Greater Somalia
Greater Somalia sometimes called Greater Somaliland (
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Since the beginning of the 20th century the concept of Greater Somalia started to be developed with the birth of the nation of Somalia, as a united country inhabited by all the Somalis in their "Horn of Africa" areas. Pan-Somalism refers to the vision of reunifying these areas to form a single Somali nation. The pursuit of this goal has led to conflict: Somalia engaged after World War II in the Ogaden War with Ethiopia over the Somali Region, and supported Somali insurgents against Kenya. In 1946 the Somali Youth League selected Harar as the future capital of Greater Somalia and subsequently sent delegates to the United Nations office in Mogadishu to reveal this proposal.[6]
Italian Somalia
Italians occupied the
During World War I, Britain secretly reached an agreement with Italy to transfer to the Italians 94,050 square kilometers of the Jubaland protectorate, which was situated in present-day southwestern Somalia. This was Italy's reward for allying itself with Britain in its war against Germany. The treaty was honored, and in 1924, Britain ceded Jubaland.
In 1926, the northern half of Jubaland was incorporated into Italian Somaliland, and was later re-dubbed
After its conquest of Ethiopia in 1936, Italy also annexed
, was enlarged once more.In early World War II, Italian troops invaded British Somaliland and ejected the British.[10] Benito Mussolini annexed the conquered area to the Italian Somalia and added even the area of Moyale and Buna near the Jubaland in eastern Kenya. In August 1940 Mussolini boasted to a group of Somalis in Rome that with the conquest of British Somalia (that he annexed to Italian Somalia) nearly all the Somali people were united, fulfilling their dream of a union of all Somalis.[11] In September 1940 he even announced to the Somali people in Italy of having created an Italian Grande Somalia inside his Italian Empire.
Indeed, in early World War II, Italian troops
However the British regained control of British Somaliland in the spring of 1941, and conquered Italian Somaliland and the Somali Region. In 1945, the
Meanwhile, in 1948, under pressure from their World War II allies and to the dismay of Somalis,
Somali Republic
The first armed conflict following the independence and unification of the former British Somaliland and Italian Somaliland territories, known collectively as the
Djibouti gained its independence in 1977, but a referendum was held in 1958 on the eve of Somalia's independence in 1960 to decide whether or not to join the Somali Republic or to remain with France. The referendum turned out in favor of a continued association with France, largely due to a combined "yes" vote by the sizable Afar ethnic group and resident Europeans. However, the majority of those who voted "no" were Somalis who were strongly in favor of joining a united Somalia as had been proposed by Mahmoud Harbi. Harbi was killed in a plane crash two years later, and Hassan Gouled Aptidon, a Somali who campaigned for a yes vote in the referendum of 1958, wound up as Djibouti's first president post-independence (1977–1991).[18]
Between 1977 and 1978, Somalia and Ethiopia waged a war over control of the predominantly Somali Ogaden region. In 1978 and with the help of Soviet and Cuban troops, Ethiopian troops drove back the Somali army from the Ogaden, effectively marking the end of the Ogaden War.
In 1981, Siad Barre visited Nairobi, and asserted that Somalia was suspending its claim on the North Eastern Province (NFD). Improved relations with Kenya led to the signing of a pact in December 1984 agreeing to cease hostilities along the border.
Following renewed hostilities in the Ogaden with an August 1982 border clash,[19][20] Ethiopia and Somalia signed a peace treaty in 1988.
Somali Civil War
With the start of the
Islamic Courts Union
In late 2006,
. The Islamic Courts split into two factions. One faction wanted to sign a peace deal and merge with the TFG, while the other sought to defeat the Ethiopian troops and expel the African Union soldiers before any peace agreements.See also
- North Eastern Province
- Pan-nationalism
- Irredentism
- Ethnic nationalism
- Somali nationalism
References
- ISSN 1753-1055.
- ISSN 0001-9887.
- ^ C, J (1924). Current History and Forum. p. 141.
There was the boundary between British Jubaland and he took part in a conference of the directors
- ISBN 978-0-19-975988-0.
- ISBN 978-1-315-76290-6
- ISBN 978-1-4744-1491-3.
- ^ Alex Thomson, "An Introduction to African Politics", 2 edition, (Routledge: 2000), p.23
- ^ a b Osman, Mohamed Amin AH (1993). Somalia, proposals for the future. SPM. pp. 1–10.
- ^ Tripodi, Paolo. The Colonial Legacy in Somalia p. 104 (New York, 1999)
- ^ a b c d Federal Research Division, Somalia: A Country Study, (Kessinger Publishing, LLC: 2004), p.38
- ^ Antonicelli, Franco. Trent'anni di storia italiana 1915 - 1945. p. 47
- ^ Africa Watch Committee, Kenya: Taking Liberties, (Yale University Press: 1991), p.269
- ^ a b c Aristide R. Zolberg et al., Escape from Violence: Conflict and the Refugee Crisis in the Developing World, (Oxford University Press: 1992), p.106
- ^ David D. Laitin, Politics, Language, and Thought: The Somali Experience, (University Of Chicago Press: 1977), p.73
- ^ David D. Laitin, Politics, Language, and Thought: The Somali Experience, (University Of Chicago Press: 1977), p.75
- ^ Gebru Tareke, Ethiopia: Power and Protest: Peasant Revolts in the Twentieth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge Press, 1991.
- ^ The details of this paragraph are based on Paul B. Henze Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia (New York: Palgrave, 2000), pp. 263f.
- ^ Lowell Barrington, After Independence: Making and Protecting the Nation in Postcolonial and Postcommunist States, (University of Michigan Press: 2006), p.115
- ^ Somalia, 1980-1996 ACIG
- ^ Ethiopian-Somalian Border Clash 1982 Archived 2012-02-24 at the Wayback Machine OnWar.com
- S2CID 220355243.
- British Somaliland Protectorate. The Burao conference also established a government for the Republic
- ^ Ethiopia Archived 2011-07-27 at the Wayback Machine Middle East Desk
- ^ "Islamic Leader Urges Greater Somalia". Associated Press. 2006-11-18. Retrieved 2007-01-15.
Further reading
- Pierre Petrides, The Boundary Question between Ethiopia and Somalia. New Delhi, 1983.
External links
- Somalia-Ethiopia, Kenya Conflict
- Somalia Online News and Discussions