Northern Black Polished Ware

(330–323 BC)

Maurya Empire

(321–184 BC)

Seleucid India

(312–303 BC)

Sangam period

(c. 600 BC – c. 300 AD)

Pandya Empire

(c. 300 BC – AD 1345)

Chera Kingdom

(c. 300 BC – AD 1102)

Chola Empire

(c. 300 BC – AD 1279)

Pallava Empire

(c. 250 AD – AD 800)

Maha-Megha-Vahana Empire

(c. 250 BC – c. AD 500)

Parthian Empire

(247 BC – AD 224)

Proto-Northern Black Polished Ware

Proto-NBPW was first reported by Giovanni Verardi in his excavations at Gotihawa in the Terai of Lumbini, Nepal, recognised as the transitional phase from Black Slipped Ware to Northern Black Polished Ware, which can be identified through its lustrous black surface with red spots, this spots are due to evident problems in the high temperature firing process, and this ware is dated between 12th and 8th centuries BCE, featuring a black section, a thin slip, very thick walls, and the typical thali shape.^[1]

Rakesh Tewari comments that Verardi has noticed the presence of proto-NBPW at Gotihawa in 900-800 BCE and observed "that Proto-NBPW may exist at all the NBPW sites of the region dated to or earlier than the 9th-8th century BCE", and Tewari suggests this pottery can be at least two centuries older than c. 800 BCE.^[14]

Sites

Some notable NBPW sites, associated with the

mahajanapadas, are as follows:^[15]

Other sites where Northern Black Polished Ware have been found are

West Bengal, India).^{[citation needed}

]

Sites in Sri Lanka such as Anuradhapura have also yielded Northern Black polished ware during the period 500 BC-250 BC indicating interaction with the gangetic valley.^[16]

Sites in

Thung Tako district in Chumphon province, although they cannot be considered as "classical" NBPW but local KSK-Black Polished Wares produced in Thailand.^[13]

References

^ ^a ^b Strickland, K. M., R. A. E. Coningham, et al., (2016). "Ancient Lumminigame: A Preliminary Report on Recent Archaeological Investigations at Lumbini's Village Mound", in Ancient Nepal, Number 190, April 2016, p. 10.
^ Tewari, Rakesh, (2016). "Excavation at Juafardih, District Nalanda (Bihar)", in Indian Archaeology 2006-07 - A Review, Archaeological Survey of India, New Delhi, pp. 6-8: "... Layer 13, the uppermost deposit of Period I, has provided a C14 date of 1354 BCE, it may thus be seen that the C14 dates of Period I and II are consistent and justifiably indicate that the conventional date bracket for NBPW requires a fresh review at least for the sites in Magadh region..."
ISBN 978-1499709827
.

^ Kumar, K., (2005). "Archaeology of the Ramayana Sites: A Review of the Problem in the Light of Recent Excavations at Ayodhya", in Pragdhara 15, pp. 264-265.

^ Shanker Singh, Anand (20 Nov 2017). "The Chronology of Northern Black Polished Ware : Recent Perspectives". International Journal of Scientific Research in Science, Engineering and Technology IJSRST. 3: 1488-1492: "...The emergent picture is that the beginning of NBPW could safely be pushed to circa 700 BCE, if not earlier (Ayodhya 1003 BCE & Juafardih 1200 BCE) and therefore, the NBPW period ranges from 700 BCE to 50 BCE...".

^ Danino, Michel. "A Timeline of Ayodhya". pp. 2-6 (Period I: Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW) c.&thinsp, 1300 BC - 300 BC Period I: The Human activity at the [Ram Janambhumi - Babri Masjid] dates back to the circa: thirteenth century B.C. on the basis of the scientific dating method providing the only archaeological evidence for such an early dating of the human occupation at the site (Sharma 2011:48). People using Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW) a pottery type generally associated with the urbanization of the ganges plains were the first occupants of the site at Ayodhya).

^ ^a ^b J.M. Kenoyer (2006), "Cultures and Societies of the Indus Tradition. In Historical Roots" Archived 2014-01-01 at the Wayback Machine in the Making of 'the Aryan', R. Thapar (ed.), pp. 21–49. New Delhi, National Book Trust.

^ ^a ^b ^c Shaffer, Jim. 1993, "Reurbanization: The eastern Punjab and beyond." In Urban Form and Meaning in South Asia: The Shaping of Cities from Prehistoric to Precolonial Times, ed. H. Spodek and D.M. Srinivasan.

^ Samuel 2008, p. 50-51.

ISBN 978-81-317-1677-9
.

ISBN 978-81-317-1677-9
.

^ Jahan, Shahnaj Husne. "Maritime Trade between Thailand and Bengal.pdf". Journal of Fine Arts, Chiang Mai University.

^ ^a ^b Bouvet, Phaedra, (2011). "Preliminary Study of Indian and Indian Style Wares from Khao Sam Kaeo (Chumphon, Peninsular Thailand), Fourth - Second Centuries BCE", in Pierre-Yves Manguin, A. Mani, and Geoff Wade, (eds.), Early Interactions Between South and Southeast Asia, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore, pp. 70 - 72.

^ Tewari, Rakesh, (2011). "...Given Another Life...", in Man and Environment XXXVI(1)(2011), Indian Society for Prehistoric and Quaternary Studies, p. 23.

^ A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century

JSTOR 44626733
.

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Northern Black Polished Ware

Overview

Proto-Northern Black Polished Ware

Sites

References

Sources

External links