205] while the CX5M was a YIS-503 Diabolik MSX computer with a built-in SFG-01 FM Sound Synthesizer Unit sound module.[206][201][207] The CX5M was marketed as an electronic musical instrument,[206] and was one of the most anticipated electronic music products of 1984.[201]
It expands upon the normal features expected from these systems with a built-in eight-voice
The SFG-01 FM Sound Synthesizer Unit, released in 1983,
Later, Yamaha released the
- Sound cards and sound modules
In 1983, Roland Corporation's CMU-800 sound module introduced music synthesis and sequencing to the PC, Apple II,[212] and Commodore 64.[213]
The spread of MIDI on computers was facilitated by
- USB
A group of several companies began the development of USB in 1994, including Japanese company NEC.[219]
Displays
Aperture grille
Shadow mask
The other major CRT display technology.
Handheld television
In 1970, Panasonic released the first handheld television, small enough to fit in a large pocket, the Panasonic IC TV MODEL TR-001. It featured a 1.5-inch display, along with a 1.5-inch speaker.[221]
- Liquid crystal display (LCD)
The first
- High definition television (HDTV)
As Japanese consumer electronics firms forged ahead with the development of
- Widescreen
Widescreen televisions date back to the 1970s, when Japan's NHK introduced the MUSE high-definition television system, which was soon backed by Sony and other Japanese television manufacturers.[233]
- LCD watches
Tetsuro Hama and Izuhiko Nishimura of
- Large LCD displays
- Plasma
The world's first color plasma display was produced by Fujitsu and released in 1989.[237]
- LCD projectors
Epson developed the 3LCD color projection technology in the 1980s, and licensed it for use in LCD projectors in 1988.[238] The first color LCD video projectors were Epson's compact 3LCD-based VPJ-700, released in January 1989,[193] and an LCD color video projector released by Sharp Corporation in 1989.[239] Epson's 3LCD technology went on to be adopted by about 40 different projector brands worldwide.[238]
- LED-backlit LCD
The world's first LED-backlit LCD television was Sony's Qualia 005, released in 2004.[240]
Electronics
Jun-ichi Nishizawa invented ion implantation in 1950.[136]
Neodymium magnets were invented independently in 1982 by General Motors (GM) and Sumitomo Special Metals.[241] It is the most widely used type of rare-earth magnet.[242]
- Transistors and thyristors
In 1950, the static induction transistor was invented by Jun-ichi Nishizawa and Y. Watanabe.[243] It was the first type of JFET (junction gate field-effect transistor), with a short channel length.[244] In 1971, Jun-ichi Nishizawa invented the static induction thyristor.[245][246]
- Diodes
The PIN diode/photodiode was invented by Jun-ichi Nishizawa and his colleagues in 1950.[247] This was the basis for the laser diode. In 1952, Nishizawa invented the avalanche photodiode.[245] Nishizawa also introduced tunnel injection in 1958, and invented the varicap (variable capacitance diode) in 1959.[136]
- Lasers
In 1955,
The
In 1992, Japanese inventor
- Digital fax
The first digital fax machine was the Dacom Rapidfax, first sold in the late 1960s.[251][252]
- Automated teller machine (ATM)
The idea of an automated teller machine (ATM), for out-of-hours cash distribution, developed from bankers' needs in Japan.[253][254][255] The Japanese device was called "Computer Loan Machine" and supplied cash as a three-month loan at 5% p.a. after inserting a credit card. The device was operational in 1966.[256][257] The first microprocessor-based ATM machines were released by Busicom in the early 1970s, using the Intel 4004 (co-designed by Busicom's Masatoshi Shima).[117]
Games
The first handheld electronic game was Electro Tic-Tac-Toe, released by Japanese manufacturer Waco in 1972.[258][259][260][261][262][263]
The first color video game was the 1973
The first
Hardware sprite graphics was introduced by Namco's
Instruments
Japanese
- Electronic organ
- Electronic drum
At the 1964 NAMM Convention, Japanese company Ace Tone revealed the R-1 Rhythm Ace, the first fully transistorized electronic drum instrument. Created by Ikutaro Kakehashi, who later founded Roland Corporation, the R-1 was a hand-operated percussion device that played electronic drum sounds manually as the user pushed buttons, in a similar fashion to modern electronic drum pads.[280][281][282]
Since the 1970s, a number of Japanese companies began selling popular electronic drum kits, notably
- Rhythm machines (drum machines)
In 1963, Keio-Giken (
At around the same time,
As the result of their robustness and compact size, rhythm machines were gradually installed on
- Effects pedals
The
In 1976,
- Analog synthesizers
- Digital synthesizers
In 1973,[302] Yamaha licensed the algorithms for frequency modulation synthesis (FM synthesis) from John Chowning, who had experimented with it at Stanford University since 1971.[303] Yamaha's engineers began adapting Chowning's algorithm for use in a commercial digital synthesizer, adding improvements such as the "key scaling" method to avoid the introduction of distortion that normally occurred in analog systems during frequency modulation.[304] In the 1970s, Yamaha were granted a number of patents, under the company's former name "Nippon Gakki Seizo Kabushiki Kaisha", evolving Chowning's early work on FM synthesis technology.[305] Yamaha built the first prototype digital synthesizer in 1974.[302]
Released in 1979,[306] the Casio VL-1 was the first commercial digital synthesizer.[307] selling for $69.95.[306] The first commercial FM digital synthesizer was the Yamaha GS-1 in 1980.[308]
The mainstream breakthrough for digital synthesis came with the 1983 release of the FM-based Yamaha DX7,[309] one of the best-selling synthesizers of all time.[310][303]
- Sequencer
In the early 1970s, Ralph Dyck, a Canadian composer and technologist, developed a prototype digital
In 1977,
The
The MC-8 was the first in the Microcomposer family of sequencers, including the Roland MC-4 Microcomposer and Roland MC-202. The Roland MC-8 had a significant impact on electronic music, with the MC-8 and its descendants having more of an impact on electronic music production in the 1970s and 1980s than any other family of sequencers.[313] CV/Gate sequencers such as the MC-8 and MC-4 were eventually succeeded by MIDI sequencers in the 1980s.[199] The Microcomposer series continued with grooveboxes, including the Roland MC-202 (1983), MC-303 (1996), MC-505 (1998), MC-09 (1999), MC-307 (1999), MC-909 (2002) and MC-808 (2006).
- Programmable drum machines (step sequencers)
Prior to Ikutaro Kakehashi's founding of Roland Corporation in 1972, Kakehashi had discussed the idea of a programmable drum machine while at Ace Tone, some time between 1967 and 1972.[328] In 1975,[329] Ace Tone released the Rhythm Producer FR-15 that enables the modification of the pre-programmed rhythm patterns.[330]
1978 saw the release of the Roland CR-78, the first microprocessor programmable rhythm machine,[280][331] with four memory banks to store user patterns,[282] and controls for accents and muting.[331] Its combination of programmability and familiar preset rhythms made it popular from the late 1970s to the early 1980s, widely adopted by artists such as Blondie, Phil Collins, Ultravox,[282] Underworld, Fatboy Slim, BT, Gary Numan, 808 State, Peter Gabriel, Hall & Oates, Jimmy Edgar, Genesis, Überzone, Bryan Ferry, Men Without Hats, John Foxx and OMD.[332]
The
- Bass synthesizer-sequencers
The first
- Digital Control Bus (DCB) and DIN sync
In 1980,
DCB was introduced in 1980 with the
DIN sync was introduced by
- MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface)
In 1981, Roland founder
- PCM sampler
The first
- MIDI instruments
The first
While the
USB drum MIDI controllers are often designed to resemble popular classic drum machines such as the Roland TR-808 and Akai MPC.[361]
- Groovebox
The Roland MC-202, released in 1983, was the first groovebox. The term "groovebox" was later coined by Roland Corporation in reference to its successor, the Roland MC-303, released in 1996.[362]
- Wind synths
From the mid-1980s, Akai developed a range of wind synths. Their EWI-1000 wind controller and EVI-1000 valve controller, like the Lyricon, were paired with a dedicated analog, voltage-controlled voice module, the EWV-2000. The EWV-2000 had no MIDI IN, though it did have MIDI OUT. The EWI-1000/EWV-2000 pair were actually a hybrid digital/analog system. Analog signals were derived from the various sensors (e.g., key, bite, bend, etc.) on the EWI-1000 controller unit, then converted to digital signals by a front-end microprocessor in the EWV-2000. These digital signals were then altered by the microprocessor and D/A converted to internal analog control voltages appropriate for the analog synthesizer IC's within the EWV-2000. The D/A used within the EWV-2000 used a very high resolution and conversion rate, such that the responsiveness to the player felt immediate, i.e. "analog." The subsequent EWI-3000 and EWI-3020 systems also used this A/D/A scheme within their dedicated tone modules, though these later models of the EWI would support MIDI IN and OUT.
- Linear Arithmetic synthesis
The Roland D-50 is a
Memory
- Magnetic disks
What may have been the idea of the first
- Random-access memory (RAM)
The
By 1986,
- Optical discs
The compact disc (CD) format was developed by
In 1984, Sony introduced a
- Flash memory
Metallurgy
Mitsubishi process
Developed by the Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and superior to the conventional process, it is a continuous copper smelting and converting process comprising three steps—smelting of raw materials by injection, separation of slag and matte, and direct converting of high-grade matte. Since commercial operation began in 1974, the hearth productivity has been doubled, and several other improvements have been made, including higher-grade matte smelting and the treatment of various secondary materials.[381]
Printing
Electronic printer
The first electronic printer was the EP-101, invented by Japanese company Epson and released in 1968.[382][383]
Inkjet printer
The world's first
Thermal transfer printing
Invented by SATO corporation,[384] a Japanese company.[385] They produced the world's first thermal transfer label printer, SATO M-2311, in 1981.[384]
3D printing
In 1981, Hideo Kodama of
Hydrographics
Hydrographics, also known variously as immersion printing, water transfer printing, water transfer imaging, hydro dipping, or cubic printing has an somewhat fuzzy history. Three different Japanese companies are given credit for its invention. Taica Corporation claims to have invented cubic printing in 1974. However, the earliest hydrographic patent was filed by Motoyasu Nakanishi of Kabushiki Kaisha Cubic Engineering in 1982.[388]
Textiles
Timekeeping
Automatic quartz
The first watch to combine self-winding with a crystal oscillator for timekeeping was unveiled by Seiko in 1986.[389]
Quartz wristmatch
The world's first quartz wristwatch was revealed in 1967: the prototype of the Astron revealed by Seiko in Japan, where it was in development since 1958. It was eventually released to the public in 1969.[390]
Spring Drive
A
Video
- Video tape
Dr. Norikazu Sawazaki invented a prototype video tape recorder in 1953, based on helical scan technology.[392]
- Video disc
In Japan, the
In 1975,
In the late 1970s to the early 1980s, several types of
Other
- Artificial snowflake
The first artificial snowflake was created by Japanese physicist Ukichiro Nakaya in 1936, three years after his first attempt.[396]
- Rollerball pen
The first rollerball pen was invented in 1963 by the Japanese company Ohto.[397]
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