Levetiracetam

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Levetiracetam
Clinical data
Pronunciation/lɛvɪtɪˈræsɪtæm/
Trade namesKeppra, Elepsia, Spritam, others
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa699059
License data
Pregnancy
category
intravenous
Drug classRacetam anticonvulsant
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability≈100%
Protein binding<10%
MetabolismEnzymatic hydrolysis of acetamide group
Elimination half-life6–8 hrs
ExcretionKidney
Identifiers
  • (S)-2-(2-Oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)butanamide
JSmol)
  • O=C1N([C@H](C(=O)N)CC)CCC1
  • InChI=1S/C8H14N2O2/c1-2-6(8(9)12)10-5-3-4-7(10)11/h6H,2-5H2,1H3,(H2,9,12)/t6-/m0/s1 checkY
  • Key:HPHUVLMMVZITSG-LURJTMIESA-N checkY
 ☒NcheckY (what is this?)  (verify)

Levetiracetam, sold under the brand name Keppra among others, is a

injection into a vein.[7]

Common side effects of levetiracetam include sleepiness, dizziness, feeling tired, and aggression.

allergic reactions such as Stevens–Johnson syndrome or anaphylaxis.[7] Levetiracetam is the S-enantiomer of etiracetam.[8] Its mechanism of action is not yet clear.[7]

Levetiracetam was approved for medical use in the United States in 1999

generic medication.[9] In 2021, it was the 101st most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 6 million prescriptions.[10][11] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[12]

Medical uses

Focal epilepsy

Levetiracetam is effective as single-drug treatment for newly diagnosed

focal epilepsy in adults.[13][14] It reduces focal seizures by 50% or more as an add-on medication.[15]

Partial-complex epilepsy

Levetiracetam is effective as add-on treatment for partial (focal) epilepsy.[16]

Generalized epilepsy

Levetiracetam is effective for treatment of generalized tonic-clonic epilepsy.

monotherapy treatment for epilepsy in the case of partial seizures or as an adjunctive therapy for partial, myoclonic, and tonic-clonic seizures.[17]

Levetiracetam is sometimes used off label to treat status epilepticus.[18][19]

Prevention of seizures

Based on low-quality evidence, levetiracetam is about as effective as phenytoin for prevention of early seizures after traumatic brain injury.[20] It may be effective for prevention of seizures associated with subarachnoid hemorrhages.[21]

Other

Levetiracetam has not been found to be useful for treatment of neuropathic pain,[22] nor for treatment of essential tremors.[23] Levetiracetam has not been found to be useful for treating all developmental disorders within the autism spectrum; [24][25] studies have only proven to be an effective treatment for partial, myoclonic, or tonic-clonic seizures associated with autism spectrum disorder.[26]

Special groups

Studies in female pregnant rats have shown minor fetal skeletal abnormalities when given maximum recommended human doses of levetiracetam orally throughout pregnancy and lactation.[medical citation needed]

Studies were conducted to look for increased adverse effects in the elderly population as compared to younger patients. One such study published in Epilepsy Research showed no significant increase in incidence of adverse symptoms experienced by young or elderly patients with central nervous system (CNS) disorders.[medical citation needed]

Adverse effects

The most common adverse effects of levetiracetam treatment include CNS effects such as somnolence, decreased energy, headache, dizziness, mood swings and coordination difficulties. These adverse effects are most pronounced in the first month of therapy. About 4% of patients dropped out of pre-approval clinical trials due to these side effects.[4]

About 13% of people taking levetiracetam experience adverse neuropsychiatric symptoms, which are usually mild. These include agitation, hostility, apathy, anxiety, emotional lability, and depression. Serious psychiatric adverse side effects that are reversed by drug discontinuation occur in about 1%. These include hallucinations, suicidal thoughts, or psychosis. These occurred mostly within the first month of therapy, but they could develop at any time during treatment.[27]

Although rare, Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), which appears as a painful spreading rash with redness and blistering and/or peeling skin, have been reported in patients treated with levetiracetam.[28] The incidence of SJS following exposure to anti-epileptics such as levetiracetam is about 1 in 3,000.[29]

Levetiracetam should not be used in people who have previously shown hypersensitivity to levetiracetam or any of the inactive ingredients in the tablet or oral solution. Such hypersensitivity reactions include, but are not limited to, unexplained rash with redness or blistered skin, difficulty breathing, and tightness in the chest or airways.[4]

In a study, the incidence of decreased bone mineral density of patients on levetiracetam was significantly higher than those for other epileptic medications.[30]

Suicide

Levetiracetam, along with other anti-epileptic drugs, can increase the risk of suicidal behavior or thoughts. People taking levetiracetam should be monitored closely for signs of worsening depression, suicidal thoughts or tendencies, or any altered emotional or behavioral states.[4]

Kidney and liver

Kidney impairment decreases the rate of elimination of levetiracetam from the body. Individuals with reduced kidney function may require dose adjustments.

Kidney function can be estimated from the rate of creatinine clearance.[4]

Dose adjustment of levetiracetam is not necessary in liver impairment.[4]

Drug interactions

No significant pharmacokinetic interactions were observed between levetiracetam or its major metabolite and concomitant medications.

Mechanism of action

The exact mechanism by which levetiracetam acts to treat epilepsy is unknown. Levetiracetam does not exhibit pharmacologic actions similar to that of classical anticonvulsants. It does not inhibit voltage-dependent Na+ channels, does not affect GABAergic transmission, and does not bind to GABAergic or glutamatergic receptors.

neuromodulator. This is believed to impede impulse conduction across synapses.[36]

Pharmacokinetics

Absorption

The absorption of levetiracetam tablets and oral solution is rapid and essentially complete. The bioavailability of levetiracetam is close to 100 percent, and the effect of food on absorption is minor.[4]

Distribution

The volume of distribution of levetiracetam is similar to total body water. Levetiracetam modestly binds to plasma proteins (less than 10%).[4]

Metabolism

Levetiracetam does not undergo extensive metabolism, and the metabolites formed are not active and do not exert pharmacological activity. Metabolism of levetiracetam is not by liver cytochrome P450 enzymes, but through other metabolic pathways such as hydrolysis and hydroxylation.[4]

Excretion

In persons with normal kidney function, levetiracetam is eliminated from the body primarily by the kidneys with about 66 percent of the original drug passed unchanged into urine. The plasma half-life of levetiracetam in adults is about 6 to 8 hours [4] although the mean CSF half life of approx. 24 hours better reflects levels at site of action.[37]

Analogues

Brivaracetam, a chemical analogue to levetiracetam, is a racetam derivative with similar properties.

Society and culture

Levetiracetam is available as regular and extended release oral formulations and as intravenous formulations.[38]

The immediate release tablet has been available as a generic in the United States since 2008, and in the UK since 2011.[39][15] The patent for the extended release tablet will expire in 2028.[40]

The branded version Keppra is manufactured by UCB Pharmaceuticals S.A.[3][4][5][6]

In 2015, Aprecia's

FDA, under the trade name Spritam.[41] Some have said that the drug has been improved by 3D printing, as the formula used now has improved disintegration properties.[42]

Legal status

Australia

Levetiracetam is a Schedule 4 substance in Australia under the Poisons Standard (February 2020).[43] A Schedule 4 substance is classified as "Prescription Only Medicine, or Prescription Animal Remedy – Substances, the use or supply of which should be by or on the order of persons permitted by State or Territory legislation to prescribe and should be available from a pharmacist on prescription."[43]

Japan

Under Japanese law, levetiracetam and other racetams cannot be brought into the country except for personal use by a traveler for whom it has been prescribed.[44] Travelers who plan to bring more than a month's worth must apply for an import certificate, known as a Yakkan Shoumei (薬監証明, yakkan shōmei).[45]

Research

Levetiracetam has been studied in the past for treating symptoms of neurobiological conditions such as Tourette syndrome,[46] and anxiety disorder.[47] However, its most serious adverse effects are behavioral, and its benefit-risk ratio in these conditions is not well understood.[47]

Levetiracetam is being tested as a drug to reduce hyperactivity in the hippocampus in Alzheimer's disease.[48]

Additionally, Levetiracetam has been experimentally shown to reduce

Levodopa, a medication used to treat Parkinson's disease
.

Of the ten medications evaluated in a 2023 systematic review of the literature, levetiracetam was found to be the only medication with sufficient evidence showing that it may cause seizure freedom in some infants.[50] Further, adverse effects from levetiracetam were rarely severe enough for the medication to be discontinued in this age group. Because available research included only 2 published studies reporting seizure freedom rates, however, the strength of the evidence was judged to be low.[50]

References

  1. ^ "Levetiracetam Use During Pregnancy". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
  2. ^ Anvisa (31 March 2023). "RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published 4 April 2023). Archived from the original on 3 August 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
  3. ^ a b "Keppra 100 mg/ml concentrate for solution for infusion - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)". (emc). Archived from the original on 24 October 2021. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Keppra- levetiracetam tablet, film coated Keppra- levetiracetam solution". DailyMed. 5 November 2019. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
  5. ^ a b "Keppra XR- levetiracetam tablet, film coated, extended release". DailyMed. 4 November 2019. Archived from the original on 29 July 2021. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
  6. ^ a b "Keppra- levetiracetam injection, solution, concentrate". DailyMed. 4 November 2019. Archived from the original on 21 January 2016. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
  7. ^ a b c d e f "Levetiracetam Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com. AHFS. Archived from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2019.
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  10. ^ "The Top 300 of 2021". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on 15 January 2024. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  11. ^ "Levetiracetam - Drug Usage Statistics". ClinCalc. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
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  38. ^ "Levetiracetam Injection Prescribing Information" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 November 2018. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
  39. ^ Branch Website Management. "Patent Terms Extended Under 35 USC §156". www.uspto.gov. Archived from the original on 15 November 2015. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
  40. ^ Webber K (12 September 2011). "FDA Access Data" (PDF). ANDA 091291. Department of Health and Human Services. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
  41. ^ "FDA approves the first 3D-printed drug product". KurzweilAI. 13 October 2015. Archived from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
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  43. ^ a b Poisons Standard February 2020 Archived 2 March 2020 at the Wayback Machine. comlaw.gov.au
  44. ^ "Information for those who are bringing medicines for personal use into Japan". Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
  45. ^ "Q&A for those who are importing medicines into Japan" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
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