Haplogroup D-M174

Haplogroup D1 or D-M174 is a subclade of haplogroup D-CTS3946. This male haplogroup is found primarily in East Asia, Magar-ethnic Nepal and the Andaman Islands. It is also found regularly with lower frequency in Central Asia and Mainland Southeast Asia, and, more rarely, in Europe and the Middle East.

Origins

Haplogroup D-M174 is believed to have originated in

A 2017 study by Mondal et al. finds that the Riang people (a Tibeto-Burmese population) and the Andamanese share the same D clade (D1a3, also known as D1a2b) and have their closest lineages with other clades in East Asia. The Jarawa and Onge shared D1a2b with each other within the last ~7,000 years. The East Asian D1a2b diverged from the Japanese D1a2a lineage ~53,000 years ago. The authors conclude: "This strongly suggests that haplogroup D does not indicate a separate ancestry for Andamanese populations. Rather, haplogroup D was part of the standing variation carried by the Eastern OOA expansion, and later lost from most of the populations except in Andaman and partially in Japan and Tibet".^[8]

A 2020 genetic study by Hallast et al. on ancient and modern haplogroups using a phylogenetic analysis of haplogroup C, D, and FT sequences—including very rare deep-rooting lineages such as D0/D2, a divergent D lineage not belonging to D-M174—argues that the initial splits within haplogroup CT (an ancestor of DE) occurred in Africa. It also argues that phylogeographic analyses of ancient and present-day non-African Y chromosomes all point to East/Southeast Asia as the origin of all known surviving non-African male lineages (apart from recent migrants) soon after an initial 70,000–55,000-year-ago migration from Africa of basal haplogroup D and other basal Y-lineages. It argues that these lineages then rapidly expanded across Eurasia, diversified in Southeast Asia, and expanded westward around 55,000–50,000 years ago, replacing other local lineages within Eurasia; haplogroup D (as D-M174) then underwent rapid expansions within Eastern Eurasian populations and consists of five branches that formed about 45,000 years ago. The study finds that these haplogroups currently have their greatest diversity in Eastern Eurasia (East/Southeast Asia). Tibeto-Burmese populations of East and Southeast Asia were found to have the highest amount of diversity.^[9]

Overview

Haplogroup D-M174 is found today with high frequency among populations in

Haplogroup D is also found in populations in China proper and in Korea, but with much lower frequency than in Tibet and Japan. A study published in 2011 found D-M174 in 2.49% (43/1729) of Han Chinese males, with frequencies tending to be higher than average toward the north and west of the country (8.9% of Shaanxi Han, 5.9% of Gansu Han, 4.4% of Yunnan Han, 3.7% of Guangxi Han, 3.3% of Hunan Han, and 3.2% of Sichuan Han).^[11] In another study of Han Chinese Y-DNA published in 2011, haplogroup D-M174 was observed in 1.94% (7/361) of a sample of unrelated Han Chinese male volunteers at Fudan University in Shanghai, with the origins of most of the volunteers being traced back to East China (Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai, and Anhui).^[12]

In Korea, haplogroup D-M174 was observed in 3.8% (5/133) of a sample from Daejeon,^[13] 3.5% (3/85) of a sample from Seoul,^[14] 3.3% (3/90) of a sample from Jeolla,^[15] 2.4% (2/84) of a sample from Gyeongsang,^[15] 2.3% (13/573) of another sample from Seoul,^[13] 1.4% (1/72) of a sample from Chungcheong,^[15] 1.1% (1/87) of a sample from Jeju,^[15] and 0.9% (1/110) of a third sample from Seoul-Gyeonggi.^[15] In other studies, haplogroup D-M174 has been observed in 6.7% (3/45)^[16] and 4.0% (3/75)^[17] of samples from Korea without any further specification of the area of sampling.

Little high-resolution data regarding the phylogenetic position of Han Chinese and Korean members of Y-DNA haplogroup D has been published, but the available data suggests that most Han Chinese members of haplogroup D should belong to clades found frequently among Tibetans (especially the D-M15 clade, also found among speakers of some Lolo-Burmese and Hmong-Mien languages), whereas most Korean members of haplogroup D should belong to the D-M55 clade, which is found frequently among Ainu, Ryukyuan, and Japanese people.^[17][15][3]

Haplogroup D Y-DNA has been found (albeit with low frequency) among modern populations of the

• Southern Altaians (6/96 = 6.3% D-M174(xM15),^[18] 6/120 = 5.0% D-P47^[19])
• Kazakhs (1/54 = 1.9% D-M174,^[16] 6/1294 = 0.5% D^[20])
• Nogais (4/76 = 5.3% D-M174 Kara Nogai,^[21] 1/87 = 1.1% D-M174 Kuban Nogai^[21])
• Khalkhas (1/24 = 4.2% D-M174,^[16] 3/85 = 3.5% D-M174,^[14] 2/149 D-M15 + 2/149 D-P47 = 4/149 = 2.7% D-M174 total^[17]
  )
• Zakhchin (2/60 = 3.3% D-M174^[14])
• Uriankhai (1/60 = 1.7% D-M174^[14])
• Kalmyks (5/426 = 1.2% D-M174^[22])

It has also been found among linguistically similar (

Unlike haplogroup C-M217, haplogroup D-M174 is not found in the New World; it is not present in any modern Native American (North, Central, or South) populations. While it is possible that it traveled to the New World like haplogroup C-M217, those lineages apparently became extinct.

Haplogroup D-M174 is remarkable for its rather extreme geographic differentiation, with a distinct subset of chromosomes being found exclusively in each of the populations that contains a large percentage of individuals whose Y-chromosomes belong to haplogroup D-M174:

Haplogroup D-Z27276 is the common ancestor of D-M15 and D-P99, which are common in Tibet (China).

D-M15 (D1a1a)

D-M15 was first reported to have been found in a sample from Cambodia and Laos (1/18 = 5.6%) and in a sample from Japan (1/23 = 4.3%) in a preliminary worldwide survey of Y-DNA variation in extant human populations.^[28]

Subsequently, Y-DNA belonging to haplogroup D-M15 has been found frequently among

For about 7,000 years, the natives of the Andaman Islands shared a common ancestry with each other. The closest lineage to the Andamanese is the Japanese haplogroup D, with which it has a very old relationship, dating back to about 53,000 years.[8]

D-M55 (D1a2a)

Previously known as

Kim et al. (2011) found haplogroup D-M55 in 2.0% (1/51) of a sample of Beijing Han and in 1.6% (8/506) of a pool of samples from South Korea, including 3.3% (3/90) from the Jeolla region, 2.4% (2/84) from the Gyeongsang region, 1.4% (1/72) from the Chungcheong region, 1.1% (1/87) from the Jeju region, 0.9% (1/110) from the Seoul-Gyeonggi region, and 0% (0/63) from the Gangwon region.^[15] Hammer et al. (2006) found haplogroup D-P37.1 in 4.0% (3/75) of a sample from South Korea.^[17]

D-M116.1, which is a subclade of D-M55, has been observed in one individual in a sample from Micronesia (n=17) according to the supplementary material of a study published in 2006.^[17] D-M116.1 also has been observed in one individual in a pool of samples from West Timor (n=497); the pertinent individual is from Umaklaran, located on the north side of the island of Timor near the border with East Timor.^[36]

According to

D-M174 (xM15,P99,M55) is found in some Tibetan minority tribes in Northeast India (among whom rates vary from 0% to 65%).^{[5][40][41][42]}

The basal D-M174 (xM15, P47, M55) has been found in approximately 5% of

In 2023 found in one Individual in North America, Ramon Moses, Lacrosse, Wi, USA. D-M174.[43]

Phylogenetics

Phylogenetic history

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-chromosome phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, major research groups came together and formed the Y Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

Research publications

The following research teams, per their publications, were represented in the creation of the YCC tree.

Phylogenetic trees

By ISOGG tree(Version 14.151):^[44]

• DE (YAP) Nigeria, Guinea-Bissau, Caribbean, Tibet
  • D
    (CTS3946)
    • D1 (M174/Page30, IMS-JST021355) East Asia, Andaman Islands, Central Asia, Mainland Southeast Asia
      • D1a (CTS11577)　
        • D1a1 (F6251/Z27276)
          • D1a1a (M15) Tibet, Altai Republic
          • D1a1b (P99)
            Mongol, Central Asia
        • D1a2(Z3660)
          • D1a2a (M64.1/Page44.1, M55) Japan(Yamato people、Ryukyuan people、Ainu people)
          • D1a2b (Y34637)
            Jarawa people
            )
      • D1b (L1378) Philippines^[45]
    • D2 (A5580.2) Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, Syria, African Americans

See also

Genetics

Y-DNA D-M174 subclades

Y-DNA backbone tree

References

• Underhill PA, Kivisild T (2007). "Use of y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA population structure in tracing human migrations". Annual Review of Genetics. 41: 539–64.
  S2CID 24904955
  .

Sources for conversion tables

• Capelli, Cristian; Wilson, James F.; Richards, Martin; Stumpf, Michael P.H.; et al. (February 2001). "A Predominantly Indigenous Paternal Heritage for the Austronesian-Speaking Peoples of Insular Southeast Asia and Oceania". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 68 (2): 432–443.
  PMID 11170891
  .
• Hammer, Michael F.; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Redd, Alan J.; Jarjanazi, Hamdi; et al. (1 July 2001). "Hierarchical Patterns of Global Human Y-Chromosome Diversity". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 18 (7): 1189–1203.
  doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003906
  .
• Jobling, Mark A.; Tyler-Smith, Chris (2000), "New uses for new haplotypes", Trends in Genetics, 16 (8): 356–62,
  PMID 10904265
• Kaladjieva, Luba; Calafell, Francesc; Jobling, Mark A; Angelicheva, Dora; et al. (February 2001). "Patterns of inter- and intra-group genetic diversity in the Vlax Roma as revealed by Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA lineages". European Journal of Human Genetics. 9 (2): 97–104.
  doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200597
  .
• Karafet, Tatiana; Xu, Liping; Du, Ruofu; Wang, William; et al. (September 2001). "Paternal Population History of East Asia: Sources, Patterns, and Microevolutionary Processes". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 69 (3): 615–628.
  PMID 11481588
  .
• Semino, O.; Passarino, G; Oefner, PJ; Lin, AA; et al. (2000), "The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective", Science, 290 (5494): 1155–9,
  PMID 11073453
• Su, Bing; Xiao, Junhua; Underhill, Peter; Deka, Ranjan; et al. (December 1999). "Y-Chromosome Evidence for a Northward Migration of Modern Humans into Eastern Asia during the Last Ice Age". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 65 (6): 1718–1724.
  PMID 10577926
  .
• Underhill, Peter A.; Shen, Peidong; Lin, Alice A.; Jin, Li; et al. (November 2000). "Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations". Nature Genetics. 26 (3): 358–361.
  doi:10.1038/81685
  .

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Haplogroup D of Y-DNA.

• Atlas of the Human Journey: Genetic Markers, Haplogroup D-M174 (M174), from The Genographic Project at
  National Geographic
• Famous dna of Japan