View showing several of the world's highest observatory sites in Chile, looking north across the Llano de Chajnantor and ALMA site, with the peaks of Cerro Toco (right center) and Cerro Chajnantor (right) rising above.
This is a list of the highest astronomical observatories in the world, considering only ground-based
above mean sea level. The main list includes only permanent observatories with facilities constructed at a fixed location, followed by a supplementary list for temporary observatories such as transportable
telescopes or instrument packages. For large observatories with numerous telescopes at a single location, only a single entry is included listing the main elevation of the observatory or of the highest operational instrument if that information is available.
History of high altitude astronomical observatories
Prior to the late 19th century, almost all astronomical observatories throughout history were located at modest elevations, often close to cities and educational institutions for the simple reason of convenience.high altitude observatory was constructed atop the 2,877 m (9,439 ft)
Pic du Midi de Bigorre in the French Pyrenees starting in 1878, with its first telescope and dome installed in 1904.
[3] Astronomical observations were also made from
Mont Blanc in the late 1800s.
[4]
A few other high altitude observatories (such as the
Hooker Telescope and 200-inch
Hale Telescope , spurred the move to ever higher sites for the new generation of observatories and telescopes after World War II, along with a worldwide search for locations which had the best
astronomical seeing .
Since the mid-20th century, an increasing number of high altitude observatory sites have been developed at locations around the world, including numerous sites in Arizona, Hawaii, Chile, and the Canary Islands.Mauna Kea Observatory
located near the summit of a 4,205 m (13,796 ft) volcano in Hawaii, which has grown to include over a dozen major telescopes during the four decades since it was founded. In the first decade of the 21st century, there has been a new wave of observatory construction at very high altitudes above 4,500 m (14,800 ft), with such observatories constructed in India, Mexico, and most notably the Atacama Desert in northern Chile, now the site of several of the world's highest observatories. The scientific benefits of these sites outweigh the numerous logistical and physiological challenges which must be overcome during the construction and operation of observatories in remote mountain locations, even in desert, polar, and tropical island sites which magnify the challenges but confer additional observational advantages.
Sites at high altitude are ideal for
gamma ray astronomy, along with high-energy
cosmic rays , high altitude observations once again offers significant advantages, enough that many experiments at these wavelengths have been conducted by balloon-borne or even by
space telescopes , although a number of high-altitude ground-based sites have also been used. These include the
Chacaltaya Astrophysical Observatory in Bolivia, which at 5,230 m (17,160 ft) was the world's highest permanent astronomical observatory
[9] from the time of its construction during the 1940s until surpassed in 2009 by the new
University of Tokyo Atacama Observatory ,
[10] an optical-infrared telescope on a remote 5,640 m (18,500 ft) mountaintop in Chile.
Particle detector at Chacaltaya Astrophysical Observatory, the highest permanent astronomical observatory in the world from the 1940s through 2009.
Atacama Cosmology Telescope on Cerro Toco, just north of the Llano de Chajnantor.
View looking northeast across the Llano de Chajnantor and the first two ALMA antennas in late 2009, with Cerro Chajnantor rising above at right.
The Indian Astronomical Observatory stands at an altitude of 4,500 m (14,800 ft) on Mount Saraswati in Ladakh, India.
Aerial view of part of the Mauna Kea Observatory, showing Subaru, Keck, and IRTF telescopes (left to right).
Haleakala Observatory at 3,036 m (9,961 ft), Maui, Hawaii
Highest permanent observatories
Permanent observatories above 3,000 m:
Observatory Name
Elevation
Observatory Site
Location
Coordinates
Established
Type of Observatory
Major Instruments
University of Tokyo Atacama Observatory (TAO)
5,640 m (18,500 ft)[10]
Cerro Chajnantor
Atacama Desert , Chile
22°59′12″S 67°44′32″W / 22.98667°S 67.74222°W / -22.98667; -67.74222 (University of Tokyo Atacama Observatory )
2009[10]
Optical , infrared
Chacaltaya Astrophysical Observatory
5,230 m (17,160 ft)[9]
Chacaltaya
Andes , Bolivia
16°21′12″S 68°07′53″W / 16.35333°S 68.13139°W / -16.35333; -68.13139 (Chacaltaya Astrophysical Observatory )
1946[9]
Cosmic ray , gamma ray
James Ax Observatory
5,200 m (17,100 ft)
Cerro Toco
Atacama Desert , Chile
22°57′30″S 67°47′10″W / 22.95833°S 67.78611°W / -22.95833; -67.78611 (James Ax Observatory )
2011
Microwave
POLARBEAR
Atacama Cosmology Telescope
5,190 m (17,030 ft)
Cerro Toco
Atacama Desert , Chile
22°57′31″S 67°47′16″W / 22.95861°S 67.78778°W / -22.95861; -67.78778 (Atacama Cosmology Telescope )
2007
Microwave
Llano de Chajnantor Observatory
5,104 m (16,745 ft)
Llano de Chajnantor
Atacama Desert , Chile
23°01′22″S 67°45′17″W / 23.02278°S 67.75472°W / -23.02278; -67.75472 (Llano de Chajnantor Observatory )
1999
submillimeter
ALMA , APEX , QUIET
Shiquanhe Observatory (NAOC Ali Observatory)[11]
5,100 m (16,700 ft)[12]
Shiquanhe , Ngari Plateau
Tibet Autonomous Region , China
32°19′31″N 80°01′36″E / 32.32528°N 80.02667°E / 32.32528; 80.02667 (Shiquanhe Observatory (NAOC Ali Observatory) )
2011
Optical
Large Latin American Millimeter Array (LLAMA)
4,825 m (15,830 ft)
Alto de Chorillos
Salta , Argentina
24°11′31″S 66°28′29″W / 24.19194°S 66.47472°W / -24.19194; -66.47472 (Large Latin American Millimeter Array )
Under Construction
Submillimeter
LLAMA , QUBIC
Llano de Chajnantor Observatory
4,800 m (15,700 ft)
Pampa La Bola
Atacama Desert , Chile
22°58′17″S 67°42′10″W / 22.97139°S 67.70278°W / -22.97139; -67.70278 (Llano de Chajnantor Observatory )
2002
Submillimeter
ASTE , NANTEN2
Large Millimeter Telescope Alfonso Serrano
4,580 m (15,030 ft)
Sierra Negra
Puebla , Mexico
18°59′06″N 97°18′53″W / 18.98500°N 97.31472°W / 18.98500; -97.31472 (Large Millimeter Telescope Alfonso Serrano )
2006
Microwave
Indian Astronomical Observatory
4,500 m (14,800 ft)
Mount Saraswati[13]
Hanle , Ladakh , India
32°46′46″N 78°57′51″E / 32.77944°N 78.96417°E / 32.77944; 78.96417 (Indian Astronomical Observatory )
2001
Infrared , gamma ray , Optical [14]
Himalayan Chandra Telescope, HAGAR
Meyer–Womble Observatory
4,312 m (14,147 ft)
Mount Blue Sky
Colorado , United States
39°35′12″N 105°38′24″W / 39.58667°N 105.64000°W / 39.58667; -105.64000 (Meyer-Womble Observatory )
1996
Optical , Infrared
Yangbajing International Cosmic Ray Observatory
4,300 m (14,100 ft)[15]
Yangbajain
Tibet Autonomous Region , China
30°05′N 90°33′E / 30.083°N 90.550°E / 30.083; 90.550 (Yangbajing International Cosmic Ray Observatory )
1990[16]
Cosmic ray
Mauna Kea Observatory
4,190 m (13,750 ft)[17]
Mauna Kea
Hawaii , United States
19°49′28″N 155°28′24″W / 19.82444°N 155.47333°W / 19.82444; -155.47333 (Mauna Kea Observatory )
1967
submillimeter
CFHT
High Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) Gamma-Ray Observatory
4,100 m (13,500 ft)
Sierra Negra
Puebla , Mexico
18°59′40″N 97°18′33″W / 18.99444°N 97.30917°W / 18.99444; -97.30917 (High Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) Gamma-Ray Observatory )
2013
Gamma ray
Barcroft Observatory[18]
3,890 m (12,760 ft)[19]
White Mountain Peak
California , United States
37°35′19″N 118°14′31″W / 37.58861°N 118.24194°W / 37.58861; -118.24194 (Barcroft Observatory )
1976
millimeter wave
Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA), Mauna Kea Site
3,730 m (12,240 ft)[20]
Mauna Kea
Hawaii , United States
19°48′05″N 155°27′20″W / 19.80139°N 155.45556°W / 19.80139; -155.45556 (Very Long Baseline Array, Mauna Kea )
1986
Radio telescope
Llano del Hato National Astronomical Observatory
3,600 m (11,800 ft)
Llano del Hato
Andes , Venezuela
8°47′11″N 70°52′19″W / 8.78639°N 70.87194°W / 8.78639; -70.87194 (Llano del Hato National Astronomical Observatory )
1970s
Optical telescope
1-m Askania
Iranian National Observatory
3,600 m (11,800 ft)
Mount Gargash
Isfahan , Iran
33°40′27″N 51°19′07″E / 33.67417°N 51.31861°E / 33.67417; 51.31861 (Iranian National Observatory )
2010s
Optical telescope
Under Construction
Sphinx Observatory
3,571 m (11,716 ft)
Jungfraujoch
Bernese Alps , Switzerland
46°32′51″N 7°59′6″E / 46.54750°N 7.98500°E / 46.54750; 7.98500 (Sphinx Observatory )
1937
Optical telescope
Mauna Loa Observatory
3,394 m (11,135 ft)
Mauna Loa
Hawaii , United States
19°32′10″N 155°34′34″W / 19.53611°N 155.57611°W / 19.53611; -155.57611 (Mauna Loa Observatory )
1957
millimeter wave
Mauna Loa Solar Observatory , AMiBA
Observatorio Astronómico de Moquegua [21]
3,305 m (10,843 ft)
Cambrune
Moquegua , Peru
16°49′41.25″S 70°40′42.57″W / 16.8281250°S 70.6784917°W / -16.8281250; -70.6784917 (Observatorio Astronómico de Moquegua )
2022
Optical
1 m optical telescope in Astroshell dome
Magdalena Ridge Observatory
3,230 m (10,600 ft)
South Baldy
New Mexico , United States
33°58′36″N 107°11′05″W / 33.97667°N 107.18472°W / 33.97667; -107.18472 (Magdalena Ridge Observatory )
1999
Optical , infrared
Mount Graham International Observatory
3,191 m (10,469 ft)
Mount Graham
Arizona , United States
32°42′05″N 109°53′31″W / 32.70139°N 109.89194°W / 32.70139; -109.89194 (Mount Graham International Observatory )
1993
submillimeter
LBT , HHST , VATT
Gornergrat Observatory
3,135 m (10,285 ft)
Gornergrat
Pennine Alps , Switzerland
45°59′04″N 7°47′09″E / 45.98444°N 7.78583°E / 45.98444; 7.78583 (Gornergrat Observatory )
1967
submillimeter
Gornergrat Infrared Telescope , KOSMA
Peak Terskol Observatory
3,127 m (10,259 ft)
Peak Terskol
North Caucasus , Russia
43°16′29″N 42°30′03″E / 43.27472°N 42.50083°E / 43.27472; 42.50083 (Peak Terskol Observatory )
1980
Optical
2-m Ritchey-Chretien-Coude Zeiss since 1995, 60-cm Zeiss reflector
European Extremely Large Telescope
3,060 m (10,040 ft)
Cerro Armazones
Atacama Desert , Chile
24°35′20″S 70°11′32″W / 24.58889°S 70.19222°W / -24.58889; -70.19222 (European Extremely Large Telescope )
Not completed
near infrared
Haleakala Observatory
3,036 m (9,961 ft)[22]
Haleakala
Hawaii , United States
20°42′30″N 156°15′27″W / 20.70833°N 156.25750°W / 20.70833; -156.25750 (Haleakala Observatory )
1964
millimeter wave
Notre Dame University–Louaize Observatory
3,073 m (10,082 ft)
Mount Lebanon
Peak Al-Znanir , Lebanon
34°15′1.538″N 36°0′38.021″E / 34.25042722°N 36.01056139°E / 34.25042722; 36.01056139 (Notre Dame University-Louaiz Observatory ) [dubious – discuss ]
Not completed
Optical telescope
Under Construction
Highest temporary observatories
Temporary observatories above 3,000 m:
Other important high altitude observatories
This is a selected list of the most important and notable high altitude observatories between 1700 and 3000 m; it is not intended to list all of the numerous observatories worldwide in this elevation range:
Observatory Name
Elevation
Observatory Site
Location
Coordinates
Established
Type of Observatory
Major Instruments
Sierra Nevada Observatory
2,896 m (9,501 ft)
Sierra Nevada
Granada , Spain
37°03′51″N 03°23′05″W / 37.06417°N 3.38472°W / 37.06417; -3.38472 (Sierra Nevada Observatory )
1981
Optical
Pic du Midi Observatory
2,877 m (9,439 ft)
Pic du Midi de Bigorre
Pyrenees , France
42°56′11″N 00°08′34″E / 42.93639°N 0.14278°E / 42.93639; 0.14278 (Pic du Midi Observatory )
1878
Optical , solar
Bernard Lyot Telescope
Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station /
Martin A. Pomerantz Observatory
[27]
2,835 m (9,301 ft)
South Pole
East Antarctic Ice Sheet , Antarctica
89°59.9′S 0°00′E / 89.9983°S 0.000°E / -89.9983; 0.000 (Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station Martin A. Pomerantz Observatory )
1994
submillimeter
SPT , AMANDA , IceCube , QUaD
Cerro Armazones Observatory
2,817 m (9,242 ft)
Cerro Armazones
Atacama Desert , Chile
24°35′54″S 70°12′04″W / 24.59833°S 70.20111°W / -24.59833; -70.20111 (Cerro Armazones Observatory )
1995
Optical telescope
Hexapod-Telescope
National Astronomical Observatory (Mexico)
2,800 m (9,200 ft)
Sierra de San Pedro Mártir
Baja California , Mexico
31°02′39″N 115°27′49″W / 31.04417°N 115.46361°W / 31.04417; -115.46361 (National Astronomical Observatory (Mexico) )
1967
Optical telescope
Apache Point Observatory
2,788 m (9,147 ft)
Sacramento Peak
New Mexico , United States
32°46′49″N 105°49′13″W / 32.78028°N 105.82028°W / 32.78028; -105.82028 (Apache Point Observatory )
1984
Optical , solar
SDSS , Dunn Solar Telescope
Cerro Pachón
2,722 m (8,930 ft)
Cerro Pachón
Atacama Desert , Chile
30°14′27″S 70°44′12″W / 30.24083°S 70.73667°W / -30.24083; -70.73667 (Cerro Pachón )
2000
Optical , infrared
Gemini South , SOAR
National Astronomical Observatory (Colombia)
2,640 m (8,660 ft)
Metropolitan Area of Bogotá
Bogotá , Colombia
04°35′46″N 74°04′39″W / 4.59611°N 74.07750°W / 4.59611; -74.07750 (National Astronomical Observatory (Colombia) )
1803
Optical telescope
Paranal Observatory
2,635 m (8,645 ft)
Cerro Paranal
Atacama Desert , Chile
24°37′38″S 70°24′15″W / 24.62722°S 70.40417°W / -24.62722; -70.40417 (Paranal Observatory )
1999
Optical , infrared
VLT , VISTA
Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory
2,606 m (8,550 ft)
Mount Hopkins
Arizona , United States
31°40′52″N 110°52′42″W / 31.68111°N 110.87833°W / 31.68111; -110.87833 (Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory )
1966
Optical , gamma ray
MMT , VERITAS
Roque de los Muchachos Observatory
2,396 m (7,861 ft)
Roque de los Muchachos
La Palma , Canary Islands
28°46′N 17°53′W / 28.767°N 17.883°W / 28.767; -17.883 (Roque de los Muchachos Observatory )
1979
Optical , infrared , solar , gamma ray
Teide Observatory
2,390 m (7,840 ft)
Pico del Teide
Tenerife , Canary Islands
28°18′00″N 16°30′35″W / 28.30000°N 16.50972°W / 28.30000; -16.50972 (Teide Observatory )
1964
Optical , solar , microwave
La Silla Observatory
2,380 m (7,810 ft)[28]
La Silla
Atacama Desert , Chile
29°15′15″S 70°44′22″W / 29.25417°S 70.73944°W / -29.25417; -70.73944 (La Silla Observatory )
1969
Optical telescope
NTT , ESO
Las Campanas Observatory
2,380 m (7,810 ft)[29]
Cerro Las Campanas
Atacama Desert , Chile
29°00′54″S 70°41′32″W / 29.01500°S 70.69222°W / -29.01500; -70.69222 (Las Campanas Observatory )
1971
Optical telescope
Magellan Telescopes , GMT
Lowell Observatory
2,210 m (7,250 ft)
Flagstaff
Arizona , United States
35°12′10″N 111°39′52″W / 35.20278°N 111.66444°W / 35.20278; -111.66444 (Lowell Observatory )
1894
Optical telescope
Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory
2,200 m (7,200 ft)
Cerro Tololo
Atacama Desert , Chile
30°10′9″S 70°48′21″W / 30.16917°S 70.80583°W / -30.16917; -70.80583 (Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory )
1967
Optical telescope
Victor M. Blanco Telescope
Calar Alto Observatory
2,168 m (7,113 ft)
Calar Alto
37°13′25″N 2°32′46″W / 37.22361°N 2.54611°W / 37.22361; -2.54611 (Calar Alto Observatory )
1975
Optical telescope
Very Large Array
2,124 m (6,969 ft)
Plains of San Agustin
New Mexico , United States
34°04′43″N 107°37′06″W / 34.07861°N 107.61833°W / 34.07861; -107.61833 (Very Large Array )
1975
Radio telescope
Kitt Peak National Observatory
2,096 m (6,877 ft)
Kitt Peak
Arizona , United States
31°57′30″N 111°35′48″W / 31.95833°N 111.59667°W / 31.95833; -111.59667 (Kitt Peak National Observatory )
1960
Optical , solar , radio telescope
Special Astrophysical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Science
2,070 m (6,790 ft)
Mount Pastukhov
Caucasus Mountains , Russia
43°38′49″N 41°26′26″E / 43.64694°N 41.44056°E / 43.64694; 41.44056 (Special Astrophysical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Science )
1966
Optical telescope
BTA-6
Yunnan Astronomical Observatory
2,014 m (6,608 ft)
rural Kunming , Yunnan , China
rural Kunming , Yunnan , China
25°02′00″N 102°47′00″E / 25.03333°N 102.78333°E / 25.03333; 102.78333 (Yunnan Astronomical Observatory )
1972
Optical telescope , Radio , Solar , Infrared
Lijiang 2.4m telescope, Fuxian Lake 1m solar tower, ynao 1m telescope, 10m radio telescope.
Mount Wilson Observatory
1,742 m (5,715 ft)
Mount Wilson
California , United States
34°13′26″N 118°03′42″W / 34.22389°N 118.06167°W / 34.22389; -118.06167 (Mount Wilson Observatory )
1908
Optical , solar
Hale Telescope (60"), Hooker Telescope (100")
Palomar Observatory
1,712 m (5,617 ft)
Palomar Mountain
California , United States
33°21′21″N 116°51′50″W / 33.35583°N 116.86389°W / 33.35583; -116.86389 (Palomar Observatory )
1936
Optical telescope
Hale Telescope (200"), Samuel Oschin telescope
See also
References
Note: References for most elevations can be found in the linked main article for each observatory.
Citations
^ Krisciunas (1988), see Chapters 1–5 .
^ Krisciunas (1988), see Chapter 6: Harvard, Lick, Yerkes, and the rise of astrophysics .
^ Brunier (2005), p.20-21.
.
^ Krisciunas (1988), see Chapter 7: Mt Wilson and Palomar .
^ Zirker (2005), see Chapter 4: The Rise of the Great Centers .
^ Krisciunas (1988), see Chapter 8: The Present .
^ Krisciunas (1988), p. 141.
^ .
^ a b c Yoshii, Yuzuru; et al. (11 August 2009). "The 1m telescope at the Atacama Observatory has Started Scientific Operation, detecting the Hydrogen Emission Line from the Galactic Center in the Infrared Light" (Press release). School of Science, the University of Tokyo. Retrieved 21 December 2009 .
^ Yao, Y.; et al. (2011). "The NAOC Ali Observatory, Tibet" (PDF) . The 11th Asian-Pacific Regional IAU Meeting .
(PDF) on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 26 October 2013 .
^ "Indian Astronomical Observatory Site" . Retrieved 21 December 2009 .
^ "2m Optical Infrared Telescope" . Retrieved 21 December 2009 .
^ 羊八井观测站 [YBJ International Cosmic Ray Observatory] (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 11 January 2011. Retrieved 21 December 2009 .
^ "YBJ International Cosmic Ray Observatory" . Archived from the original on 21 October 2009. Retrieved 21 December 2009 .
^ "Mauna Kea Observatories, Summit Map" . Retrieved 21 December 2009 .
^ "Barcroft Observatory, White Mountain Research Station" . Archived from the original on 11 June 2010. Retrieved 21 December 2009 .
^ "USGS Topographic Map, Mount Barcroft, CA" . Retrieved 21 December 2009 .
^ "Topographic Map of VLBA Mauna Kea Site" . Retrieved 21 December 2009 .
^ "Cometa NEOWISE visto desde Cambrune, Moquegua" . Government of Peru (in Spanish). Retrieved 17 February 2023 .
^ "USGS Topographic Map, Kilohana, HI" . Retrieved 21 December 2009 .
^ "Receiver Lab Telescope" . Retrieved 21 December 2009 .
.
^ "PLATO – Dome A robotic observatory" . Retrieved 21 December 2009 .
^ "Concordia station, Dome C, Antarctica" . 100 Hours of Astronomy. Archived from the original on 29 April 2010. Retrieved 24 December 2009 .
^ "Martin A. Pomerantz Observatory" . Retrieved 28 December 2009 .
^ "Topographic Map of La Silla Observatory" . Retrieved 28 December 2009 .
^ "Topographic Map of Las Campanas Observatory" . Retrieved 28 December 2009 .
Bibliography