Javakheti
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Javakheti | |
---|---|
Historical region | |
Largest city | Akhalkalaki |
Area | |
• Total | 2,588 km2 (999 sq mi) |
Elevation (highest point: Didi Abuli) | 3,300 m (10,800 ft) |
Population (2014)[1] | |
• Total | 69,561 |
• Density | 27/km2 (70/sq mi) |
Javakheti (Georgian: ჯავახეთი [dʒavaχetʰi]) or Javakhk (Armenian: Ջավախք, Javakhk)[a][2][3] is a historical province in southern Georgia, corresponding to the modern municipalities of Akhalkalaki, Aspindza (partly), Ninotsminda, and partly to the Turkey's Ardahan Province. Historically, Javakheti's borders were defined by the Kura River (Mtkvari) to the west, and the Shavsheti, Samsari and Nialiskuri mountains to the north, south and east, respectively. The principal economic activities in this region are subsistence agriculture, particularly potatoes and raising livestock.
In 1995, the
Etymology
The name Javakheti consists of the root javakh with the Georgian suffix -eti, commonly found in the names of countries and regions. Javakheti means the land of the Javakhs (an ethnic subgroup of Georgians), as for example, the word Ossetia is taken from Georgian Osi plus -eti.
The earliest mention of the name is believed to be from 785 BC, in the inscriptions of the Urartian king Argishti I, as Zabakha.[5]
History
Antiquity
The ancient tribes of Meskhi (or Moschi) and Mosiniks are the first known inhabitants of the area.
In the sources, the region was recorded as Zabakha in 785 BC, by King
One of the earliest Armenian sources, Faustus of Byzantium (the 5th century) writes: “Maskut King Sanesan, extremely angry, was filled with hate for his tribesman, Armenian King Khosrow, and gathered all of his troops—Huns, Pokhs, Tavaspars, Khechmataks, Izhmakhs, Gats, Gluars, Gugars, Shichbs, Chilbs, Balasich, and Egersvans, as well as an uncountable number of other diverse nomadic tribes, all the numerous troops he commanded. He crossed his border, the great River Kura, and invaded the Armenian country.”[6]
In the 5th century during the rule of Vakhtang I of Iberia Javakheti was a province of Iberia and after his death his second wife the Byzantine princess settled in Tsunda (part of Javakheti).[citation needed]
Middle Ages
In the struggle against the Arab occupation, Bagrationi dynasty came to rule over Tao-Klarjeti and established the Kouropalatate of Iberia. Rulers of Tao-Klarjeti fought the Arabs from this region, and gradually incorporated surrounding lands of Samtskhe and Javakheti, along with a few other lands, into its territory.[citation needed]
10th century Armenian historian, Ukhtanes, wrote about the family tree of Kyrion, the Catholicos of Iberia. The literal translation of this text is as follows: Kyrion “came from the Iberians in terms of country and lineage, from the region of the Javakhs.” There can be no doubt that Ukhtanes believed Javakheti to be part of Iberia, and the Javakhs to be Iberians [citation needed]. Z. Aleksidze examines the viewpoint of this historian and the enlightened Armenian society of the 10th century on the problem that interests us in depth.[8]
Between 9th-11th centuries part of Javakheti/Javakhk was ruled by
In 1245, Javakhketi came under the control of the
Russian Empire
In the first third of the 19th century, following the
An 1886 report found 63,799 people living in Javakheti, of which 46,384 were Armenians (72.7%), 6,674 Russians (10.5%), 6,091 Turks (9.5%), and 3,741 Georgians (5.9%). The
By 1916, the ethno-religious composition of the Javakheti region (Akhalkalaki Uyezd) was the following:[14]
Nationality | Urban | Rural | TOTAL | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Armenians | 6,151 | 76,624 | 82,775 | 77.2% |
Georgians | 265 | 10,039 | 10,304 | 9.6% |
Russians | 429 | 7,113 | 7,542 | 7.0% |
Shia Muslims
|
0 | 5,431 | 5,431 | 5.1% |
Kurds | 0 | 904 | 904 | 0.8% |
Jews | 204 | 0 | 204 | 0.2% |
TOTAL | 7,055 | 100,118 | 107,173 | 100.0% |
Brief independence
Following the
Thirty thousand had perished as the result of the Turkish occupation, and those who survived were starving. Some mothers attempted to save their daughters by offering them as wives to Georgian militiamen and soldiers ... hundreds of women and children were pressed into servitude in the adjacent Muslim districts. All roads leading away from Akhalkalak were strewn with the bodies of fleeing Armenians. In September ... of the more than 80,000 Armenians in the county at the beginning of 1918, only 40,000 were left and that these were rapidly succumbing to famine, foreign marriages, concubinage, or to even worse fates. Although the Tiflis government regarded Akhalkalak as an integral part of the Republic of Georgia ... it did nothing to relieve the agony.
Lord Curzon during the Paris Peace Conference discussions on the fate of the independent Transcaucasian republics assessed the ethnographic situation in the southwestern uezds of the Tiflis Governorate:[16][17]
Along the line marking the proposed northeastern boundary of Armenia, the counties of Akhalkalaki and Akhaltsikhe fell on the Georgian side, even though, it was stated, they were populated primarily by the Armenian descendants of refugees from Turkey: “On the grounds of nationality, therefore, these districts ought to belong to Armenia, but they command the heart of Georgia strategically, and on the whole it would seem equitable to assign them to Georgia, and give their Armenian inhabitants the option of emigration into the wide territories assigned to the Armenians towards the south-west
Soviet era
Georgia came fully under
Modern Georgia
Currently
Current situation
Between 2006 and 2011, 220km of the highway from Kvemo Kartli to Samtskhe-Javakheti was improved as part of a program of the
See also
- Armenians in Georgia
- Armenians in Samtskhe-Javakheti
- List of Armenian ethnic enclaves
Notes
- ^ Classical spelling: Ջաւախք
References
- ^ a b "Population Census 2014". www.geostat.ge. National Statistics Office of Georgia. November 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2021.
- ISBN 9789004276369.
...Javakheti (called Javakhk by Armenians).
- ^ "Georgian Court Sentences Armenian Activist To 10 Years In Prison". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 8 April 2009.
...Georgian region of Javakheti (Armenian Javakhk)...
- ^ "Statistical information about Samtskhe–Javakheti region". National Statistics Office of Georgia.
- ISBN 978-9994173075.
- Armenian SSR: Academy of Sciences of Armenian SSR. 1953.
- ^ Flood, Finbarr Barry (2017). A Turk in the Dukhang? Comparative Perspectives on Elite Dress in Medieval Ladakh and the Caucasus. Austrian Academy of Science. p. 252, Fig. 19.
- ^ "CA&CC; Press® AB". www.ca-c.org. Archived from the original on 2012-01-25.
- ^ "Kumurdo Church". Georgian patriarchate, Eparchy of Shemoqmedi. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
- ^ "Kumurdo". Parliament of Georgia. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-135-77541-4.
- ^ Migration of Armenians (Russian).
- ISBN 978-3-447-06113-1. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
- ^ Кавказский календарь на 1917 год [Caucasian calendar for 1917] (in Russian) (72nd ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. 1917. pp. 206–213. Archived from the original on 4 November 2021.
- OCLC 238471.
- ^ Britain, Cab 27/37, E.C. 2525.
- OCLC 238471.
- ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20110708124400/http://www.caucaz.com/home_eng/breve_contenu.php?id=235. Archived from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved February 10, 2011.
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(help) - ^ Lyle, Justin. "Resettlement of Ecological Migrants in Georgia" (PDF). ECMI. European Center for minority issues. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
- ^ "Rehabilitating the Samtskhe-Javakheti Road in Georgia". Millennium Challenge Corporation. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
Bibliography
- Lalayan, Yervand (1895). Ջաւախք [Javakhk'] (in Armenian). Azgagrakan Handes [Ethnographic Review].