Germane

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For a definition of the term "germane", see the Wiktionary entry germane.
Not to be confused with German.
Germane
Structural formula of germane
Ball-and-stick model of the germane molecule
Ball-and-stick model of the germane molecule
Space-filling model of the germane molecule
Space-filling model of the germane molecule
  Germanium, Ge
  Hydrogen, H
Names
IUPAC name
Germane
Other names
Germanium tetrahydride
Germanomethane
Monogermane
Identifiers
3D model (
JSmol
)
ChEBI
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard
 100.029.055 Edit this at Wikidata
EC Number
  • 231-961-6
587
KEGG
RTECS number
  • LY4900000
UNII
UN number 2192
  • InChI=1S/GeH4/h1H4 checkY
    Key: QUZPNFFHZPRKJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
  • InChI=1/GeH4/h1H4
    Key: QUZPNFFHZPRKJD-UHFFFAOYAE
  • [H][Ge]([H])([H])[H]
Properties
GeH4
Molar mass 76.62 g/mol
Appearance Colorless gas
Odor Pungent[1]
Density 3.3 kg/m3
Melting point −165 °C (−265 °F; 108 K)
Boiling point −88 °C (−126 °F; 185 K)
Low
Vapor pressure >1 atm[1]
Viscosity 17.21 μPa·s
(theoretical estimate)[2]
Structure
Tetrahedral
0 D
Hazards
Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH):
Main hazards
 Toxic, flammable, may ignite spontaneously in air
GHS labelling:
GHS02: FlammableGHS04: Compressed GasGHS06: ToxicGHS07: Exclamation mark
Danger
H220, H280, H302, H330
P210, P260, P264, P270, P271, P284, P301+P312, P304+P340, P310, P320, P330, P377, P381, P403, P403+P233, P405, P410+P403, P501
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
NFPA 704 four-colored diamondHealth 4: Very short exposure could cause death or major residual injury. E.g. VX gasFlammability 4: Will rapidly or completely vaporize at normal atmospheric pressure and temperature, or is readily dispersed in air and will burn readily. Flash point below 23 °C (73 °F). E.g. propaneInstability 3: Capable of detonation or explosive decomposition but requires a strong initiating source, must be heated under confinement before initiation, reacts explosively with water, or will detonate if severely shocked. E.g. hydrogen peroxideSpecial hazards (white): no code
4
4
3
NIOSH (US health exposure limits):
PEL (Permissible)
 None[1]
REL (Recommended)
 TWA 0.2 ppm (0.6 mg/m3)[1]
IDLH
(Immediate danger)
 N.D.[1]
Safety data sheet (SDS) ICSC 1244
Related compounds
Related compounds
 Methane
Silane
Stannane
Plumbane
Germyl
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
checkY verify (what is checkY☒N ?)

Germane is the

water. Germane is a group 14 hydride
.

Occurrence

Germane has been detected in the atmosphere of Jupiter.[3]

Synthesis

Germane is typically prepared by reduction of germanium oxides, notably

potassium borohydride.[6]

NaHGeO3 + KBH4 + H2O → KGeH3 + KB(OH)4
KGeH3 + HO2CCH3 → GeH4 + KO2CCH3

Other methods for the synthesis of germane include

electrochemical reduction and a plasma-based method.[7] The electrochemical reduction method involves applying voltage to a germanium metal cathode immersed in an aqueous electrolyte solution and an anode counter-electrode composed of a metal such as molybdenum or cadmium. In this method, germane and hydrogen gases evolve from the cathode while the anode reacts to form solid molybdenum oxide or cadmium oxides. The plasma synthesis method involves bombarding germanium metal with hydrogen atoms (H) that are generated using a high frequency plasma source to produce germane and digermane
.

Reactions

Germane is weakly acidic. In liquid ammonia GeH4 is ionised forming NH4+ and GeH3−.[8] With alkali metals in liquid ammonia GeH4 reacts to give white crystalline MGeH3 compounds. The potassium (potassium germyl or potassium trihydrogen germanide KGeH3) and rubidium compounds (rubidium germyl or rubidium trihydrogen germanide RbGeH3) have the sodium chloride structure implying a free rotation of the trihydrogen germanide anion GeH3−, the caesium compound, caesium germyl or caesium trihydrogen germanide CsGeH3 in contrast has the distorted sodium chloride structure of TlI.[8]

Use in semiconductor industry

The gas decomposes near 600K (327°C; 620°F) to germanium and hydrogen. Because of its thermal

MOVPE or chemical beam epitaxy.[9] Organogermanium precursors (e.g. isobutylgermane, alkylgermanium trichlorides, and dimethylaminogermanium trichloride) have been examined as less hazardous liquid alternatives to germane for deposition of Ge-containing films by MOVPE.[10]

Safety

Germane is a highly

ppm for an 8-hour time weighted average.[12]
The
LC50 for rats at 1 hour of exposure is 622 ppm.[13] Inhalation or exposure may result in malaise, headache, dizziness, fainting, dyspnea, nausea, vomiting, kidney injury, and hemolytic effects.[14][15][16]

The

US Department of Transportation hazard class is 2.3 Poisonous Gas.[12]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0300". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
  2. ISBN 978-0123958501
  3. doi:10.1086/160516
    .
  4. ^ W. L. Jolly "Preparation of the Volatile Hydrides of Groups IVA and VA by Means of Aqueous Hydroborate" Journal of the American Chemical Society 1961, volume 83, pp. 335-7.
  5. ^ US Patent 4,668,502
  6. ^ Girolami, G. S.; Rauchfuss, T. B.; Angelici, R. J. (1999). Synthesis and Technique in Inorganic Chemistry. Mill Valley, CA: University Science Books.
  7. ^ US Patent 7,087,102 (2006)
  8. ^
    ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8
    .
  9. doi:10.1063/1.343633
    .
  10. doi:10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2005.10.094
    .
  11. ^ Brauer, 1963, Vol.1, 715
  12. ^ a b Praxair MSDS Archived 2012-05-08 at the Wayback Machine accessed Sep. 2011
  13. ^ NIOSH Germane Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS)accessed Sep. 2011
  14. PMID 4839911
    .
  15. ^ US EPA Germane
  16. doi:10.1002/cber.19240571027
    .

External links

Look up germane in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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