Hellenic languages
| Hellenic | |
|---|---|
| Greek | |
| Geographic distribution | Greece, Cyprus, Italy, Anatolia and the Black Sea region |
| Linguistic classification | Indo-European
|
| Proto-language | Proto-Greek |
| Subdivisions |
|
| ISO 639-5 | grk |
| Linguasphere | 56= (phylozone) |
| Glottolog | gree1276 |
| Part of a series on |
| Indo-European topics |
|---|
 |
Hellenic is the branch of the
Indo-European language family whose principal member is Greek.[2] In most classifications, Hellenic consists of Greek alone,[3][4] but some linguists use the term Hellenic to refer to a group consisting of Greek proper and other varieties thought to be related but different enough to be separate languages, either among ancient neighboring languages[5] or among modern varieties of Greek.[6]
Greek and ancient Macedonian
While the bulk of surviving public and private inscriptions found in ancient Macedonia were written in
Northwest Doric Greek,[note 1] and occasionally as an Aeolic Greek dialect[note 2] or a distinct sister language of Greek;[note 3] due to the latter classification, a family under the name "Hellenic" has been suggested to group together Greek proper and the ancient Macedonian language.[5][23]
Modern Hellenic languages
In addition, some linguists use the term "Hellenic" to refer to
Griko or Italiot varieties of southern Italy are also not readily intelligible to speakers of standard Greek.[26] Separate status is sometimes also argued for Cypriot, though this is not as easily justified.[27] In contrast, Yevanic (Jewish Greek) is mutually intelligible with standard Greek but is sometimes considered a separate language for ethnic and cultural reasons.[27] Greek linguistics traditionally treats all of these as dialects of a single language.[3][28][29]
Language tree
 |
| Hellenic |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Classification
Hellenic constitutes a branch of the Indo-European language family. The ancient languages that might have been most closely related to it, ancient Macedonian[30][31] (either an ancient Greek dialect or a separate Hellenic language) and Phrygian,[32] are not documented well enough to permit detailed comparison. Among Indo-European branches with living descendants, Greek is often argued to have the closest genetic ties with Armenian[33] (see also Graeco-Armenian) and Indo-Iranian languages (see Graeco-Aryan).[34][35]
See also
Notes
- ^ Pioneered by Friedrich Wilhelm Sturz (1808),[12] and subsequently supported by Olivier Masson (1996),[13] Michael Meier-Brügger (2003),[14] Johannes Engels (2010),[15] J. Méndez Dosuna (2012),[16] Joachim Matzinger (2016),[17] Emilio Crespo (2017),[10] Claude Brixhe (2018)[18] and M. B. Hatzopoulos (2020).[12]
- ^ Suggested by August Fick (1874),[13] Otto Hoffmann (1906),[13] N. G. L. Hammond (1997)[19] and Ian Worthington (2012).[20]
- ^ Suggested by Georgiev (1966),[21] Joseph (2001)[5] and Hamp (2013).[22]
References
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Graeco-Phrygian". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ In other contexts, "Hellenic" and "Greek" are generally synonyms.
- ^ a b Browning (1983), Medieval and Modern Greek, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Joseph, Brian D. and Irene Philippaki-Warburton (1987): Modern Greek. London: Routledge, p. 1.
- ^ ISBN 9780824209704.
- ^ David Dalby. The Linguasphere Register of the World's Languages and Speech Communities (1999/2000, Linguasphere Press). Pp. 449-450.
- ISBN 978-1-4443-5163-7.
Many surviving public and private inscriptions indicate that in the Macedonian kingdom there was no dominant written language but standard Attic and later on koine Greek.
- ISBN 978-0-521-23348-4.
- ^ Sarah B. Pomeroy, Stanley M. Burstein, Walter Donlan, Jennifer Tolbert Roberts, A Brief History of Ancient Greece: Politics, Society, and Culture, Oxford University Press, 2008, p.289
- ^ ISBN 978-3-11-053081-0.
- ISBN 0-415-16326-9.
- ^ ISBN 978-3-11-071876-8.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-19-860641-3.
- ^ Michael Meier-Brügger, Indo-European linguistics, Walter de Gruyter, 2003, p.28,on Google books
- ^ Roisman, Worthington, 2010, "A Companion to Ancient Macedonia", Chapter 5: Johannes Engels, "Macedonians and Greeks", p. 95
- ISBN 978-960-7779-52-6.
- ^ Matzinger, Joachim (2016). Die Altbalkanischen Sprachen (PDF) (Speech) (in German). Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich.
- ISBN 978-3-11-054243-1.
- ^ Hammond, N.G.L (1997). Collected Studies: Further studies on various topics. A.M. Hakkert. p. 79.
- ISBN 978-1-136-64003-2.
- ^ Vladimir Georgiev, "The Genesis of the Balkan Peoples", The Slavonic and East European Review 44:103:285-297 (July 1966)
- ^ Eric Hamp & Douglas Adams (2013) "The Expansion of the Indo-European Languages", Sino-Platonic Papers, vol 239.
- ^ "Ancient Macedonian". MultiTree: A Digital Library of Language Relationships. Archived from the original on November 22, 2013.
- ^ a b Salminen, Tapani (2007). "Europe and North Asia". In Moseley, Christopher (ed.). Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages. London: Routledge. pp. 211–284.
- ^ Ethnologue: Family tree for Greek.
- ^ N. Nicholas (1999), The Story of Pu: The Grammaticalisation in Space and Time of a Modern Greek Complementiser. PhD Dissertation, University of Melbourne. p. 482f. (PDF)
- ^ a b Joseph, Brian; Tserdanelis, Georgios (2003). "Modern Greek". In Roelcke, Thorsten (ed.). Variationstypologie: Ein sprachtypologisches Handbuch der europäischen Sprachen. Berlin: de Gruyter. p. 836.
- ^ G. Horrocks (1997), Greek: A History of the Language and its Speakers. London: Longman.
- ^ P. Trudgill (2002), Ausbau Sociolinguistics and Identity in Greece, in: P. Trudgill, Sociolinguistic Variation and Change, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
- ^ Roger D. Woodard. "Introduction", The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages, ed. Roger D. Woodard (2004, Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–18), pp. 12–14.
- ^ Benjamin W. Fortson. Indo-European Language and Culture. Blackwell, 2004, p. 405.
- ^ Johannes Friedrich. Extinct Languages. Philosophical Library, 1957, pp. 146–147.
Claude Brixhe. "Phrygian," The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages, ed. Roger D. Woodard, Cambridge University Press, 2004, pp. 777–788), p. 780.
Benjamin W. Fortson. Indo-European Language and Culture. Blackwell, 2004, p. 403. - ^ James Clackson. Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press, 2007, pp. 11–12.
- ^ Benjamin W. Fortson. Indo-European Language and Culture. Blackwell, 2004, p. 181.
- ^ Henry M. Hoenigswald, "Greek," The Indo-European Languages, ed. Anna Giacalone Ramat and Paolo Ramat (Routledge, 1998 pp. 228–260), p. 228.
BBC: Languages across Europe: Greek