Transgender history in the United States
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This article addresses the history of transgender people in the United States from prior to Western contact until the present. There are a few historical accounts of
Overview
Prior to 1800
Some
One of the first documented inhabitants of the
In 1776, the preacher
Generally, according to Genny Beemyn in a Transgender History of the United States, the few historical accounts of transgender people that exist in 17th and 18th century America predominantly feature
1800–1950
Joseph Lobdell (born in 1829 as Lucy Ann Lobdell) lived as a man for sixty years and due to this was arrested and incarcerated in an insane asylum. He was, however, able to marry a woman.[15]
Stagecoach driver Charley Parkhurst (born in 1812) ran away from a Lebanon, New Hampshire orphanage at age 12 and lived as a man for the rest of his life. He was a celebrated carriage driver, spending some of his career serving frontier California during the Gold Rush. For at least 15 years he worked as a chicken farmer and lumberjack, and he managed to retire in Watsonville, California. He died from tongue cancer in 1879 while living alone in a cabin. He did not marry, and he was only outed by neighbors after his death.[16]
During the
Transgender studies in Europe, especially Germany, began to percolate back to the United States in the late 1800s. Writer Edward Charles Spitzka reminded American readers of Edward Hyde, 3rd Earl of Clarendon, governor of colonial New York remembered for cross-dressing.[26]
In 1895 a group of self-described
Murray Hall (1841–1901) was a politician in New York City for almost twenty-five years. After Hall's death, it was discovered that he had been assigned female at birth. Hall had been married twice and had an adopted daughter. Although his most recent wife had predeceased him, his daughter was described as "terribly shocked. She said she always believed her foster father was a man, and never heard her foster mother say anything that would lead her to suspect otherwise."[30]
Some cases are known of immigrants changing their gender identity upon arrival in the United States, especially trans men. One notable case is that of Frank Woodhull, who lived for around 15 years as a man and was discovered to have been "posing as a man" during processing at Ellis Island in 1908.[31]
In 1917, Dr.
Trans woman Lucy Hicks Anderson was born in 1886 in Waddy, Kentucky. She served as a domestic worker in her teen years, eventually becoming a socialite and madame in Oxnard, California during the 1920s and 1930s. In 1945, she was tried in Ventura County for perjury and fraud for receiving spousal allotments from the military, as her dressing and presenting as a woman was considered masquerading. She lost the case, but avoided a lengthy jail sentence, only to be tried again by the federal government shortly thereafter. She also lost this case, and was sentenced to jail time, along with her then husband Ruben Anderson. After serving their sentences, they relocated to Los Angeles, where they lived quietly until her death in 1954.[34]
1950s and 1960s
The 1950s and 1960s saw some of the first transgender organizations and publications, but law and medicine did not respond favorably to growing awareness of transgender people.
The most famous American transgender person of the time was
Virginia Prince, a transgender person who began living full time as a woman in San Francisco in the 1940s, developed a widespread correspondence network with transgender people throughout Europe and the United States by the 1950s. She worked closely with Alfred Kinsey to bring the needs of transgender people to the attention of social scientists and sex reformers.[38]
In 1952, using Virginia Prince's correspondence network for its initial subscription list, a handful of other transgender people in Southern California launched Transvestia: The Journal of the American Society for Equality in Dress, which published two issues. The Society that launched the journal also only briefly existed in Southern California.[38]
The
In 1960 Virginia Prince began another publication, also called Transvestia, that discussed transgender concerns. In 1962, she founded the Hose and Heels Club for cross-dressers, which soon changed its name to Phi Pi Epsilon, a name designed to evoke
Reed Erickson, a transsexual man, founded the Erickson Educational Foundation in 1964. EEF supplied information at no cost to transgender people, family members, and professionals and provided funding for the publication of Richard Green and John Money's edited 1969 text Transsexualism and Sex Reassignment and other books about sex and gender.[40] EEF also funded the earliest symposia for professionals who worked with transsexuals; this eventually resulted in the formation of the Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association, which is today called the World Professional Association for Transgender Health.[41][42] The work of the EEF would be continued by psychologist Paul Walker in the late 1970s, in the 1980s by Sister Mary Elizabeth Clark and Jude Patton, and in the 1990s by Dallas Denny.[43]
In the late 1960s in New York, Mario Martino founded the Labyrinth Foundation Counseling Service, which was the first transgender community-based organization that specifically addressed the needs of transsexual men.[44]
Transgender people also gained some exposure through popular culture, in particular the work of
On April 25, 1965, over 150 people were denied service at Dewey's, a local coffee shop and diner at 219 South 17th Street in Philadelphia, near Rittenhouse Square. Those denied service were variously described at the time as "homosexuals", "masculine women", "feminine men", and "persons wearing non-conformist clothing". Three teenagers (reported by the Janus Society and Drum magazine to be two males and one female) staged a sit-in that day. After restaurant managers contacted police, the three were arrested. In the process of offering legal support for the teens, local activist and president of the homophile organization the Janus Society, Clark Polak, was also arrested. Demonstrations took place outside the establishment over the next five days with 1500 flyers being distributed by the Janus Society and its supporters. Three people staged a second sit-in on May 2, 1965. The police were again called, but refused to make arrests this time. The Janus Society said the protests were successful in preventing further arrests and the action was deemed "the first sit-in of its kind in the history of the United States" by Drum magazine.[47]
The word transgender was coined in 1965 by psychiatrist John F. Oliven of Columbia University in his 1965 reference work Sexual Hygiene and Pathology.[48]
The following year, in 1966, one of the first recorded transgender riots in US history took place. The
Some people who later went on to be involved in transgender activism were involved in the
1970s and 1980s
Many support organizations for male cross-dressers began in the 1970s and 1980s, with most beginning as offshoots of Virginia Prince's organizations from the early 1960s.[38] Transgender activist Lee Brewster, of the Queens Liberation Front began publishing the transgender women's magazine Queens.[38] Angela Douglas founded TAO (Transsexual/Transvestite Action Organization), which published the Moonshadow and Mirage newsletters. TAO moved to Miami in 1972, where it came to include several Puerto Rican and Cuban members, and soon grew into the first international transgender community organization.[38]
Another significant event for activism occurred in 1979, with the first National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights held in Washington, D.C., on October 14. It drew between 75,000 and 125,000[54] transgender people, lesbians, bisexual people, gay men, and straight allies to demand equal civil rights and urge the passage of protective civil rights legislation.[55][56] The march was organized by Phyllis Frye (who in 2010 became Texas's first openly transgender judge)[57] and three other activists, but no transgender people spoke at the main rally.
The 1970s also saw conflict between the transgender and lesbian communities in America. A dispute began in 1973, when the
Raymond still published the book in 1979, and in response Stone published "The Empire Strikes Back: A Posttranssexual Manifesto", which has been cited as the origin of transgender studies.[62]
The collective themselves responded by publicly defending Stone in various feminist publications of the time. Stone continued as a member of the collective and continued to record Olivia artists until political dissension over her transgender status, exacerbated by Janice's book, culminated in 1979 in the threat of a boycott of Olivia products. After long debate, Stone left the collective and returned to Santa Cruz.
By the late 1970s, despite increasing recognition in medical circles, the battle for acceptance was far from won and some of the reverses of this period included the dissolution of some of the first transsexual advocacy groups including the NTCU, and the loss of support in both gay and feminist circles.[59]: 255
In 1980, transgender people were officially classified by the
The 1980s saw the founding of a number of newsletters and magazines of central importance to trans people. In the 1980s, most of the subscribers to Rupert Raj's Toronto-based publications, Metamorphosis and Gender NetWorker, were Americans. Metamorphosis was founded by Raj in early 1982 as a bi-monthly newsletter. It was a "newsletter exclusively for F–M men" (with an intended readership among their families, wives/girlfriends, as well as professionals and "para professionals interested in female TSism"). By the third issue, the newsletter averaged around 8 pages, whereas in 1986, most issues were 24 pages; the last issue was in 1988. In 1986 transgender activist Lou Sullivan founded the support group that grew into FTM International, the leading advocacy group for transgender men, and began publishing The FTM Newsletter.[38] Gender NetWorker was founded by Raj in 1988, and lasted two issues. This publication was directed specifically towards "helping professionals and resource providers".[63]
The term "transgender" as an umbrella term to refer to all gender non-conforming people became more commonplace in the late 1980s.[64][65]
1990s and 2000s
In 1991 a transgender woman named Nancy Burkholder was removed from the Michigan Womyn's Music Festival when security guards realized she was transgender. After that there were demonstrations against the Festival's women-born-women only policy. These demonstrations were known as Camp Trans.[66] The final Michigan Womyn's Music Festival was held in 2015.[67]
1991 was also the year of the first
Several transgender organizations were founded in the 1990s and early 2000s. In 1991, Dallas Denny launched the 501(c)(3) nonprofit American Educational Gender Information Service, which provided information and referrals to trans people, their families, and the press, and published the respected journal Chrysalis Quarterly.
The LGBT rights group
At this time the transgender community became more visible. A high school teacher in Lake Forest, Illinois, Karen Kopriva, became the first American teacher to transition on the job in 1998. There was considerable media uproar, but when another teacher followed the next year in a different suburb hardly anyone noticed.
Transgender visibility in the LGBT community also gathered force in the 2000s. In 2002, Pete Chvany, Luigi Ferrer, James Green, Loraine Hutchins and Monica McLemore presented at the Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer and Intersex Health Summit, held in Boulder, Colorado, marking the first time transgender people, bisexual people, and intersex people were recognized as co-equal partners on the national level rather than gay and lesbian "allies" or tokens.[86] In 2004 the San Francisco Trans March was first held.[87] It has been held annually since; it is San Francisco's largest transgender Pride event and one of the largest trans events in the entire world.[87] Also in 2004 the book The Man Who Would Be Queen: The Science of Gender-Bending and Transsexualism by the highly controversial researcher J. Michael Bailey was announced as a finalist in the Transgender category of the 2003 Lambda Literary Awards. Transgender people immediately protested the nomination and gathered thousands of petition signatures in opposition within a few days. After the petition, the Foundation's judges examined the book more closely, decided that they considered it transphobic and removed it from their list of finalists.[88] Within a year the executive director who had initially approved of the book's inclusion resigned.[89] Executive director Charles Flowers later stated that "the Bailey incident revealed flaws in our awards nomination process, which I have completely overhauled since becoming the foundation's executive director in January 2006".[90] In 2005 transgender activist Pauline Park became the first openly transgender person chosen to be grand marshal of the New York City Pride March, the oldest and largest LGBT pride event in the United States.
Politics increasingly began to include openly transgender people. In 2003
Transgender history also began to be recognized around this time. In 1996 Leslie Feinberg published Transgender Warriors, a history of transgender people.[105] Dallas Denny founded the Transgender Historical Society in 1995 and in 2000 donated her collection of historical materials to the Joseph A. Labadie Collection at the University of Michigan.[106][107] In 2008 Cristan Williams donated her personal collection to the Transgender Foundation of America, where it became the first collection in the Transgender Archive, an archive of transgender history worldwide.[108][109] In 2009 the Committee on Lesbian and Gay History, an affiliated society of the American Historical Association, changed its name to the Committee on Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender History.[110]
Transgender people also made groundbreaking strides in entertainment. In 2001
The American transgender community also achieved some firsts in religion around this time. In 2002 at the Reform Jewish seminary
2010s and 2020s
In the 2010s openly transgender people became increasingly prominent in entertainment.
In the 2010s transgender people also made more inroads in politics. In 2010
In 2014 openly transgender people became more visible. That year
Following her divorce in 2015, Caitlyn Jenner came out in a television interview as a transgender woman.[159] On June 1, 2015, Caitlyn Jenner (formerly Bruce Jenner) revealed her new name, Caitlyn, and her use of female pronouns officially.[160] Many news sources have described Jenner as the most famous openly transgender American.[161][162][163]
As for political organizations fighting for LGBT rights, in 2012
There were also two firsts for transgender people in sports in the 2010s. Kye Allums became the first openly transgender athlete to play NCAA basketball in 2010.[166][167] Allums is a transgender man who played on George Washington University's women's team.[168][169] In 2012 Keelin Godsey became the first openly transgender contender for the U.S. Olympic team, but he failed to qualify and did not go to the Olympics.[170][171]
Three groups – the Girl Scouts, the North American Gay Amateur Athletic Alliance, and the Episcopal Church in the United States – announced their acceptance of transgender people in this decade. In 2011, after the initial rejection of Bobby Montoya, a transgender girl, from the Girl Scouts of Colorado, the Girl Scouts of Colorado announced that "Girl Scouts is an inclusive organization and we accept all girls in Kindergarten through 12th grade as members. If a child identifies as a girl and the child's family presents her as a girl, Girl Scouts of Colorado welcomes her as a Girl Scout."[172] Also in 2011, the North American Gay Amateur Athletic Alliance changed its policy to include transgender and bisexual players.[173] In 2012 the Episcopal Church in the United States approved a change to their nondiscrimination canons to include gender identity and expression.[174]
Another significant change for transgender people occurred in 2013 when the fifth edition of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) was released. This edition eliminated the term "gender identity disorder", which was considered stigmatizing, instead referring to "gender dysphoria", which focuses attention only on those who feel distressed by their gender identity.[175]
It was announced on June 30, 2016, that, beginning on that date, otherwise qualified United States service members could no longer be discharged, denied reenlistment, involuntarily separated, or denied continuation of service because of being transgender.
In 2016 Lambda Literary Foundation established an annual scholarship in honor of trans woman Bryn Kelly, a Lambda Literary Fellow who committed suicide in January 2016.[183] She was the first male to female transgender Fellow.[184]
On January 30, 2017, the Boy Scouts of America announced that transgender boys would be allowed to enroll in boys-only programs, effective immediately. Previously, the sex listed on an applicant's birth certificate determined eligibility for these programs; going forward, the decision would be based on the gender listed on the application.[185] In February 2017, Joe Maldonado became the first openly transgender member of the Boy Scouts of America;[186] the Boy Scouts' policy on transgender boys had been changed after Joe's rejection from them in 2016 for being transgender became nationally known.[186]
Also in 2017, the
Also in 2017,
On June 14, 2020, the largest
Bostock v. Clayton County, 590 U.S. ___ (2020), was a landmark Supreme Court case in which the Court ruled (on June 15, 2020) that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 protects employees against discrimination because of their gender identity (or sexual orientation).[192][193] A plaintiff in the case was Aimee Stephens, an openly transgender woman.[194][195]
In July 2023, at the 132nd DAR Continental Congress presided over by President General Pamela Rouse Wright, the National Society Daughters of the American Revolution voted to add an amendment to their bylaws protecting transgender women from discrimination on the basis of biological sex in their membership application processes.[196]
In September 2023, the California State Assembly voted to recognize August as Transgender History Month, beginning in 2024. California is the first U.S. state to make such a declaration.[197]
Some sexologists have estimated that the amount of individuals that identify as transgender in the United States has almost reached twenty million.[198][199]
Recent history by topic (1970s–present)
Education
In 2012, Campus Pride, founded in 2001, issued its first list of the most welcoming places for trans students to go to college.[200][201][202]
In 2014,
In 2015, Schools In Transition: A Guide for Supporting Transgender Students in K-12 Schools was introduced; it is a first-of-its-kind publication for school administrations, teachers, and parents about how to provide safe and supportive environments for all transgender students in kindergarten through twelfth grade.[204] Its authors are the Transgender Youth Project Staff Attorney for the National Center for Lesbian Rights (NCLR), Gender Spectrum's Senior Director for Professional Development and Family Services, the National Education Association, the American Civil Liberties Union, and the Human Rights Campaign.[204]
In 2016, guidance was issued by the Departments of Justice and Education stating that schools which receive federal money must treat a student's gender identity as their sex (for example, in regard to bathrooms).[205] This policy was revoked in 2017.[205]
In 2019, University of Tennessee graduate Hera Jay Brown became the first transgender woman to be selected for a Rhodes Scholarship. Two non-binary scholars were also selected for the 2020 class.[206][207]
Employment
In 1971, Paula Grossman was fired from her 14-year position as an elementary music teacher in Bernards Township, New Jersey after coming out as transgender.[208] She never returned to teaching and died in 2003.[209]
In August 2005, it was revealed that New Jersey public school teacher Mr. Herb McCaffrey had undergone gender-reassignment surgery in the middle of the previous school year and would return as Ms. Kerri Nicole McCaffrey, becoming the first openly transgender teacher in New Jersey in over thirty years. Because McCaffrey was non-tenured, she hid her identity until the end of that 2005 school year and only revealed her changed name and status publicly that summer. Despite controversy, McCaffrey kept her 5th grade teaching job. She still teaches in Mendham Boro, New Jersey as of 2015.[210][211]
In 2012, Kylar Broadus, founder of the Trans People of Color Coalition of Columbia, Missouri, spoke to the Senate in favor of the Employment Non-Discrimination Act.[212][213] His speech was the first-ever Senate testimony from an openly transgender witness.[213]
The
Bostock v. Clayton County, 590 U.S. ___ (2020), was a landmark Supreme Court case in which the Court ruled (on June 15, 2020) that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 protects employees against discrimination because of their gender identity (or sexual orientation).[192][193] A plaintiff in the case was Aimee Stephens, an openly transgender woman.[216][195]
Health
In 1980, transgender people were officially classified by the
In 2003, Dr.
In February 2007, Norman Spack co-founded Boston Children's Hospital's Gender Management Service (GeMS) clinic; it is America's first clinic to treat transgender children.[219][220]
In 2009, America's professional association of endocrinologists established best practices for transgender children that included prescribing puberty-suppressing drugs to preteens followed by hormone therapy beginning at about age 16.[219] In 2012 the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry echoed these recommendations.[219]
In 2011, the Center of Excellence for Transgender Health published the first-ever protocols for transgender primary care.[126]
Also in 2011, the Veterans Health Administration issued a directive stipulating that all transgender and intersex veterans are entitled to the same level of care "without discrimination" as other veterans, consistent across all Veterans Administration healthcare facilities.[221]
In 2012, the American Psychiatric Association issued official position statements supporting the care and civil rights of transgender and gender non-conforming individuals.[222]
In 2013, the fifth edition of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) was released. This edition eliminated the term "gender identity disorder", which was considered stigmatizing, instead referring to "gender dysphoria", which focuses attention only on those who feel distressed by their gender identity.[175]
Also in 2013, at the request of a panel of endocrinologists, U.S. News & World Report, for the first time in its hospital rankings, assigned additional points to hospitals that had programs designed to meet the needs of transgender youth.[219]
In 2015, the American Psychological Association's Council of Representatives adopted "Guidelines for Psychological Practice with Transgender and Gender Nonconforming People" at the Association's 123rd Annual Convention.[223] Such guidelines set ideals to which the American Psychological Association encourages psychologists to aspire.[223] According to the "Guidelines for Psychological Practice with Transgender and Gender Nonconforming People", psychologists who work with transgender or gender nonconforming people should seek to provide acceptance, support and understanding without making assumptions about their clients' gender identities or gender expressions.[223]
In 2017, the
Legal rights
Legal issues regarding transgender persons in the United States began in 1966 with Mtr. of Anonymous v. Weiner, concerning a person who wanted their birth certificate name and sex updated following gender-affirming surgery. Changes to passports, licenses, birth certificates, and other official documents remained a theme from the 60s through 2010, when the State Department allowed gender on U.S. passports to be altered.[225]
Other major themes in transgender-related legislation or regulatory action included provisions to protect against discrimination in housing, employment, health care, public restroom usage, the military, insurance coverage, and other areas of public life. On January 25, 2021, U.S. President Joe Biden issued an executive order which revoked the transgender military ban.[226]
Identity and status issues
In 2003 Conservative Judaism's Committee on Jewish Law and Standards approved a rabbinic ruling on the status of transsexuals. The ruling concluded that individuals who have undergone full sexual reassignment surgery, and whose sexual reassignment has been recognized by civil authorities, are considered to have changed their sex status according to Jewish law. Furthermore, it concluded that sex reassignment surgery is an acceptable treatment under Jewish law for individuals diagnosed with gender dysphoria.[227]
In 2014 the American Medical Association adopted a policy stating that transgender people should not be required to undergo genital surgery in order to update legal identification documents, including birth certificates.[228]
Also in 2014, Facebook introduced dozens of options for users to specify their gender, including a custom gender option, as well as allowing users to select between three pronouns: "him", "her" or "their".[229] Later that year Facebook added a gender-neutral option for users to use when identifying family members, for example Parent (gender neutral) and Child (gender neutral).[230]
Also in 2014,
Marriage and parenting
In 2008
In 2018, Transgender Health reported that a transgender woman in the United States breastfed her adopted baby; this was the first known case of a transgender woman breastfeeding.[238][239]
Violence against transgender people and their partners
In 1993
The Transgender Day of Remembrance was founded in 1998 by Gwendolyn Ann Smith, an American transgender graphic designer, columnist, and activist,[79] to memorialize the murder of transgender woman Rita Hester in Massachusetts in 1998.[80] The Transgender Day of Remembrance is held every year on November 20 and now memorializes all those murdered due to transphobic hate and prejudice.[81]
In 2002
In 2008
In 2015, 21 transgender women were murdered, most being women of color. In 2016, the death toll reached 21 just through September, placing 2016 on pace to be the deadliest year on record.[249]
In 2017, then-Attorney General Jeff Sessions announced that he had instructed federal authorities to review murders of transgender people that occurred recently, to see if they were hate crimes or if there was one person or group responsible for them.[250] Earlier that year, in March, six Democratic lawmakers had written a letter on the subject to the Department of Justice.[250]
In March and April 2020, four transgender women were killed in Puerto Rico, the body of two victims found in a charred car.[251]
American transgender people
- Ben Barres was Chair of the Neurobiology department at Stanford University School of Medicine. His research focused on the interaction between neurons and glial cells in the nervous system.
- Dancing with the Stars in 2011. This was the first time an openly transgender man starred on a major network television show for something unrelated to being transgender.[126] He also made Becoming Chaz, a documentary about his gender transition that premiered at the 2011 Sundance Film Festival. OWN (the Oprah Winfrey Network) acquired the rights to the documentary and debuted it on May 10, 2011.
- gender nonconformity.[252]
- Marci Bowers is a gynecologic surgeon, the first woman and first trans person to perform MTF/FTM genital surgeries. Bowers is the first North American surgeon to perform functional restoration surgery for survivors of female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/c). Her surgical efforts have been publicly chronicled for noted transgender individuals, Jazz Jennings in TLC's I am Jazz, Thomas Beattie (The Doctors) and Isis (Tyra Banks Show). She also appeared in the 2004 CBS show, CSI: Las Vegas.[218]
- Jennifer Finney Boylan is an author, political activist, and professor of English at Colby College in Maine. Her 2003 autobiography, She's Not There: A Life in Two Genders, was the first book by an openly transgender American to become a bestseller.[253] In 2013 Boylan was chosen as the first openly transgender co-chair of GLAAD's National board of directors.[254]
- SRSin the United States.
- The Lady Chablis (March 11, 1957 – September 8, 2016) was an actress, and writer.
- VLSI design and the invention of generalized dynamic instruction handling, came out as transgender in 1999.[255][256][257][258][259][260][261][262][263] Her transition was more widely reported in 2000 in profiles in Scientific American and the Los Angeles Times, and she founded a well-known website providing emotional and medical resources and advice to transgender people.[263][264] Parts of the website have been translated into most of the world's major languages.[265]
- On October 25, 2017, it was announced that Billy Porter and Dyllón Burnside had been cast in main roles for the FX drama series Pose. The series' became the largest transgender cast ever assembled for main parts on a recurring scripted series.[273]
- Laura Jane Grace is the first major rock star to come out as transgender, which she did in 2012.[128] She is the founder, lead singer, songwriter, and guitarist of the punk rock band Against Me![128]
- television personality. Jenner came to international attention when, while still publicly identifying as a man, she won the gold medal in the decathlon at the 1976 Summer Olympics held in Montreal. Subsequently, she starred in several made-for-TV movies and was briefly Erik Estrada's replacement on the TV series CHiPs. Jenner was married for nearly 24 years to Kris Jenner (formerly Kardashian); the couple and their children appeared beginning in 2007 on the television reality series Keeping Up with the Kardashians. Following her divorce in 2015, Jenner came out in a television interview as a transgender woman.[159] On June 1, 2015, Caitlyn Jenner officially revealed her new name.[160] Many news sources have described Jenner as the most famous openly transgender American.[161][162][163]
- LGBTQ rights activist.[274][275] Jennings, a transgender woman, is notable for being one of the youngest publicly documented people to be identified as transgender, and for being the youngest person to become a national transgender figure.
- Katastrophe is the first openly transgender rapper, and co-founder of Original Plumbing, a magazine for trans men.
- Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion in Los Angeles. Later, at the request of a friend of his who was also transgender, he wrote the first blessing sanctifying the sex-change process to be included in the 2007 edition of the Union for Reform Judaism's resource manual for gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender inclusion called Kulanu.[280][281][282]
- whistleblower who was convicted in July 2013 of violations of the Espionage Act and other offenses, after providing WikiLeaks the largest set of classified documents ever leaked to the public.[283] On January 17, 2017, President Barack Obama commuted Manning's sentence to a total of seven years of confinement dating from the date of arrest (May 20, 2010) by military authorities.[284]
- Billy Martin, known professionally as Poppy Z. Brite, is an American author. He initially achieved fame in the gothic horror genre of literature in the early 1990s after publishing a string of successful novels and short story collections. Martin's recent work has moved into the related genre of dark comedy, with many works set in the New Orleans restaurant world. Martin's novels are typically standalone books but may feature recurring characters from previous novels and short stories.
- Janet Mock is a columnist, author, editor, and trans activist. Her story was first highlighted in a 2011 Marie Claire article about her and her life.
- Jennifer Pritzker came out as transgender in 2013 and thus became the world's first openly transgender billionaire.[285]
- eighth season of American Horror Story, becoming the first transgender thespian to be cast a series lead / main cast member on two different scripted television shows.[286]
- Julia Serano is a trans activist, speaker, and author of three books on transgender issues, including Whipping Girl,[287] a transfeminist investigation of transmisogyny, a term that Serano coined for the book.[288]
- .
- Mattilda Bernstein Sycamore is an activist and author. She organized with ACT UP and Fed Up Queers and writes about queer assimilation and gentrification.[289]
- Max Wolf Valerio is a Native American poet, memoir writer, essayist and actor. His 2006 memoir The Testosterone Files describes his experience as a trans man.
- Lana Wachowski is the first major Hollywood director to come out as transgender.[130] She came out in 2012 while doing publicity for her movie Cloud Atlas.[129]
- In 2016, director Lilly Wachowskidisclosed to the Windy City Times that she, like her sister Lana, is transgender, after an interview done with the Daily Mail.
- trans issues, body image, racialized sexualities, gender, performance and black queer theory. Ziegler is also the first person in history to receive the PhD of African American Studies from Northwestern University.[294]
- ND Stevenson is a multi awarded comic writer and artist, formerly co-executive producer of the award winning animated show She-Ra and the Princesses of Power. They started their transition in July 2020 and publicly announced in their Twitter and Instagram identifying as a non-binary transgender lesbian.
See also
- Transgender history
- Current issues of gender inequality in the United States for transgender people
- History of the transgender movement in the United States
- List of transgender-rights organizations in the United States
- Transgender people's legal rights in the United States
- Transgender disenfranchisement in the United States
- Transphobia in the United States
- LGBT people in prison
- Timeline of LGBT history in the United States
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{{cite web}}
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- Rewire. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
Non-Native anthropologist Will Roscoe gets much of the public credit for coining the term two spirit. However, according to Kristopher Kohl Miner of the Ho-Chunk Nation, Native people such as anthropologist Dr. Wesley Thomas of the Dine or Navajo tribe also contributed to its creation. (Thomas is a professor in the School of Dine and Law Studies.)
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Further reading
- Lady Chablis (1996). Hiding My Candy: The Autobiography of the Grand Empress of Savannah. OCLC 37901705.
- Christine Jorgensen: A Personal Autobiography, by Christine Jorgensen and Susan Stryker (2000)
- How Sex Changed: A History of Transsexuality in the United States, by Joanne J. Meyerowitz (2004)
- The Transgender Studies Reader, by Susan Stryker and Stephen Whittle (2006)
- Transgender History, by Susan Stryker (2008)
- Transgender Rights, by Shannon Price Minter(2006)
- Transition: The Story of How I Became a Man, by Chaz Bono (2011)