Lupah Sug
Lupah Sug
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before 1280–1405 | |||||||||||
Capital | Seat of power is based at Maimbung, Sharif ul-Hashim | ||||||||||
History | |||||||||||
• The Principality of Maimbung, populated by Buranun people, was first ruled by Rajah Sipad the Older | before 1280 | ||||||||||
• Establishment of Sultanate of Sulu | 1405 | ||||||||||
Currency | Barter | ||||||||||
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Today part of | Philippines |
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In the
History
Hindu principality of Maimbung
Pre-Islamic social structure of the Hindu principality
Prior to the establishment of the sultanate, the Tausug lived in communities called a banwa. Each banwa was headed by a leader known as a panglima along with a healer called a mangungubat. The panglima was usually a man with a strong political and physical leadership among the community. A healer could be either a man and woman, and they specialized in contacting the spiritual realm. The healers were also exempted from practicing traditional marriage as they frequently had sensual relationships with the same sex, a common trait in numerous tribes throughout the Philippines archipelago and northern Borneo in pre-Islamic and pre-Christian times. Each banwa was considered an independent state, the same with the city-states of other regions in Asia. The Tausug during the era had trade relations with other neighboring
Customs of people up to the arrival of Tuan Mashā′ikha
During the reign of Sipad the Younger, a mystic[4] named Tuan Mashā′ikha[note 1] arrived in Jolo in 1280 AD.[note 2] Little is known of the origins and early biography of Tuan Mashā′ikha, except that he was a Muslim "who came from foreign lands" at the head of a fleet of Muslim traders,[6] or he was brought into being from a stalk of bamboo and was considered a prophet, thus well respected by the people.[7] Other reports, however, insisted that Tuan Mashā′ikha together with his parents, Jamiyun Kulisa and Indra Suga, were sent to Sulu by Alexander the Great (who is known as Iskandar Zulkarnain in Malay Annals).[2] However, Saleeby dismisses this claim by concluding that Jamiyun Kulisa and Indra Suga were mythical names.[7] According to tarsila, during the coming of Tuan Mashā′ikha, the people of Maimbung worshipped tombs and stones of any kind. After he preached Islam in the area, he married Sipad the Younger's daughter, Idda Indira Suga and bore three children:[8] Tuan Hakim, Tuan Pam and 'Aisha. Tuan Hakim, in turn, begot five children.[9] From the genealogy of Tuan Mashā′ikha, another titular system of aristocracy called "tuanship" started in Sulu. Apart from the Idda Indira Suga, Tuan Mashā′ikha also married into another "unidentified woman" and begot Moumin. Tuan Mashā′ikha died in 710 A.H. (equivalent to 1310 AD), and was buried in Bud Dato near Jolo, with an inscription of Tuan Maqbālū.[10]
Majapahit invasion and rebellion
A descendant of Tuan Mashā′ikha named Tuan May also begot a son named Datu Tka. The descendants of Tuan May did not assume the title tuan, instead, they started to use
Moumin's descendants, the son of Tuan Mashā′ikha populated Sulu. After some time, a certain Timway Orangkaya Su'il was mentioned by the second page of tarsila, that he received four Bisaya slaves (People from the Kedatuan of Madja-as) from Manila (presumably Kingdom of Maynila) as a sign of friendship between the two countries. The descendants of Timway Orangkaya Su'il then inherited the title timway, which means "chief". On tarsila's third page, it accounts the fact that the slaves were the ancestors of the inhabitants in the island to Parang, Lati, Gi'tung, and Lu'uk respectively.
The fourth page then narrates the coming of the Buranun (addressed in the tarsila as "the Maimbung people") Tagimaha, Baklaya, then the drifted Bajau immigrants from Johor.[20] The condition of Sulu before the arrival of Islam can be summarised as such: The island was inhabited by several cultures, and was reigned over by three independent kingdoms ruled by the Buranun, Tagimaha, and Baklaya peoples. Likewise, the socio-political systems of these kingdoms were characterised by several distinct institutions: rajahship, datuship, tuanship and timwayship. The arrival of Tuan Mashā′ikha afterwards established a core Islamic community in the island.
Establishment of Islamic Sultanate
The sultanate was founded on 17 November 1405.
Islamisation
At the end of the 14th century, an Arab Muslim scholar following the Ash'ari Aqeeda and Shafi'i Fiqh named
In 1380 AD,
The dispute over the actual location of his grave stemmed from the fact that Karim ul-Makhdum traveled to several islands in
Recorded monarchs
title | Ruler | events | From | Until |
---|---|---|---|---|
Rajah |
Sipad the Older | His name derived from Sanskrit Sri Pada. | c.1280 | |
Rajah | Sipad the Younger | 1280 | 1405 | |
Sultan | Sharif ul-Hashim | The founder of the Sulu sultanate, whose proper name was Sayyid walShareef Abu Bakr ibn Abirin AlHashmi. He founded The Royal Sultanate of Sulu in 1457 and renamed himself Paduka Mahasari Maulana al-Sultan Sharif ul-Hashim, which roughly translates from Arabic as "The Master His Majesty, Protector and Sultan, Noble of the Banu Hashim Clan".[citation needed] The Sultan is reported to have lived about thirty years in Buansa, the first seat of the sultanate, and his tomb is located in one of the slopes of nearby Mount Tumantangis | 1405 |
See also
- Sultanate of Sulu
- Sultanate of Maguindanao
- Sultanate of lanao
- History of the Philippines (900-1521)
- Islam in the Philippines
Notes
- ^ Mashā′ikha is an Arabic term which originated from mashā′ikh, which means "an intelligent or pious man".
- ^ The generally accepted date for the coming of Tuan Mashā′ikha is 1280 AD, however, other Muslim scholars dated his coming only by second half of the 13th century".[5]
- ^ May be interchange to Karimul Makhdum, Karimal Makdum or Makhdum Karim among others. Makhdum came from the Arabic word makhdūmīn, which means "master".
- ^ Another uncertain date in Philippine Islamic history is the year of arrival of Karim ul-Makhdum. Though some Muslim sources place the date as simply "the end of 14th century", Saleeby calculated the year as 1380 AD corresponding to the description of the tarsilas, in which Karim ul-Makhdum's coming is 10 years before Rajah Baguinda's. The 1380 reference originated from the event in Islamic history when a huge number of makhdūmīn started to travel to Southeast Asia from India. See Ibrahim's "Readings on Islam in Southeast Asia."
References
- ^ a b Julkarnain, Datu Albi Ahmad (30 April 2008). "Genealogy of Sultan Sharif Ul-Hashim of Sulu Sultanate". Zambo Times. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 21 December 2010.
- ^ a b c Ibrahim 1985, p. 51
- ^ "Tausug Architecture". 30 June 2013.
- ^ Tan 2010, p. 85
- ^ Larousse 2001, p. 39, footnote 51
- ^ Decasa 1999, p. 321
- ^ a b Saleeby 1908, p. 155
- ^ a b Tan 2010, p. 86
- ^ Saleeby 1908, p. 149
- ^ Ibrahim 1985, p. 54
- ^ Tan 2010, p. 88
- ^ Saleeby 1908, pp. 41–42
- ^ Quanzhou to the Sulu Zone and beyond: Questions Related to the Early Fourteenth Century By: Roderich Ptak. Page 280
- ^ Ming shi, 325, p. 8411, p. 8422.
- ^ Brunei Rediscovered: A Survey of Early Times By Robert Nicholl Page 12, citing: "Groenveldt, Notes Page 112"
- ^ History for Brunei Darussalam 2009, p. 44.
- ^ "Paduka Batara (d. 1417)" (PDF). National Historical Commission of the Philippines. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 November 2011. Retrieved 21 December 2010.
- ^ Tan 2010, p. 128
- ^ Reading Song-Ming Records on the Pre-colonial History of the Philippines By Wang Zhenping Page 258.
- ^ Saleeby 1908, pp. 152–153
- ISBN 978-0-7425-1024-1.
- ^ Philippine Almanac & Handbook of Facts. 1977.
- ^ Usman, Edd (10 February 2010). "Heirs of Sulu Sultanate urged to attend general convention". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on 14 June 2012. Retrieved 21 December 2010.
- ^ Cavendish 2007, p. 1178.
- ^ Quiling, Mucha-Shim (2020). "Lumpang Basih". Journal of Studies on Traditional Knowledge in Sulu Archipelago and Its People, and in the Neighboring Nusantara. 3. Retrieved 20 May 2023.
- ISBN 978-1-884964-04-6.
- ^ Saleeby 1908, pp. 158–159
- ISBN 978-0-7425-1024-1.
- ^ Larousse 2001, p. 40
- ^ Mawallil, Amilbahar; Dayang Babylyn Kano Omar (3 July 2009). "Simunul Island, Dubbed As 'Dubai of the Philippines', Pursues Ambitious Project". The Mindanao Examiner. Archived from the original on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2010.
- ^ Gonda 1975, p. 91
- ^ Saleeby 1908, p. 159
Works cited
- History for Brunei Darussalam: Sharing our Past. Curriculum Development Department, Ministry of Education. 2009. ISBN 978-99917-2-372-3.
- Cavendish, Marshall (2007), World and Its Peoples: Eastern and Southern Asia, vol. 9, Marshall Cavendish Corporation, ISBN 978-0-7614-7642-9
- Decasa, George C. (1999), The Qur'ānic Concept of Umma and its Function in Philippine Muslim Society, ISBN 978-88-7652-812-5
- Gonda, Jan (1975), Religionen: Handbuch der Orientalistik: Indonesien, Malaysia und die Philippinen unter Einschluss der Kap-Malaien in Südafrika, vol. 2, E.J. Brill, ISBN 978-90-04-04330-5
- Ibrahim, Ahmad; Siddique, Sharon; Hussain, Yasmin (1985). Readings on Islam in Southeast Asia. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 978-9971-988-08-1.
- Larousse, William (2001), A Local Church Living for Dialogue: Muslim-Christian Relations in Mindanao-Sulu, Philippines : 1965–2000, ISBN 978-88-7652-879-8
- Saleeby, Najeeb Mitry (1908), The History of Sulu, Bureau of Printing
- Tan, Samuel K. (2010), The Muslim South and Beyond, ISBN 978-971-542-632-9
External links
- The official website of Royal House of Sulu under the guidance of Sultan Muedzul Lail Tan Kiram, 35th Sultan of Sulu[unreliable source?]
- Line of succession of the Sultans of Sulu of the Modern Era as published in the Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines
- Philippine Provincial Government of Sulu – The official list of Sultans
- Sultanate of Sulu on WorldStatesMen.org