List of ancient Armeno-Phrygian peoples and tribes

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This is a list of the hypothetical Armeno-Phrygian peoples and tribes. Armeno-Phrygians is the name given to the hypothetical common ancestors of both Phrygians and Armenians.

Even if Armenians are not more closely related to the Phrygians, many scholars think that there is some closer connection from common ancestors between Greeks, Phrygians and Armenians and their languages that between them and other Indo-European peoples (as the model tree of Donald Ringe and Tandy Warnow).

Regardless of their

• Proto-Indo-Europeans (Proto-Indo-European speakers)
  • Proto-Graeco-Phrygians (Proto-Graeco-Phrygian speakers)
    • Proto-Graeco-Armenians (Proto-Graeco-Armenian speakers)

Possible Direct Ancestors

• Graeco-Phrygians
  • Hellenics
    • (?) Ancient Macedonians
    • Proto-Greeks
      • Ancient Greeks
        (esp. speakers of northern dialects)
  • (?)
    ancient Greek), a Hellenic language with "a great deal of Illyrian and Thracian influence as a result of this proximity".^[5]
    • Thracian
      )
    • Almopians^[7] (also Almopioi)
    • Thracian
      )
    • Doberes^[9]
    • Laeaeans^[6] (also Laeaei and Laiai)
    • Thracian)^[11]
    • Paeoplae^[12]
    • Siropaiones^[13]
  • (?) Phrygians (Armeno-Phrygians? Part of the larger and older Graeco-Phrygians?)

Possible Armeno-Phrygians

Province in Ancient Armenia

.

May have been part of the older and larger Graeco-Phrygians.

• Armeno-Phrygians (Bryges-Phryges-Mushki) (Armeno-Phrygian speakers)
  • Mygdones and Pieres) (Haemus Mons or Balkan Phrygians
    )
    • Bryges Proper
    • Mygdones (in Mygdonia
      )
    • Pieres (originally in Pieria, later in Pieris)
  • Asia Minor); Eastern Mushki may have been identical with Phrygians or related to them and they possibly blended with local populations and formed Proto-Armenians).^[14] Other scholars, such as Aram Kossian have a different view and consider a native origin for the Eastern Mushki.^[15]
    • Western Mushki (Mysians and Phrygians)
      • Mysians (Mushki) (Coastal Phrygians) (they lived in Mysia)
      • Phrygians (Inland Phrygians) (they lived in Phrygia)
    • Eastern Mushki (Moschoi / Moscheni / Meshech) (Proto-Armenians?)
      • Proto-Kartvelians?) (ancestors of most of the Meskhetians
        )
      • Proto-Armenians (possibly descendants of an eastward Mushki according to some scholars,^[2][14] or from an early native origin, Eastern Mushki may have been a people of different origin from the Western Mushki, according to other scholars)^[15]
        • Armenians

Possible Armenian peoples or contributors to the Armenians’ ethnogenesis

• Hayasa-Azzians (in Hayasa-Azzi, roughly in later Upper Armenia) (the name “Hayasa” may have been an early form of “Hay” or "Hayots" - Armenians or Armenians')
• Armenian Highlands
  )
• Subartians / Shuprians / Armanians (in Subartu and Arme-Shupria, Arme or Armani and Shupria)

Armenians, Hurro-Urartians or Kartvelians

• Taochoi / Tayk / Tao / Tao-Klarjeti
  )

Contributors to the Armenians’ ethnogenesis (Non-Armenian in origin)

• Hurro-Urartians (peoples speakers of the
  Hurro-Urartian
  languages)
  • Hurrians
  • Hurri-Mitanni (a possibly
    Mitanni-Aryan language, which was closely related to Sanskrit; they blended with older local Hurrians
    )
  • Kingdom of Urartu; Proto-Armenians may have been part of the population of this kingdom since earlier times, well before its fall at the end of the 7th century BC.)^[14][16][17]

Criticism

A number of linguists have rejected a close relationship between Armenian and Phrygian, despite saying that the two languages do share some features.

satem.^[23]

Recent research suggests that there is lack of archaeological

Armenian Highlands

during or after the Bronze Age Collapse (as was suggested by Diakonoff).

See also

• Armeno-Phrygians
• Origin of the Armenians
• Armenians
• Armenian language
• Armeno-Phrygian languages
• Armenian hypothesis
• Sea peoples
• Bronze Age collapse
• Urartu
• History of Armenia
• Ancient Armenia
• List of regions of ancient Armenia

References

1. ^ PETROSYAN, Armen. (2007). "The Problem of Identification of Proto-Armenians: A Critical Review." in Journal of the Society for the Armenian Studies (JSAS), vol. 16
2. ^
   ISBN 978-1-884964-98-5
   .
3. ^ "Armenian (People) | Description, Culture, History, & Facts | Britannica".
4. ^ "Armenia | Geography, Population, Map, Religion, & History | Britannica".
5. ^ "The Ancient Kingdom of Paionia". Balkan Studies 6. 1965.
6. ^ ^{a b} Early symbolic systems for communication in Southeast Europe, Part 2 by Lolita Nikolova,
   ISBN 1-84171-334-1
   , 2003, page 529, "eastern Paionians (Agrianians and Laeaeans)"
7. ISBN 0-684-82790-5
   , page 153,"... of them still live round Physcasb- and the Almopians from Almopia.
8. ISBN 978-0-521-85073-5
   Volume 4, Persia, Greece and the Western Mediterranean, C. 525 to 479 B.C, John Boardman, page 252, "The Paeonians were the earlier owners of some of these mines, but after their defeat in the coastal sector they maintained their independence in the mainland and coined large denominations in the upper Strymon and the Upper Axius area in the names of the Laeaei and the Derrones"
9. ISBN 0-14-044908-6
   , 2003, page 452, "... Then he passed through the country of the Doberes and Paeoplae (Paeonian tribes living north of Pangaeum), and continued in a ..."
10. ISBN 0-19-814099-1
    , page 854, ... Various tribes have occupied this part of Thrace: Bisaltians (lower Strymon valley), Odomantes (the plain to the north of the Strymon) ...
11. ^ Thrace in the Graeco-Roman world, p. 112 but others claim that together with the Agrianes and Odomanti, at least the latter of which were with certainty Thracian, not Paeonian.
12. ISBN 0-14-044908-6
    , 2003, page 315, ... "was that a number of Paeonian tribes – the Siriopaeones, Paeoplae, ..."
13. ISBN 0-14-044908-6
    , 2003, page 315, "... was that a number of Paeonian tribes – the Siriopaeones, Paeoplae, ..."
14. ^ ^{a b c} I. M. Diakonoff The Problem of the Mushki Archived August 25, 2011, at the Wayback Machine in The Prehistory of the Armenian People
15. ^ ^{a b} Kossian, Aram V. (1997), The Mushki Problem Reconsidered, p. 262
16. ^ Hrach Martirosyan “Origins and historical development of the Armenian language” (p. 7-9) in Journal of Language Relationship, International Scientific Periodical, n.º10 (2013). Russian State University for the Humanities, Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
17. ^ Martirosyan, Hrach (2014). "Origins and Historical Development of the Armenian Language" (PDF). Leiden University: 1–23. Retrieved 5 August 2019. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
18. ^ Bartomeu Obrador Cursach. "On the place of Phrygian among the Indo-European languages." Journal of Language Relationship. 2019. https://www.academia.edu/42660767/On_the_place_of_Phrygian_among_the_Indo_European_languages
19. ^ Clackson, J. P. T., 2008, “Classical Armenian”, in Woodard, R. D., The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 124–143
20. ^ Martirosyan, H., 2013, “The place of Armenian in the Indo-European language family: the relationship with Greek and Indo-Iranian”, Journal of Language Relationship10, 85—13
21. ^ Hamp, Eric P. (August 2013). "The Expansion of the Indo-European Languages: An Indo-Europeanist's Evolving View" (PDF). Sino-Platonic Papers.
22. ^ Kim, Ronald (2018). "Greco-Armenian: The persistence of a myth". Indogermanische Forschungen. The University of British Columbia Library.
23. ^ "On the place of Phrygian among the Indo-European languages." Journal of Language Relationship. 2019. https://www.academia.edu/42660767/On_the_place_of_Phrygian_among_the_Indo_European_languages
24. ^ Kossian, Aram V. (1997), "The Mushki Problem Reconsidered." pp. 260-261
25. ^ Haber, Marc; Mezzavilla, Massimo; Xue, Yali; Comas, David; Gasparini, Paolo; Zalloua, Pierre; Tyler-Smith, Chris (2015). "Genetic evidence for an origin of the Armenians from Bronze Age mixing of multiple populations". European Journal of Human Genetics. 24 (6): 931–6.