Indigenism
Indigenism can refer to several different
As international human rights movement
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Anthropologist Ronald Niezen uses the term to describe "the international movement that aspires to promote and protect the rights of the world's 'first peoples'."[1]
Variation
New Zealand scholar Jeffrey Sissons has criticized what he calls "eco-indigenism" on the part of international forums such as the
As pan-indigenous political or cultural solidarity
As used by ethnic studies scholar Ward Churchill (b. 1947; author of From a Native Son) and Mexican scholar Guillermo Bonfil Batalla (1935-1991), the term refers to the common civilization of which, they argue, all New World indigenous peoples are a part, and to their common "spirit of resistance" to settler colonialism.[1]
As official policy in Latin American nation-states
In some places in Latin America the term Indigenismo might often be used "to describe the ways that colonial nation-states have formulated their vision of Indigenous social inclusion."[1] In other cases, indigenismo might refer to the research and work related to indigenous communities
In Brazil
In Brazil, an indigenist is a profession undertaken by government officials or civil society organizations who work directly with indigenous communities. Indigenismo would then be a definition for work dedicated to indigenous societies. In the case of this country,
Besides Funai, there are several institutions dedicated to indigenism in Brazil, most of them being civil society organizations such as NGOs and OSCIPs. Most of them work executing the official indigenist policy, obtaining resources from different sources (government, donations, international funding, others) to develop sustainable activities with indigenous communities, being that some of them even work in partnership with the official indigenist organ Funai, sometimes backing up for the lack of resources (especially human resources) faced by the government institution.
Variation
Several scholars, notably Alcida Rita Ramos, use the term not only to refer to official policy, but to all social and political interactions between the state or mainstream society and indigenous peoples, whether initiated by the indigenous or by other parties. She, as an indigenist herself, advocates for a compromised and positive work, in which the interventions of the indigenist worker is qualified for positive results in obtaining social justice for societies under the violence of colonial states.[1]
As approach to scholarship
Eva Marie Garroutte uses "Radical Indigenism" to mean an attitude towards scholarship on indigenous peoples that does not treat their culture as a curiosity, or of interest solely in order to study the individuals who practise the culture; instead she argues that indigenous people possess entire philosophies of knowledge capable of generating new knowledge through different models of inquiry from those used in Western philosophy. She presents it as a logical next step to post-colonial theories which seek to question Western "ways of knowing" but have not yet proposed alternatives.[3]
As ethnic nationalism
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Indigenism, native nationalism, or indigenous nationalism is a kind of
While New World movements usually go by the name indigenism (notably in Latin America, "indigenismo" is a political force), the term autochthonism is encountered for Eastern European and Central Asian nationalisms.[4][5][6]
"Autochthonism" is an issue especially in those parts of Europe formerly under
The term 'ethnic' with its meaning of 'ethnic specificity' imprinted in all sorts of expressions of the people, as a mark of its original properties, has been spread for 16 years by the journal Gândirea. The same thing applies to the terms of autochthonism, traditionalism, Orthodoxy, spirituality and many more which became the shared values of our current nationalist language.[7]
— Nichifor Crainic, 1937
Variations
Indigenism involves the emphasis of certain aspects of history, for example the identification of one of multiple sources of ancestry for a "people".[citation needed] Examples are W. E. B. Du Bois's black nationalism, or nativist arguments in the United States that mestizo people are more indigenous to the United States land than European Americans.
The portrayal of the Christian wars against
- Indigenist anarchism
- Pan-Slavism: Mikhail Bakunin
- Anarchist People of Color, Black anarchism, Afrocentrism
- Anarchism in Africa: Négritude [citation needed]
- Indigenous American: Dylan Miner (Métis), Mujeres Creando (Bolivia), Milagro Sala (Argentina)
- Tino rangatiratanga in New Zealand
- "Continuity theories":
- Assyrianism[9]
- Croatian Illyrian movement
- Dacianism, a national mysticism linking modern Romania to the ancient Dacians
- English nationalist support for the theory that English is indigenous to Britain
- Finnic settlement continuity theory: see Baltic Finns
- Gaul-French continuity theory (France)
- Germanic-German continuity theory (Rudolf Much, Otto Höfler)
- Illyrian-Albanian continuity theory: see origin of the Albanians and Albanian nationalism
- India:
- Indigenous Aryans, a hypothesis that puts the deep historical origins of the Aryan people on the Indian subcontinent (Hindu nationalism)
- continuity theories in Kurdish nationalism
- Irish nationalism since 1900 has emphasised the Gaelic origin of most Irish people
- Lusitanianism (Portuguese nationalism)
- Macedonian Slavs)
- Uralic Continuity Theory (Mario Alinei)
- Phoenicianism
- Sarmatian-Polish continuity theory: see Sarmatism
- Slovenian Venetic theory
- continuity theories in Syrian nationalism
- Turkish Anatolianism
See also
- Colonial mentality
- Richard J. F. Day
- Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
- Historiography and nationalism
- Identity politics
- Indianism (arts), Brazil
- Indigenization
- Irredentism
- Localism (politics)
- Multiethnic Indigenist Party of Nicaragua
- Nativism
References
- ^ a b c d e de Costa, Ravi (2005). "Indigenism". Globalization and Autonomy Online Compendium. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. Archived from the original on 2012-04-15. Retrieved 2014-02-03.
- ISBN 978-1861892416.
- ^ Garroutte, Eva Marie. "Defining "Radical Indigenism" and Creating an American Indian Scholarship*" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-02-21.
- ISBN 978-0-08-041024-1.
- ISBN 978-963-9116-97-9.
- ISBN 978-3-8258-8802-2.
- ^ Crainic, in Caraiani, note 23
- ^ Zerubavel, Eviatar (2004). Time Maps: Collective Memory and the Social Shape of the Past. University of Chicago Press. pp. 103–106.
- ISBN 978-3-16-149411-6.
Bibliography
- ISBN 0-89608-553-8.
- S2CID 144332844.
- Niezen, Ronald (2003). The Origins of Indigenism - Human Rights and the Politics of Identity. ISBN 978-0-520-23554-0.
External links
- https://web.archive.org/web/20080515113302/http://indigenist.blogspot.com/ (South American "indigenism")
- Indigenism at the Infoshop OpenWiki