History of the Catholic Church and homosexuality
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The Christian tradition has generally proscribed any and all noncoital genital activities, whether engaged in by couples or individuals, regardless of whether they were of the same or different sex.[1][page needed] The position of the Roman Catholic Church with regards to homosexuality developed from the writings of Paul the Apostle and the teachings of the Church Fathers. These were in stark contrast to contemporary Greek and Roman attitudes towards same-sex relations which were more relaxed.[2][3][4]
Early Church
Influence of the Church Fathers
The Catholic Church's position on homosexuality built on
The early 2nd century treatise the Didache (which influenced thinking by early theologians) includes in a list of commandments: "You shall not corrupt boys."[note 1] David F. Greenberg cites it as an example of early Christian writings that were "unequivocably opposed to male prostitution and pederasty—probably the most visible forms of homosexuality in their time".[9]
The Apology of Aristides of Athens, presented to Emperor Hadrian around 117–138 CE (himself homosexual), scorned the practices and acts of the Greek pagans who worshiped gods some of whom "polluted themselves by lying with males".[12][note 2][13]
Basil of Caesarea (c.329 or 330–379) was among the first to talk about penalties, advising in a letter that "He who is guilty of unseemliness with males will be under discipline for the same time as adulterers."[14] Taking Basil's lead, Gregory of Nyssa's Canonical Letter to Letoius of Mytilene (Epist. canonica 4, 390 CE) also prescribes the same period of penance for adultery and for "craving for the male".[15]
Early Church Councils
Canon law regulating same-sex sexual activity has mainly been shaped through the decrees issued by a number of ecclesiastical councils.[5] Initially, canons against sodomy were aimed at ensuring clerical or monastic discipline, and were only widened in the medieval period to include laymen.[6]
The early 4th-century
Canons 16 and 17 of the
There are examples of punishments. In the sixth century, the Greek chronicler
In
The matter was also dealt with at the Council of Paris (AD 829) in canons 34 and 69.
Alongside this, penances for such sexual transgressions may increasingly be found in a few of the penitential books which first emerged in the 6th century in monastic communities in Ireland (including for women having sex with other women).[24][32]
Medieval and Early Modern period
By the late Middle Ages, the term "sodomy" had come to cover copulation between males, bestiality, non-vaginal heterosexual intercourse,
Klaits writes: "From the twelfth century on, outsiders came under increasing verbal and physical attack from churchmen, allied secular authorities, and, particularly in the case of Jews, from the lower strata of the population"; and Jews, heretics, homosexuals, and magicians were among the most significant "outsiders".[37]
The Council of London in 1102, called at the urging of English Archbishop Anselm of Canterbury, explicitly denounced homosexual behavior as a sin for the first time at an English council.[38] Anselm felt that sodomy was widespread and not condemned strongly enough or regarded with the seriousness that it should have. Confessors were urged to take account of such ignorance when hearing confessions, but take into account mitigating factors such as age and marital status before prescribing penance; and counselling was generally preferred to punishment. In Canons 28 and 29 the Council decreed that the people should be informed of the gravity of the sin and their obligation to confess (particularly if they derived pleasure from it). Nevertheless, Anselm deferred publication of the proceedings, arguing that further time was needed to clarify certain matters.[38] Boswell argues the decrees were never published at all.[39]
In 1179,
At the same time, the German Abbess Hildegard of Bingen in her Liber divinorum operum described homosexuality as the "supreme offence against God."[42] In her book Scivias, she describes a vision of God, and quotes him condemning homosexual acts, saying "a man who sins with another man as if with a woman sins bitterly against God" and therefore is "guilty of death."[43]
Canon 14 of the
By the early 13th century (time of the
Around 1230, Pope Gregory IX argued that sodomites were "abominable persons despised by the world, ... more unclean than animals".[29]: 139
Thomas Aquinas
In the Summa Theologica, Thomas Aquinas stated that "the unnatural vice" is the greatest of the sins of lust.[47] In his Summa contra Gentiles, traditionally dated to 1264, he argued against what he called "the error of those who say that there is no more sin in the emission of the semen than in the ejection of other superfluous products from the body" by saying that, after murder, which destroys an existing human being, disordinate emission of semen to the preclusion of generating a human being seems to come second.[48]
Alongside this, the German Dominican Albertus Magnus described homosexuality as a foulness that was marked by an uncontrollable frenzy as well as contagious.[29]: 137
In 1424, Bernardino of Siena preached for three days in Florence, Italy, against homosexuality and other forms of lust, calling for sodomites to be ostracized, and these sermons alongside measures by other clergy of the time strengthened opinion against homosexuals and encouraged the authorities to increase the measures of persecution.[49]
The Inquisition and homosexuality
In 1451, Pope Nicholas V enabled the Inquisition to prosecute men who practiced sodomy. Handed over to the civil authorities, those condemned were frequently burned in accordance with civil law.[46]
In 1478, with the
The Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition in Spain, as the Spanish Inquisition was formally known, was therefore under the control of its monarchs.
Within Aragon and its dependent territories, the number of individuals that the Spanish Inquisition tried for sodomy,
The Portuguese Inquisition was established in 1536; and in 1539 Henry, Archbishop of Braga (later cardinal and king of Portugal) became Grand Inquisitor. (An earlier appointment as Portuguese Grand Inquisitor was Friar Diogo da Silva.)[57] It received 4,419 denunciations against individuals accused of sodomy, of whom 447 were subjected to a formal trial, and thirty were burnt at the stake, in accordance with the pre-1536 civil laws enacted under Kings Afonso V and Manuel I, and many others were sent to the galleys or to exile, temporary or permanent.[7]
Council of Trent
Although homosexuality was not directly discussed at the 16th century
In Malta, governed by the Catholic military order the Knights Hospitaller, there was harsh prejudice and laws towards those who were found guilty or spoke openly of being involved in same-sex activity.[59][60] English voyager and author William Lithgow, writing in March 1616, described how a Spanish soldier and a Maltese teenage boy were publicly burnt to ashes for confessing to having practiced sodomy together.[59][60] As a consequence, about a hundred men involved sailed to Sicily the following day to escape the regime.[59][60]
Modern Age
Vatican Councils
Neither the First Vatican Council nor the Second Vatican Council directly discussed the issue of homosexuality, but nor did they alter the judgement of earlier councils. However, homosexual activity frequently remained referenced in general church documents where appropriate as crimen pessimum (the worst crime),[61][62][63][64] including that codified in 1917.[65]
According to the Catechism of Saint Pius X, sodomy is one of the four sins that "are said to cry to God for vengeance".[66]
Modern-day popes
Pope Paul VI
In 1976,
Pope John Paul II
Homosexuality received no mention in papal
In John Paul II's teaching, gay sex is regarded as a utilization of another's body, not a mutual self-giving in familial love, physically expressed by the masculine and feminine bodies; and such intercourse is also performed by a choice of the will, unlike homosexual orientation, which he acknowledged is usually not a matter of free choice.[79]
On 5 October 1979, John Paul publicly praised the bishops of the United States for stating that "homosexual activity ... as distinguished from homosexual orientation, is morally wrong". He argued that, instead of "[holding] out false hope" to homosexuals facing hard moral problems, they had upheld "the true dignity, the true human dignity, of those who look to Christ's Church for the guidance which comes from the light of God's word".[80]
In 2000, he criticized the inaugural WorldPride event scheduled for Rome in that year as "an affront to the Great Jubilee of the year 2000" and as "an offence to the Christian values" of Rome.[81][82][83] He also spoke of his "bitterness" after church officials had lobbied and failed to cancel the festival.[81] He also cited the Catholic catechism that "homosexual acts go against natural law" but "every sign of unjust discrimination in their regard should be avoided".[84]
In response, the Dutch gay magazine Gay Krant and its readership initiated a case against him in the Dutch law courts, arguing that his comment that gay sex is contrary to the laws of nature[85] "give rise to hatred against, and discrimination of certain groups of people" in violation of Dutch law.[86] This came to an end when the court ruled that he was immune from prosecution as a head of state (the Vatican).[87]
In his last personal work, Memory and Identity, published in 2005, John Paul II referred to the "pressures" on the European Parliament to permit "homosexual 'marriage'". He wrote: "It is legitimate and necessary to ask oneself if this is not perhaps part of a new ideology of evil, perhaps more insidious and hidden, which attempts to pit human rights against the family and against man".[88][89]
Benedict XVI
On 9 March 2012, Pope
An essay by the French Chief Rabbi Gilles Bernheim taking a clear position against gay marriage and denouncing the theory of acquired gender was quoted at length by Pope Benedict XVI in his 2012 Christmas address to the Roman Curia.[92][93]
The BBC reported that shortly before the resignation of Pope
Francis
Pope Francis has repeatedly spoken about the need for the church to welcome and love all people, regardless of their sexual orientation. Speaking about gay people in 2013, he said that "the key is for the church to welcome, not exclude and show mercy, not condemnation."[95] In July of that year, he said "If a person is gay and seeks God and has good will, who am I to judge?" "The problem," he said, "is not having this orientation. We must be brothers."[96][97]
Several LGBT groups welcomed the comments, noting that this was the first time a pope had used the word "gay" in public, and had also accepted the existence of gay people as a recognizable part of the Catholic Church community.
Francis has also spoken of the importance of education in the context of the difficulties now facing children, indicating that the Church had a challenge in not being welcoming enough of children brought up in a multiplicity of household arrangements, specifically including the children of gay couples.[101] Francis presided over the 2014 Synod on the Family, where the working document called for less judgment towards people that are gay and more understanding towards same-sex couples in civil unions or marriages, as well as an equal welcome for children of such couples (including conferring baptism), while still rejecting the validity of same-sex marriage itself.[102][103]
In the post-synodal
In 2019, during an interview with Spanish journalist Jordi Evole, Pope Francis brought up how Catholic teaching states that homosexual tendencies "are not a sin," while also saying that young children who exhibit unusual behaviors should see a professional as it may be for other reasons than them being gay.[106]
HIV/AIDS
The Catholic Church's opposition to homosexuality and to safe sex measures drew negative attention during the
Catholic hospitals were among the first to treat HIV/AIDS patients,
The Catholic Church is a now world leader in the provision of care to victims of AIDS and, with over 117,000 health centers, it is also one of the largest providers.[112][113] Catholic Church-related organizations also provide social services to people with AIDS.[114][115] However, their opposition to safe sex measures such as condoms is a source of controversy, since condoms are impermeable to HIV and can prevent transmission.[116][111]
Development of pro-gay movements within the Church
1960s
DignityUSA was founded in the United States in 1969 as the first group for gay and lesbian Catholics shortly after the Stonewall riots. It developed from the ministry of Father Patrick Xavier Nidorf, an Augustinian priest. It set out the belief that gay Catholics can "express our sexuality physically, in a unitive manner that is loving, life-giving, and life-affirming."[117] It also seeks to "work for the development of sexual theology leading to the reform of [the Church's] teachings and practices regarding human sexuality, and for the acceptance of gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender peoples as full and equal members of the one Christ."[117] Meetings were initially held in San Diego and Los Angeles, before the organization ultimately became headquartered in Boston. It later spread to Canada.
1970s
Following the US Bishops’ 1976 Call To Action conference in
1980s
In 1980, the Association of Priests in the
In 1981, New Ways Ministry held its first national symposium on homosexuality and the Catholic Church, but Archbishop James Hickey of Washington, D.C., wrote to Catholic bishops and communities, asking them not to support the event. Despite this, more than fifty Catholic groups endorsed the program.[121]
1990s
In 1996, the
The Rainbow Sash Movement was established in Australia in 1998 and has been active in the United States, England, and Australia. The Rainbow Sash itself is a strip of a rainbow-colored fabric, which is worn over the left shoulder and is put on at the beginning of the Mass as a symbol of sexuality.[124] At the appropriate time, members go up to receive communion.[125][124] If denied, they return to their pew and remain standing,[126] but if the Eucharist is received, then they return to their pew and kneel in the traditional way.[127] The Catholic Church teaches that the Eucharist is a sign of unity,[128] and that it can be denied when receiving it would be seen as an act of division or a display of opposition to the Church's teaching.[129]
Both Nugent and Grammick of New Ways Ministry were formally disciplined in 1999 when the Vatican imposed lifetime bans on any pastoral work involving gay people, declaring that the positions they advanced "do not faithfully convey the clear and constant teaching of the Catholic Church" and "have caused confusion among the Catholic people."[130] The move made Nugent and Gramick "folk heroes in liberal circles," where official teaching was seen as outdated and lacking compassion.[119] Similarly, the American bishops Thomas Gumbleton of Detroit and Matthew Clark of Rochester, New York, were criticized for their association with New Ways Ministry, and their "distortion" of the theological concept of the "Primacy of Conscience" as an alternative to the teaching of the Catholic Church.[131]
2010s
In 2013, members of the Rainbow Sash Movement in Illinois planned to hold a prayer service in a cathedral for legalization of same-sex marriage, an initiative that Bishop Paprocki of Springfield called blasphemous.[132][133]
In 2018, Fr. Paul Kalchik in Avondale, Chicago, burned a banner depicting a lavender cross superimposed over a rainbow, which he described as "propaganda," following a prayer of exorcism.[134] He had previously destroyed rainbow vestments left behind by the three priests that served the parish prior to his arrival in 2007.[134] The banner had originally been displayed at the altar by one of those predecessors in 1991 to welcome LGBTQ worshipers.[134] However, Kalchik believed that his predecessors had erroneously promoted the "gay lifestyle" and that the sexual abuse crisis in the Catholic church was "definitely a gay thing." Cardinal Blase J. Cupich intervened but failed to stop the burning.[134]
2020s
In October 2020, the documentary film Francesco, which contains an earlier 2019 interview Pope Francis did for the Mexican broadcaster Televisa, is released and shows the pope endorsing for same-sex couples "convivencia civil" (in Spanish); this remark, aired only later for the film, was translated to "civil union" in the subtitles of the film. This has been picked up by the media as Pope Francis supporting same-sex civil union.[135][136][137] Some Spanish-speaking Catholic priests said the translation was inaccurate. Archbishop Víctor Manuel Fernández of La Plata, long-time theological advisor of Pope Francis, has defended that the two expressions "unión civil" and "ley de convivencia civil" are often used interchangeably in Argentina when speaking about laws, and designate a civil union.[138][137] In May 2021 and May 2022 in over hundred Roman Catholic churches in Germany
In January 2023 in an interview with the Associated Press Pope Francis stated laws that criminalise homosexuality as “unjust”, saying God loves all his children just as they are.[142] Pope Francis later clarified this interview saying in reference to it "As you can see, I was repeating something in general. I should have said, 'It is a sin, as is any sexual act outside of marriage'" he wrote.[143] In February 2023, Pope Francis said, that criminalization of same-sexual acts in several countries in Africa/in Asia is wrong, a sin and an injustice.[144][145] On March 11, 2023, the
On December 18, 2023, non-liturgical blessings of same-sex couples, not the illicit unions themselves, were approved by Pope Francis and published in Fiducia supplicans, a document by the Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith,[152][153][154] which stated that "...the Church does not have the power to impart blessings on unions of persons of the same sex."[152]
See also
- History of Christianity and homosexuality
- Catholic teaching on homosexuality
- Pastoral care for gay Catholics
- Dissent from Catholic teaching on homosexuality
- Homosexuality and Roman Catholic priests
- Gay bishops
- Political activity of the Catholic Church on LGBT issues
- List of LGBT Catholics
Notes
- ^ The literal Greek phrase is "ou paidophthorēseis", which means,"You shall not corrupt boys.
- ^ Robert Grant in The Anchor Bible Dictionary argues that the language in the Syriac version against homosexuality is stronger, probably because it was presented to Antoninus Pius rather than the homosexual Hadrian.
- ISBN 978-0-22606714-8), P. 177 arguing in fact that "attitudes towards homosexuality grew steadily more tolerant in the early Middle Ages").
- ^ "That the morals and general conduct of clerics may be better let all strive to live chastely and virtuously, particularly those in sacred orders, guarding against every vice of desire, especially, so that in the sight of Almighty God they may perform their duties with a pure heart and chaste body. But lest the facility to obtain pardon be an incentive to do wrong, we decree that whoever shall be found to indulge in the vice of incontinence, shall, in proportion to the gravity of his sin, be punished in accordance with the canonical statutes, which we command to be strictly and rigorously observed, so that he whom divine fear does not restrain from evil, may at least be withheld from sin by a temporal penalty. If therefore anyone suspended for this reason shall presume to celebrate the divine mysteries, let him not only be deprived of his ecclesiastical benefices but for this twofold offense let him be forever deposed."
- New York Times, repeated the allegations.[72]
- ^ Saint Clare's Hospital was the first hospital to provide care in New York.[107]
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And the serpent said: 'I shall pour forth my breath in order to extinguish the line of the sons of men, and then men shall be kindled with passions for other men, commiting shameful acts."..."And the serpent, taking delight shouted, this is the supreme offense against the One who given man his body . That His image may be stamped out because man has avoided natural relations with women."..."It is the devil, then, who convinced them to become unfaithful ones and seductors, which prompted them to murder, becoming bandits and thieves, because the sin of homosexuality leads one to the most shameful violence and all vices.
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A man who sins with another man as if with a woman sins bitterly against God and against the union with I which God united male and female. Hence both in God's sight are polluted, black and wanton, horrible and harmful to God and humanity, and guilty of death; for they go against their Creator and His creature, which is in them. How? God united man and woman, thus joining the strong to the weak, that each might sustain the other. But these perverted adulterers change their virile strength into perverse weakness, rejecting the proper male and female roles, and in their wickedness they shamefully follow Satan, who in his pride sought to split and divide Him Who is indivisible.
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- ^ "Jacques Maritain Center: GC 3.122". www2.nd.edu.
- ^ R. Moore, The Formation of a Persecuting Society: Power and Deviance in Western Europe, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987, p138
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- ^ "The Vices and other Very Grievous Sins". (at n. 7). The others are: despairing of being saved; presuming on being saved without merit; opposing the known truth; envying another's graces; obstinately remaining in sin; final impenitence.
- ^ Hitchens, Christopher (28 February 2013). "Christopher Hitchens on the death of Pope Paul VI". New Statesman.
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