History of Brunei
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
|
History of Brunei | ||
---|---|---|
Pre-Sultanate | ||
|
||
|
||
| ||
The history of Brunei concerns the settlements and societies located on the north coast of the island of
Prehistory
The earliest record of Bruneian people can be traced back to the presence of Austro-Melanesians around 40,000 B.C.E. in Niah Cave, Miri Division, Sarawak. The remains found there were linked to those found in Last Glacial Period. During the ice age, Borneo and Palawan were linked with each other.[4]
After the sea level rose, over 10,000 years, Southeast Asian territories were divided into two regions.[a] The population there began to move to various lands for various reasons. Hoabinhians, or Proto-Melanesians, then moved to Borneo and lived in Niah Cave until around 8,000 B.C.E.[5]
The migration from Yangtze started to move toward Taiwan. Then, after Taiwan, the migration wave reached the Philippines via Palawan. After the migration wave reached Palawan, at least three groups began to form distinct communities. One group migrated toward Borneo, another group headed to Sulawesi, and the last moved to Java. The event lasted about a thousand years, between 4,000 and 3,000 B.C.E. The migration at this time signified the end of the bacsonian.[5] Neolithic usage of pottery and cultivation of rice reached the Austronesians via the Philippines around 2,500 B.C.E. It reached Palawan, then went to Borneo around 2,300 B.C.E. and spread across Insulindia.[6]
The
Pre-Islamic Hindu-Buddhist Indianised kingdoms
The history of Brunei before the arrival of
Camphor and pepper seem to have been prized objects of trade. Brunei hard camphor had a wholesale value equivalent to its own weight in silver. Ming dynasty accounts give detailed information about visits and tribute missions by rulers of Po-ni (transliteration of Bumi) during the late 14th and early 15th century. Their names and titles suggest either Hindu or Buddhist influence. The texts confirm that the state was tributary to the Hindu Javanese Majapahit Empire, but sought and received Chinese protection in 1408.
The Arabic author Al Ya'akubi, writing in 800, recorded that the kingdom of Musa (which might have been old Brunei) was in alliance with the kingdom of Mayd (either Ma-i or Madja-as in the Philippines) against the Chinese Empire which they waged war against.[14]
Sribuza and Madja-as
The settlement known as Vijayapura was a vassal-state to the Buddhist Srivijaya empire and was thought to be located in Borneo's Northwest which flourished in the 7th century.[15] This alternate Srivijaya referring to Brunei, was known to Arabic sources as "Sribuza".[16]
In the aftermath of the Indian
Syair Awang Semaun epic
According to the official version of events, mainly the national epic poem Syair Awang Semaun, Brunei was founded by a band of fourteen saudara (brothers and first cousins), who eventually settled in the Brunei river near the present capital and chose one of their number as the first ruler. Some known versions of the epic states that they were all the sons of Dewa Amas of Kayangan, a part supernatural being who descended to earth at Ulu Limbang in an egg. Many Lundayeh / Lun Bawang believe that Awang Semaun is their ancestors grassroot because of Telur Aco.
Discovered by the Sang Aji, he was married to that ruler's daughter by whom he fathered one son. He travelled to thirteen settlements in the region in search of an auspicious ox. At each of the villages, he fathered thirteen (or twenty-two) other sons by thirteen different aboriginal wives, daughters of the local penghulu.
The first ruler chosen by the saudara to rule the newly founded state was Awang Alak Betatar, the son of Dewa Amas and the Sang Aji's daughter. He was not necessarily the eldest among them, but chosen to rule because of his fitness to do so. The official account states that he journeyed to Johor, embraced Islam, married the daughter of a Sultan "Bahkei" of Johor and received the title of Sultan Muhammad Shah from him.
Brunei in the 14th century
Early Chinese influence
The largest river in the territory, the Cina Batangan, was believed to be named by earlier Chinese settlers which had a factory to collect birds nests, beche-de-mer, shark fins, Borneon camphor, pearl and pearl-shells for export to China. The productions of North and Northeast Borneo from early times attracted considerable attention from the Chinese.[18]
One of the earliest Chinese records of an independent kingdom in Borneo is the 977 AD letter to the Chinese emperor from the ruler of Boni, which some scholars believe to refer to Borneo.[19] The Bruneians regained their independence from Srivijaya due to the onset of a Javanese-Sumatran war.[20] In 1225, the Chinese official Zhao Rukuo reported that Boni had 100 warships to protect its trade, and that there was great wealth in the kingdom.[21] Marco Polo suggested in his memoirs that the Great Khan or the ruler of the Mongol Empire, attempted and failed many times in invading "Great Java" which was the European name for Bruneian controlled Borneo.[22][additional citation(s) needed]
During the early years of
When the admiral Zheng He visited the Brunei in the early 15th century, he encountered a major trading port which included Chinese people who were actively trading with China.[25]
Bruneian conquest of Borneo and the Philippines
Marco Polo wrote in his memoirs that the
Hindu Majapahit invasion of Borneo
In the 14th century, the Javanese manuscript Nagarakretagama, written by Prapanca in 1365, mentioned Barune as the constituent state of Hindu Majapahit,[29] which had to make an annual tribute of 40 katis of camphor. In 1369, Sulu which was also formerly part of Majapahit, had successfully rebelled and then attacked Boni, and had invaded the Northeast Coast of Borneo[30] and afterwards had looted the capital of its treasure and gold including sacking two sacred pearls. A fleet from Majapahit succeeded in driving away the Sulus, but Boni was left weaker after the attack.[31] A Chinese report from 1371 described Boni as poor and totally controlled by Majapahit.[32]
Islamization and establishment of the sultanate
By the 15th century, the empire became a
Other sultanates in the area had close relations with the Royal House of Brunei, being in some cases effectively under the hegemony of the Brunei ruling family for periods of time, such as the Malay sultans of
Conflict with Tondo
Sultan Bolkiah officially declared war against Tundun in 1500 and later assembled and sended expeditions to Luzon, Shortly after arriving in Tondo, Bolkiah defeated its leader Lakan Suko and established a city by the name of Seludong, on the opposite bank of the Pasig River. After the Sultan’s victory in Tondo, the Lakandula's retained their titles and property but their powers were lost to the Rajahs of Maynila, within which the Rajahs resided.[45]
Relations with Europeans
Brunei's relations varied with the different European powers in the region. The Portuguese, for the most part, were more interested in economic and trading relations with the regional powers and did little to interfere with Brunei's development. This does not mean that relations were always cordial, such as in 1536 when the Portuguese attacked the Muslims in the
Conflict with the Spanish Empire
Relations with
Persians and Arabs and Egyptians and Turks brought [Muhammad's] veneration and evil sect here, and even Moors from Tunis and Granada came here, sometimes in the armadas of Campson [Kait Bey], former Sultan of Cairo and King of Egypt... Thus it seems to me that these Moros of the Philippine Islands [are] mainly those who, as had been said, come from Egypt and Arabia and Mecca, and are their relatives, disciples and members, and every year they say that Turks come to Sumatra and Borneo, and to Ternate, where there are now some of those defeated in the famous battle which Señor Don Juan de Austria won.
— Melchor Davalos
To counteract Ottoman assistance to the Bruneians, Spain levied soldiers from their vassal states in Peru and Mexico, to supplement the Spanish troops sent to the Philippines.[49] However, the Bruneian-Spanish conflict eventually, died down.
The long-term effects of regional changes could not be avoided. After Sultan Hassan, Brunei entered a period of decline, due to internal battles over royal succession as well as the rising influences of European colonial powers in the region, that, among other things, disrupted traditional trading patterns, destroying the economic base of Brunei and many other Southeast Asian sultanates.
Modern period
Relationship with the British and Sarawak
State of Brunei, the Abode of Peace نڬارا بروني دارالسلام | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1888–1984 | |||||||||
British protected state | |||||||||
Capital | Bandar Seri Begawan | ||||||||
Sultan | |||||||||
• 1888-1906 | Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin | ||||||||
• 1967-1984[c] | Hassanal Bolkiah | ||||||||
British Residents/High Commissioners | |||||||||
• 1906-1908 | Malcolm S. H. McArthur[d] | ||||||||
• 1958, 1959–1963 | Dennis White[e] | ||||||||
• 1978–1984 | Arthur Christopher Watson[f] | ||||||||
History | |||||||||
• Treaty of Protection | 17 September 1888 | ||||||||
• Independence Proclaimed | 1 January 1984 | ||||||||
ISO 3166 code | BN | ||||||||
| |||||||||
Today part of | Brunei |
During Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin II's reign, disturbances occurred in Sarawak. In 1839, the British adventurer James Brooke arrived in Borneo and helped the Sultan put down this rebellion.
As a reward, he became governor and later "White Rajah" of Sarawak and gradually expanded the territory under his control. Brooke never gained control of Brunei, though he did attempt to. He asked the British to check whether or not it would be acceptable for him to claim Brunei as his own; however, they said although Brunei was poorly governed, it had a definite sense of national identity and therefore could not be absorbed by Brooke.
In 1843 an open conflict between Brooke and the Sultan ended in the latter's defeat. The Sultan recognised Sarawak's independence. In 1846,
In 1906, the British started a
Prior to independence
The Sultan of Brunei participated in efforts to form a federation of
Independence
On 14 November 1971, Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah left for London to discuss matters regarding the amendments to the 1959 constitution. A new agreement was signed on 23 November 1971 with the British representative Anthony Royle.
Under this agreement, the following terms were agreed upon:
- Brunei was granted full internal self-government
- The UK would still be responsible for external affairs and defence.
- Brunei and the UK agreed to share the responsibility for security and defence.
This agreement also caused
On 7 January 1979, another treaty was signed between Brunei and the UK. It was signed with Lord Goronwy-Roberts as the British representative. This agreement granted Brunei to take over international responsibilities as an independent nation. Britain agreed to assist Brunei in diplomatic matters. In May 1983, UK announced that the date of independence of Brunei would be 1 January 1984.[50]
On 31 December 1983, a mass gathering was held on main mosques on all four of the districts of the country and at midnight, on 1 January 1984, the Proclamation of Independence was read by Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah. The sultan subsequently assumed the title "
Brunei maintains cordial relations with Malaysia[51] and the Philippines.[52]
After independence
Brunei gained its independence from the United Kingdom on 1 January 1984, joining ASEAN in the same year.
See also
- Brunei Civil War
- List of Sultans of Brunei
- History of Southeast Asia
- History of Asia
Notes
- ^ peninsular S.E. Asia and maritime or Nusantarian S.E. Asia
- Limahonattacked Manila in December 1574, but Brunei was unable to take advantage of the Spaniards' distraction.
- ^ Present Sultan of Independence Brunei from 1984
- ^ First British Resident
- ^ First British High Commissioner and the last British Resident in Brunei
- ^ Last British High Commissioner
References
- ^ a b Saunders 2013, p. 60.
- ^ Abdul Majid 2007, pp. 4.
- ^ Sidhu 2009, pp. 92.
- ^ de Vienne 2015, pp. 21.
- ^ a b de Vienne 2015, pp. 22.
- ^ de Vienne 2015, pp. 23.
- ^ de Vienne 2015, pp. 24–25.
- OCLC 57054139.
- ^ Tsang, Cheng-hwa (2000), "Recent advances in the Iron Age archaeology of Taiwan", Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association, 20: 153–158, doi:10.7152/bippa.v20i0.11751
- ^ Turton, M. (2021). Notes from central Taiwan: Our brother to the south. Taiwan's relations with the Philippines date back millennia, so it's a mystery that it's not the jewel in the crown of the New Southbound Policy. Taiwan Times.
- ^ Everington, K. (2017). Birthplace of Austronesians is Taiwan, capital was Taitung: Scholar. Taiwan News.
- ^ Bellwood, P., H. Hung, H., Lizuka, Y. (2011). Taiwan Jade in the Philippines: 3,000 Years of Trade and Long-distance Interaction. Semantic Scholar.
- ^ Brunei Gallery, SOAS University of London, 14 April 2011
- ^ Nicholl 1983, pp. 38.
- ISBN 978-962-593-180-7. Retrieved 26 May 2013.
- ^ Brunei Rediscovered: A Survey of Early Times By Robert Nicholl p. 35 citing Ferrand. Relations, page 564-65. Tibbets, Arabic Texts, pg 47.
- ^ Mga Maragtas ng Panay[dead link]: Comparative Analysis of Documents about the Bornean Settlement Tradition By Talaguit Christian Jeo N.
- JSTOR 41560643
- ISBN 978-962-593-180-7.
- ^ Coedes, Indianized States, Page 128, 132.
- ^ History for Brunei Darussalam 2009, p. 43.
- ^ a b Journal of Southeast Asian Studies Vol. 14, No. 1 (Mar., 1983) Page 40. Published by: Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (PDF), June 1880, p. 2, archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022
- ^ Pusat Sejarah Brunei: Sultan-Sultan Brunei
- ISBN 978-1-119-06249-3.
- ^ Reading Song-Ming Records on the Pre-colonial History of the Philippines By Wang Zhenping Page 256.
- ^ Quanzhou to the Sulu Zone and beyond: Questions Related to the Early Fourteenth Century By: Roderich Ptak. Page 280
- ^ Suyatno 2008.
- ^ "Naskah Nagarakretagama" (in Indonesian). Perpustakaan Nasional Republik Indonesia. Archived from the original on 23 May 2017. Retrieved 13 October 2014.
- ^ Ming shi, 325, p. 8411, p. 8422.
- ^ History for Brunei Darussalam 2009, p. 44.
- ^ History for Brunei Darussalam 2009, p. 45.
- ^ Awang Juned 1992.
- ^ Saunders 2013, p. 23.
- ^ Herbert & Milner 1989, p. 99.
- ^ Lea & Milward 2001, p. 16.
- ^ Hicks 2007, p. 34.
- ^ Church 2012, p. 16.
- ^ Eur 2002, p. 203.
- ^ Abdul Majid 2007, p. 2.
- ^ Welman 2013, p. 8.
- JSTOR 1150309.
Carena (for Carena), deep in the bight, refers to Sarawak, the Kuching area, where there is clear archaeological evidence of an ancient trade center just inland from Santubong.
- ISBN 978-0-226-46708-5. Retrieved 21 March 2016.
... but Castanheda lists five great seaports that he says were known to the Portuguese. In his transcriptions they are called "Moduro" (Marudu?), "Cerava" (Sarawak?), "Laue" (Lawai), "Tanjapura" (Tanjungpura), and "Borneo" (Brunei) from which the island derives its name.
- ^ Rozan Yunos (28 December 2008). "Sultan Tengah – Sarawak's first Sultan". The Brunei Times. Archived from the original on 3 April 2014. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
- ^ Unknown (2024). "Attack of the Bruneian Empire". History Learning.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Frankham 2008, p. 278
- ^ Atiyah 2002, p. 71
- ^ Saunders 2002, pp. 54–60
- ^ "SECOND BOOK OF THE SECOND PART OF THE CONQUESTS OF THE FILIPINAS ISLANDS, AND CHRONICLE OF THE RELIGIOUS OF OUR FATHER, ST. AUGUSTINE" (Zamboanga City History) "He (Governor Don Sebastían Hurtado de Corcuera) brought a great reënforcements of soldiers, many of them from Perú, as he made his voyage to Acapulco from that kingdom."
- ^ "Brunei - The World Factbook". www.cia.gov. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Brunei). Archived from the originalon 20 February 2014. Retrieved 3 February 2014.
- ^ "Brunei Times". Mail.bruneitimes.com.bn. 17 April 2013. Archived from the original on 29 July 2013. Retrieved 4 September 2013.
- ^ a b "Brunei Time Line Chronological Timetable of Events - Worldatlas.com". www.worldatlas.com. Retrieved 17 March 2019.
Sources
Primary source
- The Philippine Islands: Explorations by Early Navigators, Descriptions of the Islands and their People, their History and Records of the Catholics Missions, as related in contemporaneous Books and Manuscripts. Vol. IV: 1576–1582. Eds. Emma Helen Blair and James Alexander Robertson. Cleveland: The Arthur H. Clark Company, 1903.
- de Vienne, Marie-Sybille (2015), Brunei: From the Age of Commerce to the 21st Century, ISBN 9789971698188
Secondary sources
- Abdul Majid, Harun (2007). Rebellion in Brunei: The 1962 Revolt, Imperialism, Confrontation and Oil. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-423-7.
- Atiyah, Jeremy (2002), Rough guide to Southeast Asia, Rough Guide, ISBN 978-1-85828-893-2
- Awang Juned, Awang Abdul Aziz bin (1992). Islam di Brunei: zaman pemerintahan Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia Paduka Seri Baginda Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Mu'izzuddin Waddaulah, Sultan dan Yang Di-Pertuan Negara Brunei Darussalam (in Malay). Department of History of Brunei Darussalam.
- "Background Note: Brunei Darussalam". US State Department. Retrieved 16 December 2008.
- Church, Peter (2012). A Short History of South-East Asia. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-118-35044-7.
- Eur (2002). The Far East and Australasia 2003. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-1-85743-133-9.
- Frankham, Steve (2008), Footprint Borneo, Footprint Guides, ISBN 978-1-906098-14-8
- Herbert, Patricia; Milner, Anthony Crothers (1989). South-East Asia: Languages and Literatures: a Select Guide. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-1267-6.
- Hicks, Nigel (2007). The Philippines. New Holland Publishers. ISBN 978-1-84537-663-5.
- History for Brunei Darussalam: Sharing our Past. Curriculum Development Department, Ministry of Education of Brunei Darussalam. 2009. ISBN 978-99917-2-372-3.
- Lea, David; Milward, Colette (2001). A Political Chronology of South-East Asia and Oceania. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-1-85743-117-9.
- Nicholl, Robert (March 1983), "Brunei Rediscovered: A Survey of Early Times", Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 14 (1), S2CID 161541098
- Ongkili, James P. "Ancient Chinese Trading Links." East Malaysia and Brunei. Ed. Wendy Hutton. Tuttle Publishing, 2001.
- Saunders, Graham E. (2002), A history of Brunei, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-7007-1698-2
- Saunders, Graham (2013). A History of Brunei. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-136-87401-7.
- Sidhu, Jatswan S. (2009). Historical Dictionary of Brunei Darussalam. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-7078-9.
- Suyatno (2008). "Naskah Nagarakretagama" (in Indonesian). National Library of Indonesia. Archived from the original on 23 May 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
- Welman, Frans (2013). Borneo Trilogy Brunei: Vol 1. Booksmango. ISBN 978-616-222-235-1.
- Wright, Leigh. "Brunei: An Historical Relic." Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. Vol. 17 (1977).