List of poetry groups and movements

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Poetry groups and movements or schools may be self-identified by the poets that form them or defined by critics who see unifying characteristics of a body of work by more than one poet. To be a 'school' a group of poets must share a common style or a common ethos. A commonality of form is not in itself sufficient to define a school; for example,

limericks
.

There are many different 'schools' of poetry. Some of them are described below in approximate chronological sequence. The subheadings indicate broadly the century in which a style arose.

Prehistoric

The

oral tradition is too broad to be a strict school but it is a useful grouping of works whose origins either predate writing, or belong to cultures without writing.[1]

Second century BC
(100-200BC)

China: Zenith of Han poetry, a movement away from the ancient Chinese poetry of the Classic of Poetry and the Chu Ci.[2]

Third century (200–300)

China: Jian'an poetry, a poetic movement occurring during the end of the Han dynasty, in the state of Cao Wei.

China: Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove, a group of poets active during the late Cao Wei to early Jin dynasty era, poets incorporating the Wei-Jin Xuanxue movement.

China: Start of Six Dynasties poetry (220–589).

Fourth century (300–400)

China: Six Dynasties poetry period (220–589).

China: Emergence of Midnight Songs poetry.

China: Orchid Pavilion Gathering of 353, which led to the publication of the Lantingji Xu and the related movement in Classical Chinese poetry.

Fifth century (400–500)

China: Six Dynasties poetry period (220–589).

China: Emergence of Yongming poetry (483-93) within the state of Southern Qi, a major movement within Classical Chinese poetry.

Sixth century (500–600)

China: End of the Six Dynasties poetry period (220–589).

China: Emergence of the brief Sui poetry movement of the Sui dynasty (581–618).

Seventh century (600–700)

China: Emergence of Tang poetry (618–907), and the Early Tang (初唐) and High Tang (盛唐) movements.

Eighth century (700–800)

China: Period of Tang poetry (618–907), and the zenith of the High Tang (盛唐) movement, leading into the Middle Tang (中唐) movement.

Ninth century (800–900)

China: Period of Tang poetry (618–907), and the end of the Middle Tang (中唐) movement, leading into the Late Tang (晚唐) movement.

Tenth century (900–1000)

China: Emergence of Song poetry (960–1279).

Twelfth century (1100–1200)

China: Emergence of Yuan poetry (1271–1368).

Thirteenth century (1200–1300)

The Sicilian School was a small community of Sicilian and mainland Italian poets between 1230 and 1266 headed by Giacomo da Lentini.[3][4]

Fourteenth century (1300–1400)

China: Emergence of Ming poetry (1368–1644).

Fifteenth century (1400–1500)

Scotland: The Makars were a diverse genere of Scottish poets who wrote during the Northern Renaissance.

Sixteenth century (1500–1600)

Mannerism was a movement and style that emerged in the later Italian High Renaissance. Mannerism in poetry is notable for its elegant, highly florid style and intellectual sophistication.[5][6][7] The style involved poetry of Michelangelo, Clément Marot, Giovanni della Casa, Giovanni Battista Guarini, Torquato Tasso, Veronica Franco, and Miguel de Cervantes.

Petrarchism was a trans-European movement of Petrarch's style followers, partially coincident with Mannerism, including Pietro Bembo, Michelangelo, Mellin de Saint-Gelais, Vittoria Colonna, Clément Marot, Garcilaso de la Vega, Giovanni della Casa, Thomas Wyatt, Henry Howard, Joachim du Bellay, Edmund Spenser, and Philip Sidney.[8][9]

Scotland: Castalian Band.

England: Areopagus.[10]

Seventeenth century (1600–1700)

The Baroque poetry replaced Mannerism and includes several schools, especially most artificial poetic style of the early 17th-century.[11][12] It involved Giambattista Marino, Lope de Vega, John Donne, Vincent Voiture, Pedro Calderón de la Barca, Georges de Scudéry, Georg Philipp Harsdörffer, John Milton, Andreas Gryphius, and Christian Hoffmann von Hoffmannswaldau.

Classical poetry movement echoes the forms and values of classical ancient Greek and Latin literature, favouring formal, restrained forms. Major dramatist and other genres figures include Pierre Corneille, Molière, Jean Racine, John Dryden, William Wycherley, William Congreve, and Joseph Addison.[13]

Marinism was Italian Baroque poetic school and techniques of Giambattista Marino and his followers was based on its use of extravagant and excessive extended metaphor and lavish descriptions.[14][15] Among Giambattista Marino's followers were Cesare Rinaldi, Bartolomeo Tortoletti, Emanuele Tesauro, Francesco Pona, Francesco Maria Santinelli, and others.

Conceptismo was a Baroque poetic school in the Spanish literature, a similar to the Marinism.[16][17] Major figures include Francisco de Quevedo and Baltasar Gracián.

Culteranismo was another Spanish Baroque movement, in contrast to Conceptismo, characterized by an ornamental, ostentatious vocabulary and a highly latinal syntax.[18][19] It involved such poets as Luis de Góngora, Hortensio Félix Paravicino, Conde de Villamediana, and Juana Inés de la Cruz.

The Précieuses was a French Baroque movement, similar to the Spanish culteranismo. Its main features are the refined language of aristocratic salons, periphrases, hyperbole, and puns on the theme of gallant love.[20] Poets associated with the Précieuses were Vincent Voiture, Charles Cotin, Antoine Godeau, and Isaac de Benserade.

Metaphysical poets was an English Baroque school using extended conceit, often (though not always) about religion.[21][22] They include such figures as John Donne, George Herbert, Andrew Marvell.

Cavalier poets in England were Baroque royalist group, writing primarily about courtly love, called Sons of Ben (after Ben Jonson) and included Richard Lovelace with William Davenant.[23]

The Pegnesischer Blumenorden (1644 – present) is a German Baroque literary society represented the Nuremberg Poetic School of Georg Philipp Harsdörffer and other figures.

Emergence of Qing poetry (1644–1912) in China.

Danrin school in Japan.

Eighteenth century (1700–1800)

The 17th-century Classicism has recurred in various Neoclassical schools and poets such as Voltaire and Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock since the eighteenth century.[24]

Augustan poets such as Alexander Pope.[25]

The Sturm und Drang was a from 1767 till 1785 literary group, precursor to the Romanticism. Its literature often features a protagonist which is driven by emotion, impulse and other motives that run counter to the enlightenment rationalism.[26][27] The key members were Johann Wolfgang von Goethe with Friedrich Schiller, among other poets Heinrich Wilhelm von Gerstenberg, Christian Friedrich Daniel Schubart, and Gottfried August Bürger.

Nineteenth century (1800–1900)

Romanticism started in the late 18th century Western Europe, but existed largely within the nineteenth. Wordsworth's and Coleridge's 1798 publication of Lyrical Ballads is considered by some as the first important publication in the movement. Romanticism stressed strong emotion, imagination, freedom within or even from classical notions of form in art, and the rejection of established social conventions. It stressed the importance of "nature" in language and celebrated the achievements of those perceived as heroic individuals and artists. Romantic poets include William Blake, William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Lord Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, and John Keats (those previous six sometimes referred to as the Big Six, or the Big Five without Blake); other Romantic poets include James Macpherson, Robert Southey, Emily Brontë, Adelbert von Chamisso, Alexander Pushkin, and Mikhail Lermontov.[28]

The Lake Poets was a group of Romantic poets from the English Lake District who wrote about nature and the sublime. Among them were William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and Robert Southey.[29]

The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood was a primarily English art and poetic school, founded in 1848, based ostensibly on undoing innovations by the painter Raphael. Some members were both painters and poets.[30] Most significant figures include Dante Gabriel Rossetti and Christina Rossetti.

The Fleshly School was realistic, sensual school of poets.

The Transcendentalists were from the mid-19th-century American movement: poetry and philosophy concerned with self-reliance, independence from modern technology.[31] It includes Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau.

The

Felicjan Faleński, Alberto de Oliveira, Olavo Bilac, and others. In reaction to the looser forms of romantic poetry, they strove for exact and faultless workmanship, selecting exotic and classical subjects, which they treated with rigidity of form and emotional detachment.[32]

Symbolism started in the late 19th century in France and Belgium. It included Paul Verlaine, Tristan Corbière, Arthur Rimbaud, and Stéphane Mallarmé. Alexandru Macedonski was a prominent Romanian symbolist. Symbolists believed that art should aim to capture more absolute truths which could be accessed only by indirect methods. They used extensive metaphor, endowing particular images or objects with symbolic meaning. They were hostile to "plain meanings, declamations, false sentimentality and matter-of-fact description".[33][34]

Russian symbolism arose enough separately from West European symbolism, emphasizing mysticism of Sophiology and defamiliarization. Its most significant poets included Alexander Blok, Valery Bryusov, and Andrei Bely.[33][34]

Modernist literature.[35][36] Schools within it include already 20th-century Acmeist poetry, Imagism, Objectivism, and the British Poetry Revival
.

The

Fireside Poets (also known as the "Schoolroom" or "Household Poets") were a group of American poets from New England. The group is usually described as comprising Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, William Cullen Bryant, John Greenleaf Whittier, James Russell Lowell, and Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.

Twentieth century (1900–2000)

The Mahjari poets (émigré school) was a neo-romantic movement within Arabic-language poets in the Americas (Ameen Rihani, Kahlil Gibran, Nasib Arida, Mikhail Naimy, Elia Abu Madi), that appeared at the turn of the 20th century.[37][38][39][40]

The Futurists were an avant-garde, largely Italian and Russian, movement codified in 1909 by the Manifesto of Futurism. They managed to create a new language free of syntax punctuation, and metrics that allowed for free expression. Poets involved with Futurism Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, Giovanni Papini, Mina Loy, Aldo Palazzeschi, Velimir Khlebnikov, Almada Negreiros, Vladimir Mayakovsky, Stanisław Młodożeniec, and Jaroslav Seifert.[41][42][43]

The Cubo-Futurists were an avant-garde art and poetry movement within Russian Futurism in the 1910s with practice of zaum, the experimental visual and sound poetry.[44][45][46] Their major figures include Velimir Khlebnikov, Aleksei Kruchyonykh, and Vladimir Mayakovsky.

The Ego-Futurists were another poetry school within Russian Futurism during the 1910s, based on a personality cult.[44][47] Most prominent figures among them are Igor Severyanin and Vasilisk Gnedov.

The

Georgiy Ivanov
.

The Imagists were (predominantly young) modernist poets working in England and America in the early 20th century (from 1914), including F. S. Flint, T. E. Hulme, Richard Aldington and Hilda Doolittle (known primarily by her initials, H.D.). They rejected Romantic and Victorian conventions, favoring precise imagery and clear, non-elevated language.[52] Ezra Pound formulated and promoted many precepts and ideas of Imagism. His "In a Station of the Metro" (Roberts & Jacobs, 717), written in 1916, is often used as an example of Imagist poetry:

The apparition of these faces in the crowd;
Petals on a wet, black bough.

The Dada avant-garde movement touted by its proponents (Jean Arp, Kurt Schwitters, Tristan Tzara) as anti-art, dada focused on going against artistic norms and conventions.[53]

The

Rurik Ivnev
.

The

socialist, the poems are often aesthetically disparate.[56]

The Harlem Renaissance was a cultural movement in the 1920s involving many African-American writers from the New York Neighbourhood of Harlem.[57]

The Objectivists were a loose-knit group of second-generation Modernists from the 1930s. They include Louis Zukofsky, Lorine Niedecker, Charles Reznikoff, George Oppen, Carl Rakosi, and Basil Bunting. Objectivists treated the poem as an object; they emphasised sincerity, intelligence, and the clarity of the poet's vision.[58]

The "Apollo Society" with the magazine Apollo was a neo-romantic group, formed in Cairo, Egypt in 1932. Its members were Ahmed Zaki Abu Shadi (founder), Ibrahim Nagi, Ali Mahmoud Taha, and Abu al-Qasim al-Shabbi.[59][60][40]

The Black Mountain poets (also known as the Projectivists) were a group of the mid-20th-century (from the 1950) avant-garde and postmodern poets associated with Black Mountain College in the United States.[61]

The San Francisco Renaissance was initiated by Kenneth Rexroth and Madeline Gleason in Berkeley in the 1950s. It included Robert Duncan, Jack Spicer, and Robin Blaser. They were consciously experimental and had close links to the Black Mountain and Beat poets.[62]

The Beat Generation poets or the Beats met in New York in the 1950s–1960s. The core group were Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg, and William S. Burroughs, who were joined later by Gregory Corso.[63]

The New York School was an informal group of poets active in 1950s New York City whose work was said to be a reaction to the Confessionalists. Some major figures include John Ashbery, Frank O'Hara, James Schuyler, Kenneth Koch, Barbara Guest, Joe Brainard, Ron Padgett, Ted Berrigan and Bill Berkson.[64]

The Concrete poetry was an avant-garde movement started in Brazil during the 1950s, characterized for extinguishing the general conception of poetry, creating a new language called ''verbivocovisual''.[65] its significant figures are Augusto de Campos, Haroldo de Campos, and Décio Pignatari.

Donald Alfred Davie, D. J. Enright, John Wain, Elizabeth Jennings and Robert Conquest. Their tone is anti-romantic and rational.[66]
The connection between the poets was described as "little more than a negative determination to avoid bad principles."

The "Modernist School", the "Blue Star", and the "Epoch" were modernist, including avant-garde and

surrealism, Chinese poetic groups founded in 1954 in Taiwan and led by Qin Zihao (1902–1963) and Ji Xian (b. 1903).[67][68]

Confessional poetry was an American movement that emerged in the late 1950s and the 1960s. They drew on personal history for their artistic inspiration. Poets in this group include Sylvia Plath, Anne Sexton, John Berryman, and Robert Lowell.[69]

The Liverpool poets, also known as the Mersey Beat poets, were Adrian Henri, Brian Patten and Roger McGough from the 1960s. Their work was an English equivalent to the American Beats.

The Hungry generation was a group of about 40 poets in West Bengal, India during 1961–1965 who revolted against the colonial canons in Bengali poetry and wanted to go back to their roots. The movement was spearheaded by Shakti Chattopadhyay, Malay Roy Choudhury, Samir Roychoudhury, and Subimal Basak.

The Language poets were American avant garde poets who emerged in the 1960s-1990s; their approach started with the modernist emphasis on method.[70][71] They were reacting to the poetry of the Black Mountain and Beat poets. The poets included: Leslie Scalapino, Bruce Andrews, Charles Bernstein, Ron Silliman, Barrett Watten, Lyn Hejinian, Bob Perelman, Rae Armantrout, Carla Harryman, Clark Coolidge, Hannah Weiner, Susan Howe, and Tina Darragh.

The British Poetry Revival was a loose wide-reaching collection of groupings and subgroupings during the late 1960s and early 1970s. It was a modernist reaction to the conservative The Movement. The leading poets included J. H. Prynne, Eric Mottram, Tom Raworth, Denise Riley, and Lee Harwood.[72][73]

The Misty Poets are a group of Chinese poets whose style is defined by the obscurity of its imagery and metaphors. The movement was born after the Cultural Revolution, mainly from the 1970s. Leading members include Bei Dao, Duo Duo, Shu Ting, Yang Lian, Gu Cheng, and also Hai Zi.[67][74][75]

The Martian poets were English poets of the 1970s and early 1980s, including Craig Raine and Christopher Reid. Through the heavy use of curious, exotic, and humorous metaphors, Martian poetry aimed to break the grip of "the familiar" in English poetry, by describing ordinary things as if through the eyes of a Martian.

The

Loisada of New York City.[78]

The

X.J. Kennedy, Timothy Steele, Mark Jarman, Rachel Hadas, R. S. Gwynn, Charles Martin, Phillis Levin, Kay Ryan, Brad Leithauser
.

Alphabetic list

This is a list of poetry groups and movements.

See also

References

  1. ^ Greene 2012, "Oral poetry".
  2. ^ a b Greene 2012, "Poetry of China".
  3. ^ Greene 2012, "Sicilian school".
  4. ^ Mendola, Louis (2015). Sicily's Rebellion against King Charles (with poem of Cielo d'Alcamo). New York: Trinacria.
  5. ^ Sypher, Wylie (1955). Four Stages of Renaissance Style: Transformations in Art and Literature, 1400–1700. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
  6. ISBN 0-300-03227-7
    .
  7. ^ Greene 2012, "Mannerism"; Baldick 2015, "Mannerism".
  8. ISBN 0-719-00745-3
    .
  9. ^ Greene 2012, "Petrarchism".
  10. ^ Greene 2012, "Areopagus".
  11. ^ Segel, Harold B. (1974). The Baroque Poem: a comparative survey. New York. pp. 3–14.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  12. ^ Greene 2012, "Baroque"; Baldick 2015, "Baroque".
  13. ^ Baldick 2015, "Classicism".
  14. ^ Mirollo, James V. (1963). The Poet of the Marvelous. New York: Columbia University Press.
  15. ^ Greene 2012, "Marinism"; Baldick 2015, "Marinism".
  16. ^ Baldick 2015, '"'Conceptismo".
  17. ISBN 0-313-28731-7
    .
  18. ^ Greene 2012, "Neo-Gongorism"; Baldick 2015, "Culteranismo".
  19. ISBN 0-313-28731-7
    .
  20. ^ Baldick 2015, "Préciosité, la".
  21. ISBN 0-435-15031-6
    .
  22. ^ Greene 2012, "Metaphysical poetry"; Baldick 2015, "Metaphysical poets".
  23. ^ Greene 2012, "Cavalier poets"; Baldick 2015, "Cavalier poets".
  24. ^ Greene 2012, "Neoclassical poetics"; Baldick 2015, "Neoclassicism".
  25. ^ Baldick 2015, "Augustan Age".
  26. ^ "Sturm und Drang". Merriam Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature. Springfield, Ma: Merriam-Webster. 1995.
  27. ^ Greene 2012, "Sturm und Drang"; Baldick 2015, "Sturm und Drang".
  28. ^ Greene 2012, "Romanticism"; Baldick 2015, "Romanticism".
  29. ^ Greene 2012, "Lake school"; Baldick 2015, "Lake poets (Lake school)".
  30. ^ Greene 2012, "Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood"; Baldick 2015, "Pre-Raphaelites".
  31. ^ Greene 2012, "Transcendentalists"; Baldick 2015, "Transcendentalism".
  32. ^ Greene 2012, "Parnassianism"; Baldick 2015, "Parnassians".
  33. ^ a b Greene 2012, "Symboliism"; Baldick 2015, "Symbolists".
  34. ^ a b "Symbolism". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 2023-02-21.
  35. ISBN 0-631-20271-4
    .
  36. ^ Greene 2012, "Modernism"; Baldick 2015, "Modernism".
  37. ISBN 0-521-20699-5
    .
  38. ISBN 90-04-04795-6
    .
  39. ISBN 90-04-04920-7
    . pp. 361–362.
  40. ^ a b c Greene 2012, "Arabic poetry".
  41. ^ Folejewski, Zbigniew (1980). Futurism and Its place in the development of Modern Poetry: A Comparative Study and Anthology. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press.
  42. ^ White, John J. (1990). Literary Futurism: Aspects of the First Avant Garde. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  43. ^ Greene 2012, "Futurism"; Baldick 2015, "Futurism".
  44. ^ a b c Greene 2012, "Futurism".
  45. ISBN 0300048688
    .
  46. ^ Gourianova, Nina (2012). The Aesthetics of Anarchy: Art and Ideology in the Early Russian Avant-Garde. University of California Press. p. 17.
  47. ^ Markov, Vladimir (1968). Russian Futurism: a History. University of California Press. p. 64.
  48. ^ Greene 2012, "Acmeism"; Baldick 2015, "Acmeism"; Willhardt & Parker 2001, p. 8.
  49. ISBN 0-631-20271-4
    .
  50. ISBN 0-87779-042-6
    .
  51. ISBN 0-521-00493-4
    .
  52. ^ Greene 2012, "Imagism"; Baldick 2015, "Imagism".
  53. ^ Greene 2012, "Dada"; Baldick 2015, "Dada".
  54. ^ Nilsson, N. (1970). The Russian imaginists. Ann Arbor: Almgvist and Wiksell.
  55. ^ Nelson, Cary (1989). Repression and recovery: modern American poetry and the politics of cultural memory, 1910–1945, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. p. 154.
  56. ^ Nelson, Cary 1989. pp. 155–156.
  57. ^ Greene 2012, "Harmem Renaissance"; Baldick 2015, "Harmem Renaissance".
  58. ^ Greene 2012, "Objectivism".
  59. ^ a b Badawi 1975, pp. 116–129.
  60. ^ a b Jayyusi 1977, pp. 384–388.
  61. ^ Greene 2012, "Black Mountain school"; Baldick 2015, "Black Mountain poets".
  62. ^ Greene 2012, "San Francisco Renaissance".
  63. ^ Greene 2012, "Beat poetry"; Baldick 2015, "Beat writers".
  64. ^ Greene 2012, "New York school"; Baldick 2015, "New York school".
  65. ^ Baldick 2015, "Concrete poetry".
  66. ^ Greene 2012, "Movement, the"; Baldick 2015, "Movement, the".
  67. ^ a b c d Greene 2012, "Modern poetry of China".
  68. ^
    ISBN 978-0-674-97887-4
    .
  69. ^ Greene 2012, "Confessional poetry"; Baldick 2015, "Confessional poetry".
  70. ^ Greene 2012, "Language poetry"; Baldick 2015, "Language poetry".
  71. ^ "Language poetry". Poetry Foundation. 2020-08-23. Retrieved 2020-08-23.
  72. ^ Greene 2012, "Poetry of England".
  73. ^ Mottram, Eric (1993). "The British Poetry Revival". In Hampson, Robert & Peter Barry (eds). New British poetries: The scope of the possible. Manchester University Press.
  74. ISBN 978-0-674-97887-4
    .
  75. ^ "A Brief Guide to Misty Poets". Poets.org. Archived from the original on 2010-04-12. Retrieved 2010-10-19.
  76. ^ Barrera, Alina De La. "LibGuides: Twentieth-Century Latin American Poetry: Latin American Poets & Poetry". libraryguides.mdc.edu. Retrieved 2020-08-23.
  77. OCLC 1143649021
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  78. ^ Rivera Monclova, Marta S. (2010). Discrimination, Evasion, and Livability in Four New York Puerto Rican Narratives. Ann Arbor, Mi: UMI Dissertation Publ.
  79. ^ Greene 2012, "New Formalism"; Baldick 2015, "New Formalism".
  80. ^ "New Formalism". Poetry Foundation. 2020-08-23. Retrieved 2023-03-26.
  81. ^ Greene 2012, "Absurdism"; Baldick 2015, "Absurd, the".
  82. ^ Greene 2012, "Black Arts movement".
  83. ^ Greene 2012, "Deep Image".
  84. ^ Greene 2012, "Expressionism"; Baldick 2015, "Expressionism".
  85. ^ Greene 2012, "Georgianism".
  86. ^ Greene 2012, "Impressionism"; Baldick 2015, "Impressionism".
  87. ^ Greene 2012, "Jindyworobak".
  88. ^ Greene 2012, "Naturalism"; Baldick 2015, "Naturalism".
  89. ^ Greene 2012, "Négritude"; Baldick 2015, "Négritude".
  90. ^ Greene 2012, "Postmodernism"; Baldick 2015, "Postmodernism".
  91. ^ Greene 2012, "Realism"; Baldick 2015, "Realism".
  92. ^ Baldick 2015, "Socialist realism".
  93. ^ Greene 2012, "Agrarians".
  94. ^ Greene 2012, "Surrealism"; Baldick 2015, "Surrealism".

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